Tactical Control Research Articles

Aviate, Navigate: Functional Visualizations of Asymmetric Flight Envelope Limits

Current aircraft flight deck interfaces do not provide information on how a performance-altering failure constrains an aircraft’s flight envelope. As a result, it is difficult for flight crews to plan maneuvers in order to reach navigation targets. This study presents the results of the conceptual development of constraint-based interface symbology that aims to address this issue. The proposed symbology is designed to integrate with both the primary flight display and navigation display. A small-scale, pilot-in-the-loop experiment () was conducted to assess the effectiveness of the used symbology in terms of flight performance and pilot usability. A simplified dynamic model with an asymmetric flight envelope was used to purposefully manipulate various levels of damage severity and corresponding flight envelopes. Results show that although the modifications to the primary flight display generally did not show statistically significant improvements, presenting flight envelope constraints as a reachable navigation envelope on the navigation display generally did do so for severe failures. The visualized envelope occasionally resulted in improved tactical control decisions at reduced workload levels. A future study involving a lager sample size and increased simulation realism should substantiate the discovered results.

Kierowanie zabezpieczeniem logistycznym na poziomie taktycznym w świetle dokumentów regulujących dowodzenie i kierowanie w działaniach lądowych

This article is an attempt to analyze the logistics command and control process at the tactical level in the light of recently implemented standards of the land forces tactical command and control. Firstly, the essence of logistics command and control (C2) has been described. Secondly the hitherto model of a logistics C2 process has been characterized. Subsequently there have been tasks of the logistics C2 staff cells identified in the frame of C2 cycle according to the Polish national military standard “Dowodzenie i kierowanie w dzialaniach lądowych DT‑3.2.2(B)”. Finally, the conclusions have been presented.

Działania Ministra Spraw Wewnętrznych i Administracji na rzecz zapewnienia bezpieczeństwa i porządku publicznego w warunkach zewnętrznego zagrożenia państwa i w czasie wojny. Wybrane problemy

This article is an attempt to analyze the logistics command and control process at the tactical level in the light of recently implemented standards of the land forces tactical command and control. Firstly, the essence of logistics command and control (C2) has been described. Secondly the hitherto model of a logistics C2 process has been characterized. Subsequently there have been tasks of the logistics C2 staff cells identified in the frame of C2 cycle according to the Polish national military standard Dowodzenie i kierowanie w dzialaniach lądowych DT‑3.2.2(B). Finally, the conclusions have been presented.

Organo-Cobalt Complexes in Reversible-Deactivation Radical Polymerization.

Cobalt complexes have played an essential role in different chemical reactions. One of them that has attracted substantial attention in polymer science is cobalt mediated radical polymerization (CMRP), which is famous for its remarkable efficiency in controlling the radical polymerization of vinyl acetate (VAc) and other less active monomers (LAMs). Two pathways, reversible termination (RT) and degenerative transfer (DT), were recognized to control the polymerization in CMRP and could be further used to rationalize the mechanism of other RDRP methods. These control mechanisms were then found to be correlated to the redox potential of cobalt complexes and thus could be judged more quantitatively. The control of polymer composition and tacticity could also be achieved by using CMRP. The hybridization of CMRP and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) could directly synthesize the vinyl acetate/methyl methacrylate and vinyl acetate/styrene block copolymers in one pot. The copolymer of acrylates and 1-octene could be obtained by visible-light-induced CMRP. With the addition of bulky Lewis acid, CMRP of N,N-dimethylacrylamide (DMA) showed high isotacticities with the contents of meso dyads (m) and meso triads (mm) up to 94 % and 87 %, respectively, and generated the crystalline PDMA with Tm as high as 276 °C. This personal account reviewed the development of CMRP with the mechanistic understanding, the control of composition and stereoselectivity of the polymeric products, and its perspective.

Space-weighted information fusion using deep reinforcement learning: The context of tactical control of lane-changing autonomous vehicles and connectivity range assessment

The connectivity aspect of connected autonomous vehicles (CAV) is beneficial because it facilitates dissemination of traffic-related information to vehicles through Vehicle-to-External (V2X) communication. Onboard sensing equipment including LiDAR and camera can reasonably characterize the traffic environment in the immediate locality of the CAV. However, their performance is limited by their sensor range (SR). On the other hand, longer-range information is helpful for characterizing imminent conditions downstream. By contemporaneously coalescing the short- and long-range information, the CAV can construct comprehensively its surrounding environment and thereby facilitate informed, safe, and effective movement planning in the short-term (local decisions including lane change) and long-term (route choice). Current literature provides useful information on CAV control approaches that use only local information sensed from the proximate traffic environment but relatively little guidance on how to fuse this information with that obtained from downstream sources and from different time stamps, and how to use the fused information to enhance CAV movements. In this paper, we describe a Deep Reinforcement Learning based approach that integrates the data collected through sensing and connectivity capabilities from other vehicles located in the proximity of the CAV and from those located further downstream, and we use the fused data to guide lane changing, a specific context of CAV operations. In addition, recognizing the importance of the connectivity range (CR) to the performance of not only the algorithm but also of the vehicle in the actual driving environment, the study carried out a case study. The case study demonstrates the application of the proposed algorithm and duly identifies the appropriate CR for each level of prevailing traffic density. It is expected that implementation of the algorithm in CAVs can enhance the safety and mobility associated with CAV driving operations. From a general perspective, its implementation can provide guidance to connectivity equipment manufacturers and CAV operators, regarding the default CR settings for CAVs or the recommended CR setting in a given traffic environment.

Geographic Response Plan Development – An Innovative Approach

ABSTRACT The Trans Mountain pipeline system extends from Edmonton, AB to Burnaby, BC, and into Washington State. The pipeline transports a variety of refined and non-refined products to refineries in Canada and the United States, and to the Westridge Marine Terminal in Burnaby, BC for export. The Trans Mountain Expansion Project will twin the existing 1,150 kilometer (714 mile) pipeline between Edmonton, AB, and Burnaby, BC, and increase the systems capacity from 300,000 barrels per day to 890,000 barrels per day. The Trans Mountain pipeline system has vulnerability to geographic and man-made hazards that could lead, in worst case scenarios, to line ruptures and spill releases. The development of Geographic Response Plans (GRPs) are a vital component of this project because they limit the risk of line ruptures posed by hazards. GRPs provide mitigation for potential spill impacts by enabling timely and effective response with pre-identified control points, response tactics, and other specific geographic details. Trans Mountain's GRPs are designed to expedite the decisions and actions of responders during an incident, as well as minimize impacts to ecologically and culturally sensitive areas by identifying and prioritizing them during a response. The Trans Mountain pipeline traverses multiple High Consequence Areas (HCAs), including Indigenous communities, urban centers, parks, protected areas, watercourses, and sensitive ecosystems. Due to the complex nature of the HCAs, an all-encompassing multi-stage approach to the development of the GRPs was established. Trans Mountain's GRP development began with simulating and modelling hypothetical spills along the pipeline to determine the largest possible extent of impact. This was followed by an inclusive field program involving a multi-disciplinary team of spill response and environmental specialists, local stakeholders, and Indigenous Peoples that travelled the pipeline and verified proposed control points while documenting environmental, social, and cultural HCAs. The participation of Indigenous communities and local stakeholders was invaluable in providing local knowledge on various aspects of the environment. As a result, approximately 600 control points were field-verified and corresponding tactical Control Point Data Sheets were developed. The two-page Control Point Data Sheets provide detailed information on waterbody type, site safety, logistics, resources at risk, and spill response tactics which includes a photos and diagrams to visually aid responders in implementing containment and recovery tactics. The GRP and Data Sheets are publicly available at https://grp.transmountain.com. Trans Mountain is committed to conducting business in a safe and environmentally responsible manner. Development of the GRPs has contributed to Trans Mountain being as prepared as possible to mitigate and minimize environmental and socio-economic impacts in the unlikely event of a spill. The GRP development has also enabled First Responders, Indigenous Peoples, communities, and fellow infrastructure operators to augment their response toolbox and enhance their ability to respond.

Current Problems of Joint Fire Support in the Polish Armed Forces

ObjectivesThe aim of this paper is to attempt to identify the main challenges faced by the Polish Armed Forces in the area of Joint Fire Support. The publication will present Joint Terminal Attack Controller’s point of view on the problems of Joint Fire Support in the Polish Armed Forces. Due to the complexity of the problem, the authors decided to limit the scope of presentation to the most visible difficulties in specific services.MethodsThe views presented here result from empirical research based on participatory observations that were conducted during numerous national and international training operations organised in Poland and abroad and non-categorised interviews with the JTACs from the Tactical Air Control Party Central Group and the Tactical Air Control Party Training Center in Military University of Aviation in Dęblin.ResultsThe publication will present Joint Terminal Attack Controller’s point of view on the problems of Joint Fire Support in the Polish Armed Forces. For linguistic purposes, the terms controller and navigator were used in this text as synonyms of the JTAC acronym.ConclusionsDue to the complexity of the problem, the authors decided to limit the scope of presentation to the most visible difficulties in specific services. For linguistic purposes, the terms controller and navigator were used in this text as synonyms of the JTAC acronym.

ПІДВИЩЕННЯ ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ СУЧАСНИХ РАДІОЛОКАЦІЙНИХ ЗАСОБІВ ДЛЯ ПОТРЕБ ВІЙСЬКОВО-МОРСЬКИХ СИЛ ЗБРОЙНИХ СИЛ УКРАЇНИ

The development of the surface reflection system, based on the principles and standards adopted in NATO member states, envisages modernization of existing and creation of new RTPs of the Ukrainian Navy, equipped with modern weapons and equipment and able to adequately and flexibly respond to threats to the state from the sea. In the structure of maritime information networks, modern shore and ship radars (RADAR / ARPA) provide a significant part of the information content of the relevant databases. For example, the domestic mobile radar station SR-210 («Delta-M»), designed for: observation of the ground, surface and air situation in the area of protection of protected objects; control of ground, surface and airspace in the area of tactical units and control of border, customs and economic zones. The design of the radar provides the possibility of its placement on all classes of mobile and stationary media (including small - off-road cars, armored vehicles, etc.). In the course of research, in order to study the organization of information exchange during the construction of technical subsystems of a promising system for displaying the surface situation, a test software package for obtaining and using navigation («target») data was created. The software package is responsible for displaying and entering information about the positions of ships (own ship, etc.) and available targets on electronic maps. During the research, the OpenCPN software application was chosen as a marine navigation software. It can be used to obtain information about «objects of observation», the location, speed and course of the vessel (ship). Information obtained by radar on the position of ships and their courses can be displayed on an electronic map. In addition, the possibilities of connecting additional equipment to the SR-210 radar and ways to receive ARPA-messages in the NMEA-0183 format from external interfaces were considered, but in the course of research, unfortunately, there was no possibility of practical development of theoretical developments directly on the SR-210 radar. Therefore, a similar radar (RADAR / ARPA) manufactured by FURUNO was used to test certain modes of operation of modern radar facilities for receiving ARPA messages. It should be noted that the radar on the RTP is designed primarily to solve problems of monitoring the surface situation, first of all, to identify and identify targets, determine the parameters of the selected radar targets and their support, as well as provide the necessary data on observed targets to external consumers. Thus, as a result of the analysis and evaluation of the hardware capabilities of modern radars (RADAR/ARPA) and the processes of obtaining relevant ARPA-messages in NMEA-format, it is possible to conclude that they have all the necessary dynamic parameters of the monitored targets. The use of radar as part of the RTP and the creation of an effective system for reflecting the surface situation for the needs of the Navy of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. Keywords: radar means, radio engineering fast, display system, surface situation.

Stereospecific cationic RAFT polymerization of bulky vinyl ethers and stereoblock poly(vinyl alcohol) via mechanistic transformation to radical RAFT polymerization of vinyl acetate

The simultaneous control of molecular weight and tacticity in cationic polymerization remains challenging. Here, we propose a new approach for stereospecific living cationic polymerization by combining cationic reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization with thiocarbonylthio compounds and stereospecific cationic polymerization of bulky vinyl ethers with Lewis acid catalysts. In this combined system, the molecular weight was controlled by the RAFT process between the growing cationic and dormant dithiocarbamate chain ends, whereas the tacticity was controlled by stereospecific propagation based on the steric hindrance of bulky side groups and counteranions derived from the Lewis acid catalysts. Herein, we demonstrate the availability of this approach in the cationic polymerization of various bulky vinyl ethers, such as tert‑butyl, benzyl, trimethylsilyl, and tert‑butyldimethylsilyl vinyl ether, using dithiocarbamates and BF3•OEt2 or EtAlCl2 in toluene at –78 °C. Isotactic-rich poly(vinyl ether)s with controlled molecular weights and dithiocarbamate chain-end groups were obtained from a series of bulky vinyl ethers and were converted into molecular-weight-controlled isotactic poly(vinyl alcohol) (mm ≥ 70%) with a high melting temperature (Tm ~ 230 °C). Furthermore, isotactic-b-atactic stereoblock PVA (mm/mr/rr = 75/25/5 and 23/48/29, Tm ~ 210 °C) was synthesized by mechanistic transformation from the stereospecific cationic RAFT polymerization of trimethylsilyl vinyl ether into the radical RAFT polymerization of vinyl acetate using diphenyl dithiocarbamate as the common RAFT agent followed by simultaneous deprotection of the silyl and acetyl groups.

Role of Lewis Acids in preventing the degradation of dithioester-dormant species in the RAFT polymerization of acrylamides in methanol to enable the successful dual control of molecular weight and tacticity

Lewis acids suppressed degradation of dithiobenzoates in RAFT polymerization of acrylamides in methanol to enable control over molecular weight and dispersity along with enhanced stereoselectivity.

ОБҐРУНТУВАННЯ ПІДХОДІВ ЩОДО УПРАВЛІННЯ РІЗНОРІДНИМИ СИЛАМИ ПІД ЧАС ПРИПИНЕННЯ МАСОВИХ ЗАВОРУШЕНЬ

A comparison of approaches to control riots and analysis of the resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine were held. Some measures to be taken by the head of the operational headquarters, bodies involved in a special operation to end the riots were proposed. It is determined that in the past, in accordance with current regulations, the basis of the forces that were planned to be involved in the operation to stop the riots was a detachment. The head of the Internal Troops was only one of the deputy chiefs of the operational staff in particular for the troops, and during the violent stopping riots, his role was limited to monitoring the actions of his subordinates. It is suggested that each entity involved in the elimination of the riots should have a plan in place to mobilize forces and means to end the riots. Law enforcement agencies in the regions involved in stopping the riots must coordinate their plans with the head of the territorial department of the National Guard of Ukraine. It is determined that the level of leadership shows that this event refers at least to the emergency situation at the regional level. Accordingly, the operation to be carried out as part of measures to end the riots will be operational. It is noted that mass riots can be considered prevented if the crowd was not formed to carry out criminal intentions and if there is no threat of escalating individual conflicts into mass pogroms, destruction of property, beating people. It is considered that the decision to conduct a special operation to stop the riots is made by the head of the operational staff on the basis of analysis of the operational situation and information on entering in the Unified Register of pre-trial investigations information on criminal offenses under Article 294 of the Criminal Code. It is determined that the management of the special operation is entrusted to the operational management group. The Operational Control Group (remote point) carries out tactical control of forces and means directly in the area of the operation to stop the riots. It is noted that a special operation is carried out only when it is well prepared, which, above all, requires the necessary number of forces and means, the necessary logistics of personnel, knowledge of the composition, number and intentions of the crowd. The article does not consider approaches to preventive planning to end riots, responsibility for planning. In our opinion, it needs a separate study.

Stereocontrolled radical polymerization of acrylamides by ligand-accelerated catalysis

The role of alcohol in the Yb(OTf)3- and Y(OTf)3-catalyzed stereoselective radical polymerization of acrylamides is clarified. The coordination of an alcohol to the metal triflate generates a new complex, which increases both the polymerization rate and stereocontrol compared to those achieved by the metal triflate without an alcohol in the polymerization of N,N-diethylacrylamide. While the lanthanide triflate-catalyzed stereoselective polymerization of acrylamides in MeOH has already been well established synthetically, this is the first example that proves the formation of an alcohol-coordinated catalyst as the active catalyst. Job’s plot suggests that the stoichiometry between Yb(OTf)3 and MeOH in the complex is 1:2. The polymerization rate decreases slightly when MeOD is used instead of MeOH, with a secondary isotope effect of 1.14, strongly suggesting the importance of hydroxyl groups for increasing the reactivity. In contrast, no apparent secondary isotope effect is observed to affect the stereoselectivity. The chirality of the alcohol ligand does not affect the stereoselectivity, illustrating that the stereochemistry is most likely controlled by the penultimate effect, which has already been proposed. Furthermore, the conditions are highly compatible with those for organotellurium-mediated radical polymerization, and the dual control of molecular weight and tacticity is successfully achieved. The role of alcohol in the Yb(OTf)3- and Y(OTf)3-catalyzed stereoselective radical polymerization of acrylamides is clarified. The coordination of two equivalents of alcohol to the metal triflate generates a complex, which increases both the polymerization rate and stereocontrol compared to those without an alcohol. The importance of hydroxyl groups of the alcohol is suggested by the observed secondary isotope effect for the rate enhancement. The conditions are highly compatible with those for organotellurium-mediated radical polymerization, and the dual control of molecular weight and tacticity is successfully achieved.

Multifactor Control of Vinyl Monomer Sequence, Molecular Weight, and Tacticity via Iterative Radical Additions and Olefin Metathesis Reactions.

Monomer sequence control in terms of a single monomer unit, particularly in vinyl polymers, is one of the largest challenges in polymer chemistry. Furthermore, multifactor control of monomer sequence, molecular weight, and stereoregularity is an ultimate goal. In this work, we propose a strategy to prepare C-C main-chain sequence-regulated polymers with controlled molecular weights from vinyl monomers via a combination of iterative atom transfer radical additions and olefin metathesis reactions. This strategy enabled the synthesis of sequence-regulated polymers with exact styrene-acrylate-styrene sequences in the C-C main chains, controlled molecular weights of up to 104, and stereoregularities varying with syndiotacticity, isotacticity, and heterotacticity. The utility of this strategy is further demonstrated by formation of block copolymers consisting of sequence-regulated vinyl polymer segments by combining living ROMP of norbornene derivatives.

Analyzing tactical control strategies for aircraft arrivals at an airport using a queuing model

This paper proposes to analyze control strategies for arrival air traffic at an airport using a classical queuing model. The parameters of our model are estimated by means of a data-driven analysis of two years of radar tracks and flight plans for arrival flights at Tokyo International Airport from 2016 to 2017. Our results show that increasing the capacity with one or two more aircraft in the airspace up to 60 NM around the airport significantly mitigates arrival delays, even when assuming future, increased arrival traffic volumes. The outcomes of this study provide insights into the effectiveness of arrival control strategies and are seen as a means to recommend scenarios to be further analyzed with human-in-the-loop simulations.

The Various Models of Marketing Audit

Abstract This paper examines the problem of marketing control. The goal of the article is a scientific reflection on the model presentation of marketing audit. Review of the marketing literature on marketing audit presents various conceptual, structural or process models. Yet, these proposals did not play a role significant enough so that auditing would become a widely used marketing control tool. That is why, author presents an outline of the proprietary marketing audit model which (in conceptual and semantic approach), thanks to specifying the strategic nature of this control tool, can stimulate its popularization in marketing management practice. The conceptual model presents in an descriptive and graphic form the audit architecture, endogenous conditions (orientation, excellence, strategy, tactical and operational control), components of the audit activities and the planes of the assessment being carried out. The semantic model defines marketing audit as a logical and resulting system, which, by using the possibilities offered by specific control methods, allows for comprehensive, structured, regular, objective, independent and professional contextual assessment (preparation and implementation of marketing strategies). These models are a stimulus for discussion and further search for optimal ways of marketing control, both on a methodological and pragmatic level.

Electron rich (salen)AlCl catalysts for lactide polymerisation: Investigation of the influence of regioisomers on the rate and initiation efficiency

Aluminium-alkyl complexes are well known as initiators for lactide ring-opening polymerisation, yet aluminium-chloride complexes remain underexplored despite benefits such as ease of synthesis and improved air-stability. While aluminium-chloride complexes are typically poor initiators, recent studies have shown that electron rich amino-substituted (salen)AlCl complexes can efficiently initiate lactide polymerisation in the presence of an epoxide. Herein, we report eight ether-substituted complexes as efficient initiators for lactide polymerisation, where exchanging strongly electron-donating amino groups for weaker electron-donating methoxy substituents maintains efficient initiation and also improves the propagation rate by a factor of four. Investigation of ortho-, meta-, para- and meta’-methoxy-substituted regioisomers established that the ortho-substituted complex was twice as active as the other regioisomers. Kinetic and spectroscopic studies suggest that the initiation efficiency is influenced by the electronics (ortho and para > meta and meta’), with substituents closer to Al giving improved initiation (ortho > para and meta’ >meta). While electron-donating ortho-substituents often decrease catalyst activity in lactone polymerisation, here we show that ether groups can act as σ-electron-withdrawing groups and π-electron donors, to deliver improved propagation rates, initiation and tacticity control.

A Hierarchical Model-Based Optimization Control Approach for Cooperative Merging by Connected Automated Vehicles

Gap selection and dynamic speed profiles of interacting vehicles at on-ramps affect the safety and efficiency of highway merging sections. This paper puts forward a hierarchical control approach for Connected Automated Vehicles (CAVs) to achieve efficient and safe merging operations. A tactical layer controller employs a second-order car-following model with a cooperative merging mode to represent a cooperative merging process and generates an optimal vehicle merging sequence and time instants when on-ramp CAVs start to adapt their speeds and positions to prepare merging into the target gaps respectively. An operational layer controller is designed based on Model Predictive Control (MPC). It uses a third-order vehicle dynamics model and optimizes desired accelerations for CAVs and the time instants when the on-ramp CAVs initiate the lane-changing executions respectively. Both the tactical layer controller and operational layer controller derive their control commands by minimizing an objective function for different time horizons. The objective function penalizes deviations of CAVs’ inter-vehicle gaps to their desired values, relative speeds to their direct predecessors, and actual or desired accelerations, subject to constraints on velocities, actual or desired accelerations, and inter-vehicle gaps. The performance of the proposed hierarchical control framework and a benchmark on-ramp merging method using a <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">first-in-first-out</i> rule to determine the merging sequence is demonstrated under 135 scenarios with different initial conditions, desired time gap settings, and numbers of on-ramp vehicles. The experimental results show the superiority of the hierarchical control approach.

Paratactic commoning: collective knowledge production networking as political struggle

ABSTRACT Today we are confronted with an ever-increasing tactical control of rights to access, use and store data as a shared resource. Control of commons and commoning has never before been this computed, obfuscated and systematized in the history of mass communication. This article explores collective knowledge production networking, and self-organized community building, which are grounded on commons-based artistic intervention and political struggle. Focusing on the practices of Networks of Dispossession (2013 – present), which collectively compiles publicly available data and maps the exploitative and tactically obfuscated relations of capital and power in Turkey, findings reveal an emerging way of commoning that produces situated knowledges by information artifacts, material evidence, aesthetic forms and civic resistance. Departing from Science, Technology and Society (STS) studies, the article explores and introduces a distinctive notion of commoning, which is conceptualized as paratactic commoning.

Шляхи удосконалення розвідувального забезпечення бойового застосування ракетних військ і артилерії

В статті розглянута система розвідки, як складова інформаційного забезпечення функціонування автоматизованої системи управління (АСУ) підрозділів ракетних військ і артилерії (РВіА). Проведено аналіз особливостей АСУ польової артилерії Advanced Field Artillery Tactical Data System, що є складовою АСУ армійського корпусу Сполучених Штатів Америки та багаторівневої АСУ ADLER II сухопутних військ збройних сил Німеччини. Визначено, що можливим шляхом вдосконалення системи розвідувального забезпечення РВіА є організація отримання розвідувальної інформації про об’єкти противника від усіх органів військового управління тактичної та оперативної розвідки (засобів розвідки), що діють у зоні відповідальності (смузі оборони, наступу) угруповання військ.

Correction: Tacticity, molecular weight, and temporal control by lanthanide triflate-catalyzed stereoselective radical polymerization of acrylamides with an organotellurium chain transfer agent

Correction for ‘Tacticity, molecular weight, and temporal control by lanthanide triflate-catalyzed stereoselective radical polymerization of acrylamides with an organotellurium chain transfer agent’ by Yuji Imamura et al., Polym. Chem., 2020, DOI: 10.1039/d0py01280g.