Control Of Porosity Research Articles

Sinteza inovativnih keramičkih sorbenata i nosača katalizatora hijerarhijske poroznosti

From an industrial point of view, porous ceramics represent an important material, however, economically and technologically acceptable solutions are still being sought for its preparation. Porosity control is a key step in achieving the desired properties for a specific application. In order to obtain multiporous ceramics, in this work, kaolin clay and polystyrene beads were used as organic sacrificial phase. After mixing, the samples were sintered at 1050 oC for 1 h. Characterization included Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRPD), elemental CHNS analysis and compressive strength investigations. The analysis of the obtained results showed that hierarchically ordered, multiporous ceramics, with appropriate mechanical properties can be prepared in the presence of an organic component whose burnout during sintering leaves behind pores of different dimensions.

Mucoadhesive chitosan-methylcellulose oral patches for the treatment of local mouth bacterial infections.

Mucoadhesive buccal patches are dosage forms promising for successful drug delivery. They show the distinctive advantages of long residence time on the oral mucosa and increased in situ drug bioavailability. In this context, electrophoretic deposition (EPD) of chitosan (CS) has been demonstrated as a simple and easily tunable technique to produce mucoadhesive buccal patches. However, CS-based buccal patches may suffer from weak mucoadhesion, which can impair their therapeutic effect. In this work, methylcellulose (MC), a widely investigated biopolymer in the biomedical area, was exploited to increase the mucoadhesive characteristic of pristine CS patches. CS-MC patches were obtained in a one-pot process via EPD, and the possibility of incorporating gentamicin sulfate (GS) as a model of a broad-spectrum antibiotic in the so-obtained patches was investigated. The resulting CS-MC patches showed high stability in a water environment and superior mucoadhesive characteristic (σadh = 0.85 ± 0.26 kPa, Wadh = 1192.28 ± 602.36 Pa mm) when compared with the CS control samples (σadh = 0.42 ± 0.22 kPa, Wadh = 343.13 ± 268.89 Pa mm), due to both the control of the patch porosity and the bioadhesive nature of MC. Furthermore, GS-loaded patches showed no in vitro cytotoxic effects by challenging L929 cells with material extracts and noteworthy antibacterial activity on both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains.

Design and mechanical properties analysis of heterogeneous porous scaffolds based on bone slice images.

Bone tissue engineering plays an extremely important role in the clinical treatment of bone defects. Porous scaffold is one of the three essential factors of bone tissue engineering, and its structural design has attracted more and more attention . At present, most of the design methods of porous scaffolds focus on uniform porous scaffolds with periodic and regular pore structures. However, periodic and regular pore structure cannot comprehensively and accurately simulate the microstructures and mechanical properties of natural bone. To address this problem, based on bone slice images and VT (Voronoi-Tessellation) method, this article proposed a design method of HPS (Heterogeneous Porous Scaffolds) with bionic pore structure and controllable porosity. The FDM (fused deposition modeling) printing technology was applied to fabricate HPS with different porosities, and the mechanical properties of the HPS were analyzed by experiments. The research results illustrate that the HPS constructed by the design method proposed in this article have good controllability, and their internal pore structures are highly similar to those of natural bone, which have biomimetic characteristics. The mechanical property analysis illustrate that the stiffness and compressive strength of HPS decrease with the increase of porosity, in addition, the heterogeneous pore distribution makes HPS have the characteristics of non-concentrated and discontinuous damage distribution. This study provides a new idea for the design of porous scaffolds and a theoretical basis for the bionic design of HPS.

Fabrication of orientated micro porous metals: Control the melting process of powders by high scanning speed - ultra short hatch spacing scanning strategy

Selective laser melting or selective laser sintering (SLM/SLS) was one of the most important ways to prepare porous metals. However, it had the problems of complicated processes and poor controllability in the preparation of oriented micro porosity. The high scanning speed - ultra short hatch spacing scanning strategy (HUS) was proposed in this work, and the oriented micro porous TC4 specimens with uniform pores and high porosity were prepared. The pores diameter of specimens ranged from 30 μm to 120 μm and the porosity reached 45.19 % with the yield strength of 100 MPa. Compared with the traditional scanning strategies, the HUS could effectively increase porosity, reduce pore size, and control porosity orientation.

Study on Preparation and Grinding Performance of Vitrified Bond CBN Grinding Wheel with Controllable Porosity.

Vitrified bond cubic boron nitride (CBN) grinding wheel specimens with controllable porosity were prepared by regulating the pore former dextrin content and varying the forming pressure, and the performance of the grinding camshaft was studied. The porosity of the specimens increases with the increase in dextrin content, and decreases first and then increases with the increase in the forming pressure. The grinding experiments show that the dextrin content is negatively correlated with the grinding force and grinding temperature, while the grinding force and grinding temperature of the specimens increase and then decrease with the increase in the forming pressure. When we observe and measure the grinding surface of the specimen and workpiece, we see that the surface roughness of the specimen after grinding is smaller than that before grinding. In addition, the greater the porosity of the specimen, the rougher the surface of the workpiece after grinding.

Concurrent multiscale topology optimisation towards design and additive manufacturing of bio-mimicking porous structures

ABSTRACT This paper presents a novel multiscale explicit topology optimisation approach for concurrently optimizing the structure at the macro level and the bio-mimicking porous infillings at the micro level. Solid bar components with cross-section control at the macro level and sphere components at the micro level are constructed as the minimal control units to replace the manipulation of material distribution at each grid. The overlapping, moving and morphing of bar components provide the ability to generate flexible structural shapes at the macro level. Using the inspiration of the turtle shell (carapace), the sphere components are designed to move, overlap, and resize inside the bar to sufficiently mimic both the regular and irregular porous features. Classical beam designs, lattice structure designs and unit cell designs are illustrated as numerical examples to demonstrate the functionalities and correctness of the proposed method. As a result, the stochastic pores distribution and porosity control can be validated. The abilities of optimising lattice structure at truss-level and single unit cell level are demonstrated. Moreover, the samples are fabricated by selective laser melting (SLM) technology and then scanned with the X-ray micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) technique to further examine the manufacturability.

A selective alkaline etching strategy to prepare hierarchical Beta molecular sieves for the hydrodeoxygenation of phenol

A selective alkaline etching strategy is reported to prepare hierarchical Beta molecular sieves with cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB). The homogeneityof mesopores is tuned by surface modification of Beta molecular sieves. CTAB selectively interacts with crystal defects and protects primary etched small mesopores from continuous destruction to form large mesopores. Under the synergistic effect of NaOH solution and CTAB, the acidity retention of Beta molecular sieves is higher due to the removal of Si(OSi)4 rather than Si(OSi)3 (OAl) species. When employed as the support of Pt/Beta catalysts, hydroxyl adsorption of phenol on Beta molecular sieves and Pt particles are observed. Dispersion of Pt on the surface of Beta molecular sieves is improved due to the uniform distribution of mesopores. A higher dispersion of Pt attributes to a higher deoxygenation conversion of phenol. The unique contribution of the current research is to propose the role of CTAB in alkaline etching process, realizes the controllable porosity regulation, and alleviates the acidity loss of Beta molecular sieves. These results are important to broaden the application fields of aluminum–silicon molecular sieves especially for large molecules engaged reactions and preparation of supported catalysts with a high metal dispersion.

Template-free synthesis of silicon‑aluminum intergrowth molecular sieves using industrial residues without pretreatments for producing 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF)

As a silicon‑aluminum solid waste in the preparation of fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalysts, residues (named as FCCR) are directly employed as synthesis raw materials without any pretreatments. An eco-friendly and template-free route is proposed to prepare ZSM-5/mordenite intergrowth molecular sieves using FCCR via a microwave assisted hydrothermal method. ZSM-5/mordenite intergrowth molecular sieves with controllable porosity and acidity are obtained. The proportion of ZSM-5 or mordenite molecular sieves is regulated by optimizing synthesis conditions (e.g., amount of seed, heating temperature/ duration, alkalinity, and SiO2/Al2O3). ZSM-5/mordenite intergrowth molecular sieves exhibit catalytic performance in the dehydration reaction of glucose to prepare 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF). The in-situ FTIR approach proves a dehydration route “glucose→fructose→5-HMF” under the synergistic effect of BrØnsted and Lewis acid sites. These results are important for the disposal of FCCR and eco-friendly synthesis of molecular sieves.

Viskositas dan Porositas Bahan Cetak Alginat dari Alga Merah Kappaphycus alvarezii

Alginate impression material is a material that is often used in dentistry to produce study models. The main active ingredient in the alginate impression material is sodium alginate, which can be obtained naturally from algae. Alginate from turbulent water (Waters on village Agel, Situbondo) and the structure of aliginate gluronic acid can form gel and influence the viscosity and the porosity of alginate impression material. Purpose was to analyze the viscosity and porosity of the alginate impression material from the red algae Kappaphycus alvarezii. This study is a laboratory experimental study with the research design of the post-test only control group design. This study consisted of 4 groups, namely the (1) viscosity control group, (2) porosity control, (3) viscosity treatment, and (4) porosity treatment. The porosity measurement results showed that there was no significant difference and the viscosity was significantly different from the control group because of the type of algae, the surface area of the particles, the preparation stage, the extraction that affected sodium alginate. Kappaphycus alvarezii type red alginate impression material has lower porosity than the standard Hygedent alginate impression material with a mean yield of 9%. The viscosity of the Kappaphycus alvarezii red alginate impression material based on the sigma standard is classified as high viscosity with an average of 33,200 cP.

Promoting the densification and grain refinement with assistance of static magnetic field in laser powder bed fusion

Owing to its high accuracy and good design flexibility, the application of laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) to metallic parts has been rapidly increasing. However, the parts fabricated using LPBF exhibit high porosity and rough texture, which severely hinders the development of this technology. In this study, typical Al-based (AlSi10Mg) and Ni-based (Inconel 718) alloys were fabricated under a wide range of parameter spaces using static magnetic field (SMF) of up to 0.2 T. The experimental results showed that the fabricated parts had a higher density with SMF than the samples fabricated without SMF. A comparison of the samples fabricated with and without SMF revealed that the SMF refined the grain size and improved the mechanical properties. Furthermore, physics-based models, including the Seebeck effect, heat transfer, and fluid flow, in melt pools dynamics were used to simulate the thermos-electric-magnetic (TEM) forces and flow patterns during LPBF. The results of the simulation suggest that at the melt pool scale, the depression zone depth increases with increasing SMF intensity, and the correspondingly increased laser absorptivity is the main reason for the decrease in the lack-of-fusion defects. In addition to the flow pattern change at the melt pool scale, the TEM force acting on the cellular dendrite also plays an important role in grain refinement, reaching 105 N/m3 under a SMF of 0.1 T. Furthermore, the results of the tensile tests showed an increase in the ultimate tensile strength and elongation of the printed samples under the applied SMF. The present study can guide the porosity control and the widening of the processing window in LPBF.

Bithiophene-based COFs for silver ions detection and removal

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are promising in the detection and removal of toxic heavy metal ions from water. However, achieving detection and removal functions requires systematic control of stability, porosity, pore environment, and luminescence properties, which remains a challenge for most COFs materials. Herein, we develop a bithiophene-based stable COF, TAPA-BTDC, with dual functions of simultaneous detection and removal of silver ions from aqueous solution through elaborate structural design and control of the pore environment. The obtained TAPA-BTDC has good thermal stability and chemical stability, possesses high crystallinity and moderate specific surface area (396.83 m2/g), and contains dense bithiophene-S chelating sites on the pore walls. These characteristics work together to give TAPA-BTDC the dual function of selective detection and effective removal of silver ions from aqueous solution. This dual function can be attributed to the π-complexation between bithiophene-S chelating sites and silver ions, as verified by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The charge transfer between bithiophene-S and silver ions alters the weak fluorescence emission caused by the π−π layered structure, enabling TAPA-BTDC to selectively detect silver ions through fluorescence enhancement, and even trace amounts of Ag+ (2.4 × 10−4 mmol/L) can cause observable fluorescence emission. Meanwhile, these bithiophene-S scattered across the pore wall also provide a large number of accessible chelating sites for TAPA-BTDC, enabling it to effectively remove Ag+ with a maximum adsorption capacity up to 398.61 mg/g, and TAPA-BTDC can be easily regenerated five times without loss of performance. The results of this study reveal the exceptional potential of COFs with reasonably tailor-made structure in dealing with heavy metal ion contamination.

Porosity control of CNT aerogel and its conversion to CNT fiber in floating catalyst chemical vapour deposition

Porosity control of CNT aerogel and its conversion to CNT fiber in floating catalyst chemical vapour deposition

Kinetic Control of Angstrom-Scale Porosity in 2D Lattices for Direct Scalable Synthesis of Atomically Thin Proton Exchange Membranes.

Angstrom-scale pores introduced into atomically thin 2D materials offer transformative advances for proton exchange membranes in several energy applications. Here, we show that facile kinetic control of scalable chemical vapor deposition (CVD) can allow for direct formation of angstrom-scale proton-selective pores in monolayer graphene with significant hindrance to even small, hydrated ions (K+ diameter ∼6.6 Å) and gas molecules (H2 kinetic diameter ∼2.9 Å). We demonstrate centimeter-scale Nafion|Graphene|Nafion membranes with proton conductance ∼3.3-3.8 S cm-2 (graphene ∼12.7-24.6 S cm-2) and H+/K+ selectivity ∼6.2-44.2 with liquid electrolytes. The same membranes show proton conductance ∼4.6-4.8 S cm-2 (graphene ∼39.9-57.5 S cm-2) and extremely low H2 crossover ∼1.7 × 10-1 - 2.2 × 10-1 mA cm-2 (∼0.4 V, ∼25 °C) with H2 gas feed. We rationalize our findings via a resistance-based transport model and introduce a stacking approach that leverages combinatorial effects of interdefect distance and interlayer transport to allow for Nafion|Graphene|Graphene|Nafion membranes with H+/K+ selectivity ∼86.1 (at 1 M) and record low H2 crossover current density ∼2.5 × 10-2 mA cm-2, up to ∼90% lower than state-of-the-art ionomer Nafion membranes ∼2.7 × 10-1 mA cm-2 under identical conditions, while still maintaining proton conductance ∼4.2 S cm-2 (graphene stack ∼20.8 S cm-2) comparable to that for Nafion of ∼5.2 S cm-2. Our experimental insights enable functional atomically thin high flux proton exchange membranes with minimal crossover.

3D printable bone-mimicking functionally gradient stochastic scaffolds for tissue engineering and bone implant applications

A number of designs have been used in the field of tissue engineering for the purposes of bone biomimicry (e.g.) triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMS), honeycomb lattice, and face centered cubic (FCC). While the usage of these structures was met with some success, the results were not optimal due to factors such as lack of localized porosity control and stress concentration at nodes of gradient scaffolds. This led to a push for novel designs, such as, stochastic scaffolds with locally tunable porosity as well as anisotropically varying mechanical properties. A number of methods exist for generating these stochastic structures, such as, random set method, stochastic optimization method, iterative non-linear transformative method and others, but while these techniques led to a greater approximation of the bone microstructure, they did not help in the creation of a structure with controlled modulus along different directions. The novelty of the method used in this paper is that it not only helps in generating stochastic structures in a computationally inexpensive and non-complex way, but also generates a porosity gradient along three different axes in a controlled manner. Various additive manufacturing techniques have been successfully utilized for fabricating these structures at different scales, using different materials, thus, proving their versatility. The proposed design approach was implemented in the case of a 3D reconstructed rabbit model. Magics software was used to extract the internal microstructure of the rabbit model and our design approach was used for generating a stochastic scaffold which accurately mimicked the porosity gradient of the rabbit model in all the three directions. On comparing the mechanical properties of the rabbit microstructure and the gradient mimicking scaffold, the variations were significant as the properties depend not only on the porosity gradient but also on the internal microstructure, which warrants further multi-property optimization.

Hydroxyapatite Biobased Materials for Treatment and Diagnosis of Cancer.

Great advances in cancer treatment have been undertaken in the last years as a consequence of the development of new antitumoral drugs able to target cancer cells with decreasing side effects and a better understanding of the behavior of neoplastic cells during invasion and metastasis. Specifically, drug delivery systems (DDS) based on the use of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HAp NPs) are gaining attention and merit a comprehensive review focused on their potential applications. These are derived from the intrinsic properties of HAp (e.g., biocompatibility and biodegradability), together with the easy functionalization and easy control of porosity, crystallinity and morphology of HAp NPs. The capacity to tailor the properties of DLS based on HAp NPs has well-recognized advantages for the control of both drug loading and release. Furthermore, the functionalization of NPs allows a targeted uptake in tumoral cells while their rapid elimination by the reticuloendothelial system (RES) can be avoided. Advances in HAp NPs involve not only their use as drug nanocarriers but also their employment as nanosystems for magnetic hyperthermia therapy, gene delivery systems, adjuvants for cancer immunotherapy and nanoparticles for cell imaging.

Ligand-Free Direct Optical Lithography of Bare Colloidal Nanocrystals via Photo-Oxidation of Surface Ions with Porosity Control.

Microscale patterning of colloidal nanocrystal (NC) films is important for their integration in devices. Here, we introduce the direct optical patterning of all-inorganic NCs without the use of additional photosensitive ligands or additives. We determined that photoexposure of ligand-stripped, "bare" NCs in air significantly reduces their solubility in polar solvents due to photo-oxidation of surface ions. Doses as low as 20 mJ/cm2 could be used; the only obvious criterion for material selection is that the NCs need to have significant absorption at the irradiation wavelength. However, transparent NCs can still be patterned by mixing them with suitably absorbing NCs. This approach enabled the patterning of bare ZnSe, CdSe, ZnS, InP, CeO2, CdSe/CdS, and CdSe/ZnS NCs as well as mixtures of ZrO2 or HfO2 NCs with ZnSe NCs. Optical, X-ray photoelectron, and infrared spectroscopies show that solubility loss results from desorption of bound solvent due to photo-oxidation of surface ions. We also demonstrate two approaches, compatible with our patterning method, for modulating the porosity and refractive index of NC films. Block copolymer templating decreases the film density, and thus the refractive index, by introducing mesoporosity. Alternatively, hot isostatic pressing increases the packing density and refractive index of NC layers. For example, the packing fraction of a ZnS NC film can be increased from 0.51 to 0.87 upon hot isostatic pressing at 450 °C and 15 000 psi. Our findings demonstrate that direct lithography by photo-oxidation of bare NC surfaces is an accessible patterning method for facilitating the exploration of more complex NC device architectures while eliminating the influence of bulky or insulating surfactants.

Optimisation of the additive manufacturing parameters of polylactic acid (PLA) cellular structures for biomedical applications

Fused deposition modelling (FDM) is an additive manufacturing technology used to create functional and complex geometries directly from computer-generated models. This technique can be utilised to generate cellular structures with controllable pore size, pore shape, and porosity. Cellular structures are fundamental in orthopaedics scaffolds because of its low elastic modulus, high compressive strength, and adequate cell accommodation spaces. This paper aims at investigating and optimising the FDM additive manufacturing process parameters of polylactic Acid (PLA) for two lattice structures namely Schoen Gyroid and Schwarz Primitive. The effect of additive manufacturing critical process parameters including layer height, flow rate, and print speed on the geometrical accuracy and compressive strength of the specimens were analysed. In addition, other parameters that have minimal effect on the geometrical accuracy of the printed parts were discussed. A Full Factorial Analysis (FFA) using Minitab software was undertaken to identify the perfect combination of printing parameters to provide the most geometrically accurate structure. In this study, samples of the Schoen Gyroid and the Schwarz Primitive lattices and a solid control cylinder were 3D printed using the ideal printing combination to assess the manufacturability, the geometrical accuracy, and the mechanical behaviour of both designs. It was found that the optimised FDM process parameters for the studied cellular structures were a layer height of 0.16 mm, a printing speed of 50 mm/s and a flow rate of 90%. As a result of using these parameters, the solid, Schoen Gyroid and Schwarz Primitive specimens demonstrated elastic moduli values of 951 MPa, 264 MPa, and 221 MPa, respectively. In addition, the Schoen Gyroid and the Schwarz Primitive have reached their stress limits at around 8.68 MPa and 7.06 MPa, respectively. It was noticed that the Schoen Gyroid structure exhibited ∼ 18% higher compressive strength and ∼ 16% higher elastic modulus compared to the Schwarz Primitive structure for the same volume fraction of porosity, overall dimensions, and the manufacturing process parameters. Although both structures revealed mechanical properties that fall within the range of the human trabecular bone, but Schoen Gyroid exhibited improved structural integrity performance that is evident by its post-yield behaviour.

Two-dimensional redox polydopamine with in-plane cylindrical mesochannels on graphene for high-energy and high-power lithium-ion capacitors

Lithium-ion capacitors (LICs) are distinguished for bridging the gap of energy and power densities between lithium-ion batteries and supercapacitors. However, the kinetic mismatch between the slow diffusion and fast adsorption/desorption of lithium ions usually leads to the sacrifice of high power density or high energy density. Here, we report a general “one-for-two” strategy for controllable construction of 2D mesoporous polydopamine/reduced-graphene-oxide heterostructure (mPDA/rGO) with ordered in-plane cylindrical mesochannels as cathode and mPDA/rGO derived nitrogen-doped carbon nanosheets (mNC/rGO) as anode of LIC to achieve fast electrochemical kinetics. The in-plane cylindrical mesochannels and surface redox reactions of 2D mPDA/rGO and mNC/rGO ensure rapid reaction kinetics in both cathode and anode. As a result, mPDA/rGO shows remarkable specific capacity of 133 mAh/g, and excellent rate capability of 94 mAh/g even at 5 A/g. Meanwhile, 2D mNC/rGO exhibits high capacitance of 550 mAh/g at 0.1 A/g and 225 mAh/g at 5 A/g. The as-assembled LIC with these two electrodes offers a high energy density of 208 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 176 W kg−1, which can retain as high as 102.2 Wh kg−1 at 8.8 kW kg−1. This study demonstrates the control of porosity and morphology as an appealing strategy for rational construction of 2D electrode materials to boost high-energy and high-power LICs.

Solvent-assisted precipitation direct-write printing toward in-suit oriented β-phase polyvinylidene fluoride with tunable microarchitectures for energy harvesting and self-powered sensing

Additive manufacturing technology has attracted significant attention because it facilitates the one-step fabrication of complex structures for piezoelectric devices. In this study, a facile approach is proposed for manufacturing complex piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs) with an in-suit oriented β-phase of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) based on solvent-assisted precipitation direct-write three-dimensional (3D) printing (SPDWP). This SPDWP has the ability to fabricate porous structures owing to the rapid nonsolvent-induced phase separation and controllable porosity of the fiber. In particular, the SPDWP based on ethanol precipitation increases the β-phase content of PVDF to 76.21%, representing a 1.5-fold improvement compared to that by the solvent casting technique. Moreover, the shape of the printed fiber—impacted by the printing parameters—significantly influences the piezoelectric performance. In particular, cylindrical fiber-based PENGs exhibit better piezoelectric performance than elliptical fiber-based PENGs, producing a higher voltage output of 11.3 V owing to the structural deformation, as confirmed by the simulation results. As expected, these printed PENGs can detect a variety of human movements, demonstrating that SPDWP is a novel method for fabricating 3D structural PENGs for self-powering microelectronic applications with the advantages of achieving geometric complexity, manufacturing simplicity, and low cost.

Synthetic Control of Electronic Property and Porosity in Anthraquinone-Based Conjugated Polymer Cathodes for High-Rate and Long-Cycle-Life Na-Organic Batteries.

Redox-active carbonyl-containing compounds have received extensive attention as cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) because of their excellent attributes, including elemental sustainability, high theoretical capacity, diverse structures, and tunable properties. However, the storage of Na+ in most carbonyl-based cathode materials is plagued by the low capacity, unsatisfying rate performance, and short cycling life. Herein, we develop a series of anthraquinone-based conjugated polymer cathodes consisting of anthraquinone and benzene with different linking patterns. It reveals that the linkage sites on benzene ring could affect the electronic structures of the resulting polymers and thus their charge-storage capabilities. The 1,2,4,5-linkage on benzene leads to a high surface area, a narrow band gap, and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital for the resulting polymer PBAQ-3. As a cathode for SIBs, it delivers a high capacity of around 200 mAh g-1 and excellent rate performance (105 mAh g-1 at 200 C) as well as stable cycling with a capacity retention of 95.8% after 1000 cycles at 0.05 A g-1 and 83.1% after 40000 cycles at 3 A g-1. Our findings highlight the influence of linking patterns of the building blocks on the electrochemical performance of organic electrodes.