Control Performance Standards Research Articles

The National Public Health Performance Standards

Since its inception in 1998, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Public Health Performance Standards Program (NPHPSP) has helped lay the groundwork for public health quality improvement (QI) activities at the state and local levels. This article describes how the NPHPSP has promoted QI through its instruments and guidance and how it has continually strengthened the focus on QI over the years. The NPHPSP Version 2 instruments and enhanced guidance have been designed to more strongly reinforce QI and catalyze the transition from assessment to action. Despite positive reports from some state and local users that emphasize the value the NPHPSP holds for those that do successfully move forward with improvement actions, 2005 evaluation results from the Association of State and Territorial Health Officials and the National Association of County and City Health Officials indicated challenges in transitioning the assessments results into performance improvement. More recent data are promising; a 2009 postassessment survey of early Version 2 respondents indicates that the majority (75% of all respondents) report action in one or more performance improvement steps. The NPHPSP has played an important role in fostering QI in many states and local jurisdictions. Furthermore, its experiences and lessons learned in supporting QI have helped to pave the way for other initiatives, such as the emerging national accreditation system for state and local health departments.

Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system based automatic generation control

Fixed gain controllers for automatic generation control are designed at nominal operating conditions and fail to provide best control performance over a wide range of operating conditions. So, to keep system performance near its optimum, it is desirable to track the operating conditions and use updated parameters to compute control gains. A control scheme based on artificial neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), which is trained by the results of off-line studies obtained using particle swarm optimization, is proposed in this paper to optimize and update control gains in real-time according to load variations. Also, frequency relaxation is implemented using ANFIS. The efficiency of the proposed method is demonstrated via simulations. Compliance of the proposed method with NERC control performance standard is verified.

Use of National Public Health Performance Standards to Assess Maineʼs Diabetes System

In the fall of 2003, Maine underwent a rigorous assessment of the diabetes public health system using a modified version of the State Public Health System Performance Instrument developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Public Health Performance Standards Program and other national partners. The assessment was intended to serve as the impetus for the development of a statewide improvement plan. This article details the assessment process and provides a case study highlighting the successful application of systems-based model standards for a categorical issue.

Feature extraction of AR as a performance index for load frequency controls of interconnected power systems

AbstractRecently, the evaluation of control performances of interconnected power systems has become an important issue with respect to individual load frequency controls. Several performance measures are in practical use such as Area Control Error (ACE), Mutual Aid Criterion (MAC), and Control Performance Standard (CPS). Area Requirement (AR) is an alternative expression for ACE, where AR=−ACE. However, the characteristics of these indices have not been sufficiently studied as far as the authors know. In particular, this is the case for their dynamic behavior against random load disturbances. This paper investigates the performance index, AR, through analysis of two‐area systems. Major dynamic elements of interconnected systems affecting the frequency are taken into account to investigate responses of the system against load disturbances. The analysis shows that, when new systems are interconnected, the smaller system tends to require more effort of control against load disturbances to keep the same value of the performance indices. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 154(1): 20–28, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20233

NERC compliant load frequency control design using fuzzy rules

This paper presents a load frequency control design for interconnected electric power systems using a set of fuzzy logic rules. The design objectives are (i) to comply with the North American Electric Reliability Council's (NERC) control performance standards, CPS1 and CPS2, (ii) to reduce wear and tear of generating unit's equipments, and (iii) to design a feasible control structure. A test system with multiple generation and distribution companies that takes into account regulation and load following services is used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodologies.

負荷周波数制御の性能指標ARの特徴抽出

Recently, the evaluation of control performances of interconnected power systems has become an important issue with respect to individual load frequency controls. Several performance measures are in practical use such as Area Control Error (ACE), Mutual Aid Criterion (MAC), and Control Performance Standard (CPS). Area Requirement (AR) is an alternative expression for ACE, where AR=−ACE. However, the characteristics of these indices have not been sufficiently studied as far as the authors know. In particular, this is the case for their dynamic behavior against random load disturbances. This paper investigates the performance index, AR, through analysis of two-area systems. Major dynamic elements of interconnected systems affecting the frequency are taken into account to investigate responses of the system against load disturbances. The analysis shows that, when new systems are interconnected, the smaller system tends to require more effort of control against load disturbances to keep the same value of the performance indices. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 154(1): 20–28, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20233

Content and criterion validity evaluation of National Public Health Performance Standards measurement instruments.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Public Health Performance Standards Program (NPHPSP) has developed instruments to measure the performance of local and state public health departments on the 10 "Essential Services of Public Health," which have been tested in several states. This article is a report of the evaluation of the content and criterion validity of the local public health performance assessment instrument, and the content validity of the state public health performance assessment instrument. Health department performance is measured using a set of indicators developed for the 10 Essential Services of Public Health and a model standard for each indicator. Content validity of each model standard in the local instrument was addressed by community partners along the following dimensions: the importance of each standard as a measure of the associated Essential Service, its completeness as a measure, and its reasonableness for achievement. All standards for each Essential Service were then judged in terms of their completeness in measuring performance in that service. Content validity of the state instrument was evaluated in a group interview of health department staff members from three states. Criterion validity of the local instrument was assessed for a sample of eight public health departments in Florida and six in New York by examining documentary evidence for selected responses. Criterion validity was also evaluated for a sample of Florida local public health departments and one Hawaii public health department by comparing state health department staffs' judgments of performance against the instrument score. Criterion validity was upheld for a summary performance score on the local instrument, but was not upheld for performance judgments on individual Essential Services. The NPHPSP standards based on the Essential Services have validity for measuring local public health system performance, according to community partners. The model standards are valid measures of state performance, according to state public health departments in three states. Within the scope of the validity evaluations completed, the NPHPSP state and local performance assessment instruments were found to be valid measures of public health performance.

Closure on "Dynamic analysis of generation control performance standards"

The authors reply to comments by R. Blohm (see ibid., vol.18, no2, p.957-8, 2003) on their original paper (see ibid., vol.17, p.806-11, 2002). They point out that the comments can be good supplements to the paper. The authors clarify some key issues of the control performance standards.

A model for public health workforce development using the National Public Health Performance Standards Program.

Workforce development programs in public health should link improvements in workers' performance with improvements in their agencies' performance. The "ten essential services" of public health provide criteria for measuring both individual worker training (as in workforce competency standards) and agency performance (as in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Public Health Performance Standards Program). This shared foundation was the basis for a model strategic training program developed for use in a 500-employee urban county health department. Full implementation of this model as a foundation for assessment, curriculum development, and evaluation requires careful attention to management issues, confidentiality of employee records, and evaluation methodologies.

Discussion of "Dynamic analysis of generation control performance standards"

The author comments on the paper by T. Sasaki et al. (see ibid., vol.17, p.806-11, 2002). He points out that the paper serves to demonstrate the usefulness of dynamic simulation as a quasiempirical check on conclusions derived theoretically from a small set of assumptions, by exposing unexpected relationships between variables through iterative interactions over time. The abstract summarizes the method, but not the results, of the paper which the author summarises in three parts. The author comments on three points raised by the original authors.

Discussion of: "Statistical and dynamic analysis of generation control performance standards"

The author comments on the original paper (Statistical and dynamic analysis of generation control performance standards, T. Sasaki et al., see ibid., vol.17 p.476-81, 2002). He argues that the basic concepts of the paper are obscured because they are presented from the implicit perspective of the bundled integrated utility with four hidden assumptions concerning loads mismatch, overscheduled load, the interconnection always just meeting bias obligation and relation between average size of control error and capacity.

Discussion of: "Statistical and dynamic analysis of generation control performance standards" [and closure

The authors argue that the original paper (Statistical and dynamic analysis of generation control performance standards, T. Sasaki et al., see ibid., vol.17, p.476-81, 2002) presents interesting research that contributes to the general understanding of interconnected operation. It applies an innovative method of analysis to confirm that CPS I captures the effectiveness of the primary frequency response as well as secondary frequency control. The original authors' responses to these comments are also included.

Statistical and dynamic analysis of generation control performance standards

Statistical and dynamic analysis of generation control performance standards

Feasibility of decomposing A~C~E~/sub 1/ to identify the impact of selected loads on CPS1 and CPS2

Control areas are held to the NERC's control performance standards (CPS), CPS1 and CPS2. A control area serving rapid and widely varying loads would like to know how load variations in certain subareas or zones affect its area's CPS1 and CPS2 measures. This paper addresses the question of decomposability of the 1-min average value of area control error (ACE) A~C~E~/sub 1/, the primary variable in the computation of CPS1 and CPS2, into components attributable to load fluctuations within defined zones. It includes description of dynamic models of ACE and A~C~E~/sub 1/, and simulated results confirming the decomposability of A~C~E~/sub 1/.

Dynamic analysis of generation control performance standards

This paper presents an evaluation of the North American Electric Reliability Council's (NERC) new control performance standards, as they might be applied to the Western Japanese 60-Hz system. Dynamic simulation of the system frequency response, including the effects of primary and secondary frequency control, power plant response, and load fluctuation characteristic were performed using a load flow program during normal system operation. Parameter sensitivities have been studied for some of the pertinent control parameters influencing the generation control performance, including power plant and automatic generation control (AGC) response parameters and amounts of generation under control for governor and AGC.

Dynamic Analysis of Generation Control Performance Standards

This paper presents an evaluation of the North American Electric Reliability Council's (NERC) new control performance standards, as they might be applied to the Westem Japanese 60 Hz system. Dynamic simulation of the systems frequency response, including the effects of primary and secondary frequency control, power plant response, and load fluctuation characteristic were performed using a load flow program during normal system operation. Parameter sensitivities have been studied for some of the pertinent control parameters influencing the generation control performance, including power plant and AGC response parameters, and amounts of generation under control for govemor and AGO.

Statistical and dynamic analysis of generation control performance standards

In 1997, the North American Electric Reliability Council (NERC) proposed new control performance standards OPS1 and CPS2 to evaluate the control area performance in normal interconnected power system operation. Though some other control performance standards had been proposed, they have not been argued against these standard's statistical and physical characteristics fully before. In this paper, we will conduct a statistical analysis of control performance standards and confirm that the statistical analysis matches the results of power system simulations.

Feasibility of Decomposing ACE to Identify the Impact of Selected Loads on CPS1 and CPS2

Control areas are held to the NERC's control performance standards, CPS1 and CPS2. A control area serving rapid and widely varying loads would like to know how load variations in certain subareas or zones affect its area's CPS1 and CPS2 measures. This paper addresses the question of decomposability of the 1-minute average value of ACE, ACE1, the primary variable in the computation of CPS1 and CPS2, into components attributable to load fluctuations within defined zones. It includes descriptions of dynamic models of ACE and ACE1, and simulated results confirming the decomposability of ACE1.

Statistical and Dynamic Analysis of Generation Control Performance Standards

In 1997, the North American Electric Reliability Council (NERC) proposed new control performance standards CPS1 and CP52 to evaluate the control area performance in normal interconnected power system operation. Though some other control performance standards had been proposed, their statistical and physical characteristics have not been argued about fully before. In this paper, we will conduct a statistical analysis of control performance standards and confirm that the statistical analysis matches the results ofpower system simulations.

Measurement of the load frequency control system service: comparison between American and European indicators

This paper addresses the issue of measuring load frequency control (LFC) service by performing a state of the art in the field of indicators. The objective of the latter is to assess the way an interconnected control area contributes to support frequency according to its service obligation. Three indicators have already been designed. The first one, so called control performance standards (CPS), is now implemented in North America. Two other indicators have been designed in Europe following different approaches. For the first time, a comparison is drawn contributing to enrich the understanding and interpretation of indicator results. It is shown that European indicators can be considered as belonging to the same family as the American one, European indicators and the American one are respectively the expression of zero, first and second moment of the frequency error term. These three indicators provides fully guidance to ensure the quality of the interconnection frequency. In a particular operating condition, the CPS inherits some properties and does not fulfill the objective of establishing the responsibility of an incorrect LFC behavior.