Oat Control Research Articles

Genotype-environment interaction in the production of dry matter of edgeless fodder barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

Objective: To analyze the genotype-environment interaction (GEI) within the dry fodder production of 24 edgeless barley fodder lines (Hordeum vulgare L.) or commercial controls of the same and other species across five environments. Design/Methodology/Approach: A randomized complete block design with three repetitions was used in the five trial environments, with fodder harvested at 105 d after sowing. Data were analyzed as combined random blocks over environments and the GEI was analyzed using the AMMI model. Results: Significance (p≤ 0.01) was detected in the main effects and the GEI. Genotypes G26 (Cerro Prieto), G27 (Gabyan95), G10, G3, G19 and even genotype G24, showed interactions close to zero, so they were considered stable, while the edgeless barley lines: G6, G1 and G2 were qualified as desirable for dry fodder production, according to their superiority over the general mean and their low GEI. Study Limitations/Implications: Results may vary when evaluating other environments and genotypes. Findings/Conclusions: There are stable and desirable edgeless fodder barley genotypes that represent an option for fodder production in the study region. The oat control was considered the least productive and the locality of Zaragoza, Coahuila, is considered a potential environment for dry fodder production using edgeless fodder barleys such as those evaluated in this study, in addition to showing adequate discriminatory power.

Evaluation of quality characteristics of restructured spent hen meat blocks incorporated with oat meal

Purpose – This study aims to evaluate the effect of oat meal on the quality characteristics of restructured spent hen meat blocks. Spent hen meat is considered as poor because of comparatively higher toughness and less juiciness. Design/methodology/approach – Oat meal (1:1 hydration, w/w) was incorporated at the levels of 4, 6 and 8 per cent by replacing the lean meat in prestandardized restructured spent hen meat blocks formulation and assessed for physico-chemical and sensory quality. Findings – The product yield and pH of restructured spent hen meat blocks (RSHMB) were significantly higher at 8 per cent oat meal as compared to control. Shear force values of RSHMB with various levels of oat meal incorporation were significantly lower than control. There were no significant differences in the general appearance, texture, binding, juiciness and overall acceptability scores of RSHMB with different levels of oat meal and control. However, there was a marginal increase in binding and juiciness of RSHMB with increase in the level of oat meal. The optimum incorporation level of oat meal in RSHMB was adjudged as 8 per cent, which also resulted in reduction of production cost by Rs. 14.4/kg as compared to control. Research limitations/implications – The trials can be further carried to evaluate the storage stability of developed RSHMB. Originality/value – The paper has demonstrated potential of oat meal as an extender in the development of RSHMB, which also reduced the cost of production.

Ultrasound influence on coleoptile length at Poaceae seedlings as valuable criteria in prebreeding and breeding processes

The study includes research on the effect of ultrasound on the ability of seed germination and coleoptile development of cereal landraces (fam. Poaceae): oat (Avena sativa L.) brodski, rye (Secale cereale L.) rakotinska, Triticale svetinikolsko and soft wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) govrlevska. The experiment with ultrasound was carried out at frequency of 30-40 kHz on the thermostatic ultrasonic bath. Seeds were sonicated at a constant temperature (25?C) for 15 min. Ultrasound effect is reflected in the length of the coleoptyl and mesocotyl, although in a good deal is genetically predetermined. Coleoptile length was the longest in Triticale (3.3-5.5 cm) and approximately the same lengths are evident in rye (3.0-6.1 cm). Concerning the mesocotyl the longest one (5.525 cm ? 0.697) is recorded at rye, even significantly longer than control of oat and Triticale. Longer coleoptile of sonicated seeds indicates faster seedling development, good water supply and rapid development and emergence of first leaves. Correlation coefficient showed very high (0.821) and high R2 (67,472%) dependence among variables both, in length of coleoptiles (as dependent variable) and mesocotyl (as independent) with low standard error (0.225). With the simple use of ultrasound the germination period could be shorten, water supply more efficient, the sowing periods will be shorten and good yields even under conditions of climate change with increased temperatures could be achieved.

In vivo effects of dietary (1→3), (1→4)-β-d-glucans from oat on mucosal immune responses in man and mice

Objective. Antimicrobial peptides and tight junction proteins are crucial to maintain mucosal immunity. It is known that oat β-glucan may affect intestinal immunity. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of oat β-glucan on the presence of antimicrobial peptides and tight junction protein. Material and methods. We analyzed antimicrobial peptide levels in fecal water prepared from 24 h ileostomic bag contents obtained from ileostomic patients consuming oat β-glucan enriched or control diets in a cross-over design. In addition, intestinal sections of mice, which received oat β-glucan via oral gavages for 3.5 days, were analyzed for lysozyme and zonula occludens-1 expression. Results. We observed a trend toward lower lysozyme (−23%; p = 0.076) and bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (−17%; p = 0.098) levels in oat β-glucan enriched fecal water as compared with placebo. Additionally, mice receiving oat β-glucan showed a lower lysozyme expression in stained distal small intestinal sections (p = 0.011). Staining of zonula occludens-1 was decreased in β-glucan treated mice indicating disruption of the tight junction integrity. Conclusions. In conclusion, the consumption of oat β-glucan seems to decrease the levels of antimicrobial peptides in fecal water from human ileostomy patients and its expression in distal small intestine sections in mice. The decreased intestinal integrity in mice could be explained by the drop in antimicrobial peptides.

Effects of Native Grass Cover Crops on Beneficial and Pest Invertebrates in Australian Vineyards

Indigenous cover crops have the potential to promote an increase in natural enemies providing fortuitous control of pest species and other ecosystem services. We test this idea in a vineyard in south eastern Australia, where reduced water availability because of drought coupled with increased temperatures has generated interest in sustainable alternatives to the exotic perennial cover crops commonly planted. Three endemic perennial cover crops, comprising the grasses Austrodanthonia richardsonii and Chloris truncata and a mix of two saltbushes (Atriplex semibaccata and Atriplex suberecta) were established as cover crops and compared with introduced oats (Avena sativa). Abundance of a range of predators and parasitoids was higher in vines with native cover crops compared with the oat control. In addition, predation levels of sentinel eggs of a common vineyard pest, light brown apple moth (Epiphyas postvittana), were increased in the native cover crops. However, the native cover crops also increased the abundance of some potential pest species. Native plants therefore have potential to increase abundance of beneficial invertebrates that assist in pest control, but need to be used carefully to ensure that they do not increase local pest problems.

Effect of including whole oats into pellets on performance and plumage condition in laying hens housed in conventional and furnished cages

In an experiment including 2400 layers, a diet with 40% whole oats incorporated into 3 mm pellets (experimental diet) was compared with a complete diet, also as 3 mm pellets, but containing no whole oats (control diet). These diets were examined in conventional 3-hens cages and two furnished cage systems with 8 or 16 birds per group including nest, perches and litter. The effects of diet, rearing condition and cage system on performance, plumage condition, comb lesions and rear body wounds were studied. Furthermore, the effect of feed structure on gizzard characteristics and interactions with access to litter during rearing and laying periods were examined. The hybrids LSL and Shaver 2000 were included in the experiment. Egg production was lower (P<0.05) in furnished cages than in conventional cages. No difference in plumage condition was found between diets, but a significantly poorer plumage condition (P<0.05) was observed with increasing group size. Also, the frequencies of rear body (P<0.05) wounds increased as the group sizes increased, while no such effect was observed for comb lesions. Higher (P<0.05) feed consumption was observed in furnished cages than in the conventional, causing a corresponding increase (P<0.05) in feed conversion rate (FCR). Higher (P<0.05) FCR was observed for birds fed pellets with whole oats than the control. Whole oats also increased (P<0.05) the weight of gizzard and gizzard contents. For LSL, better (P<0.05) plumage condition was found for birds reared on a deep litter floor compared to cage rearing. It was concluded that no beneficial effect of replacing high amounts of ground oats with whole oats was observed. Genotype and rearing method may interact with housing system.

EVALUATION OF FAT REPLACERS IN LINGÜIÇA (A FRESH PORK SAUSAGE OF BRAZIL)EVALUACIÓN DE SUBSTITUTOS DE MATERIA GRASA EN LINGÜIÇA (SALCHICHA FRESCA DE CERDO DE BRASIL)EVALUACIÓN DE SUBSTITUTOS DE MATERIA GRAXA EN LINGÜIÇA (SALCHICHA FRESCA DE PORCO DE BRASIL)

Lingüiça is a sausage prepared with fresh pork, which is an important brazilian food staple. This work evaluated the influence of 4 Fat replacers and a control in a product: 1) control, 2) carrageenan gum (kappa), 3) milk-whey protein, 4) cassava modified starch 5) oat meal flour. The results of the treatments can be classified in decreasing order for parameters studied. For caloric value: carrageenan gum, milk-whey protein, cassava modified starch, oat meal flour and control; total fat: carrageenan gum, cassava modified starch, oat meal flour, milk-whey protein and control; total fatty acids: carrageenan gum, oat meal flour, milk-whey protein, cassava modified starch and control; cholesterol: cassava modified starch, carrageenan gum, oat meal flour, milk-whey protein and control. Sensory scores for acceptance were carrageenan gum, control, milk-whey protein, cassava modified starch and oat meal flour. It is suggested that the best replacer is carrageenan gum for its effect on both sensory and nutritive parameters. © 2003 Altaga. All rights reserved. Resumen La Lingüiça es es una salchicha preparada con carne de cerdo fresca, la cual es un importante elemento de la dieta brasileña. Este trabajo evaluó la influencia de 4 substitutos de materia grasa y un control: 1) control, 2) goma carragenato, 3) proteína de suero de leche, 4) almidón modificado de yuca, 5) harina de avena. Pueden clasificarse los resultados de los tratamientos en orden decreciente para los parámetros estudiados. Para el valor calórico: goma carragenato, proteína de suero de leche, almidón modificado de yuca harina de la avena y control; la grasa total: goma carragenato, almidón modificado de yuca, harina de la avena, proteína de suero de leche y control; los ácidos grasos totales: goma carragenato, harina de la avena, proteína de suero de leche, almidón modificado de yuca y control; el colesterol: almidón modificado de yuca, goma carragenato, harina de la avena, proteína de suero de leche, y control. Los resultados sensoriales para la aceptación fueron goma carragenato, control, proteína de suero de leche, almidón modificado de yuca y harina de la avena. Se sugiere que el substituto mejor es la goma carragenato tanto por su efecto en los paramétros sensoriales como nutritivos. © 2003 Altaga. Todos los derechos reservados. Palabras clave: substitutos de materia grasa, Lingüiça, reducción de colesterol, reducción grasa Resumo Lingüiça é unha salchicha preparada con carne de porco fresca, a cal é un alimento importante da dieta brasileira. Este traballo evaluou a influencia de 4 substitutos de materia graxa e un control: 1) control, 2) goma carragenato, 3) proteína de soro de leite, 4) almidón modificado de yuca, 5) fariña de avena. Poderían clasificarse os resultados dos tratamentos no orden decrecente para os parámetros estudiados. Para o valor calórico: goma carragenato, proteína de soro de leite, yuca, fariña da avena e control; a graxa total: goma carragenato, almidón modificado de yuca, fariña de avena, proteína de soro de leite e control; os ácidos graxos totais: goma carragenato, harina de avena, proteína de soro de leite, almidón modificado de yuca e control; o colesterol: almidón modificado de yuca, goma carragenato, fariña de avena, proteína de soro de leite, e control. Os resultados sensoriais para a aceptación foron goma carragenato, control, proteína de soro de leite, almidón modificado de yuca e fariña de avena. Suxírese que o substituto mellor é a goma carragenato por su effecto en nos parámetros sensoriais e nutritivos. © 2003 Altaga. Tódolos dereitos reservados. Palabras chave: substitutos de materia graxa, Lingüiça, reducción do colesterol, reducción graxa.

Control of wild oat in the year of smooth bromegrass establishment and its effect on the yield and quality of subsequent seed crops

Wild oat (Avena fatua L.) control from three graminicides, clodinafop-propargyl, fenoxaprop-p-ethyl and tralkoxydim, in seedling stands of smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis L.) seeded alone or with spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was studied in 1991, 1992 and 1993 at Beaverlodge, Alberta. Seed yield and quality were measured for 2 yr after each year of establishment. In the year of establishment, clodinafop-propargyl at 60 g ha–1 consistently provided ≥80% visual control of wild oat growing in smooth bromegrass seeded with wheat, while the mean probability of similar applications of fenoxaprop-p-ethyl at 92 g ha−1 and tralkoxydim at 250 g ha−1 to provide ≥80% visual control of wild oat, averaged over the years of establishment, was 0.91 and 0.92, respectively. Without the wheat companion crop, the mean probability of clodinafop-propargyl to provide ≥80% visual control of wild oat, averaged over establishment years, remained above 0.90, but that for fenoxaprop-p-ethyl and tralkoxydim was reduced to 0.36 and 0.50, respectively. The efficacy of the three graminicides to control wild oat was reduced by tank mixing with bromoxynil plus MCPA, thifensulfuron methyl plus MCPA, or MCPA alone. Establishment with wheat had a major detrimental impact on smooth bromegrass seed yields harvested 1 and 2 yr after each establishment year. Smooth bromegrass seed yields harvested 1 yr following the year of establishment were three times greater where smooth bromegrass was seeded alone as compared with being seeded with wheat. Seed yields harvested 2 yr after the year of establishment followed a similar trend, but the differences were smaller. Herbicide treatments had no effect on either first or second smooth bromegrass seed yields. Wild oat dockage was present only in the first smooth bromegrass seed crop and was approximately three times greater following establishment with wheat than following establishment alone. Percent wild oat dockage was less from plots where herbicides had been applied than from weedy check plots. Differences in percent dockage occurred among herbicide treatments but were small. Key words: Smooth bromegrass, Bromus inermis, wild oat, Avena fatua, graminicides, tank mixtures

Mapping risk areas for resistance to ACCase inhibitor herbicides in Manitoba

Since 1976, seven acetyl coenzyme-A carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitors (referred to as Group 1 herbicides) have been registered in western Canada for wild oat (Avena fatua L.) and green foxtail (Setaria viridis L.) control. In 1990, Group 1 resistant wild oat populations were identified from fields in Manitoba which had been repeatedly sprayed with these products during the previous 10 yr. Since the occurrence of resistance is directly related to the frequency of herbicide use, the purpose of this study was to compile herbicide use histories on a province-wide basis using data included in the Manitoba Crop Insurance Corporation (MCIC) database. The database was used to determine the relative importance of Group 1 herbicide use in major crops compared with other products, and to identify individual townships at low, medium and high risk for developing Group 1 resistance. Low, medium and high risk townships were arbitrarily defined as those in which Group 1 products were used on less than 30%, on 30 to 50% and on more than 50% of the sprayed fields, respectively. From 1981 to 1993, Group 1 herbicide use increased from 15 to 50% of the sprayed area, and since 1990, these products have been used on one out of two sprayed fields on an annual basis, with the most intensive use in flax. In the early 1980s, fewer than 5% of the townships were at high risk. These were located near the towns of Swan River, Dauphin and Treherne, and the city of Winnipeg, which were the locations where Group 1 resistant wild oat and green foxtail were first identified. Between 1989 and 1993, more than 40% of the townships were considered to be at high risk. Should the trend toward increased use of Group 1 herbicides continue through the 1990s, the resistance problem will inevitably worsen. Key words: Herbicide use, selection, herbicide rotation

Control of Persian Darnel (Lolium persicum) and Other Grasses with Clethodim

The response of Persian darnel, green foxtail, wild oat, and volunteer cereals to clethodim applied at two growth stages, and the effect of these treatments on flax yield and quality were determined in a series of field experiments in which each weed species was evaluated separately. Clethodim applied at 45 g/ha provided excellent control of Persian darnel, green foxtail, wild oat, and volunteer wheat and barley. Sethoxydim applied at 150 g/ha provided excellent control of Persian darnel, green foxtail, wild oat, and volunteer barley. Rax was tolerant at five times the recommended rate of application and was unaffected by plant growth stage at time of application. When applied at an early (2- to 3-leaf) stage, control of Persian darnel, green foxtail, wild oat, and volunteer wheat and barley was excellent at 20 g/ha. Except for Persian darnel, weed control as determined by reduction in plant dry weight, was negatively affected by growth stage at time of application. Although visible control and reduction in plant dry weight were somewhat less when clethodim was applied at the 4-to 5-leaf stage, control of each weed species was acceptable. When weight of water in plant tissue (fresh weight – dry weight) was used as a measure of living plant tissue, wild oat and volunteer barley control were unaffected by growth stage at time of application.

Annual ryegrass and volunteer cereal control in lupins using selective post-emergent herbicides

The relative effectiveness of herbicides from the aryloxyphenoxypropionate (fop) and cyclohexanedione (dim) chemical families for the control of volunteer wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), oats (Avena sativa), triticale (Triticum x Secale) and annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum Gaud.) in narrow-leafed lupins (Lupinus angustifolius) were evaluated over a 3-year period near Rutherglen in north-eastern Victoria. Herbicides tested included diclofop-methyl, fluazifop-pethyl, haloxyfop, propaquizafop, quizalofop-p-ethyl, clethodim, cycloxydim, sethoxydim, and mixes of fluazifop-p-ethyl + diclofop-methyl, and fluazifop-pethyl + sethoxydim. Effective grass control needed to prevent disease carryover is defined as greater than 98%. Haloxyfop at 78 g a.i./ha and clethodim at 120 g a.i./ha consistently gave greater than 98% control of all target species. Quizalofop-p-ethyl at 12 g a.i./ha gave greater than 98% control of volunteer cereals but annual ryegrass control ranged from 83.7 to 44.1%. Cycloxydim at 100 g a.i./ha produced similar oat and ryegrass control to that of 563 g a.i./ha diclofop-methyl. Sethoxydim at 93 g a.i./ha, gave significantly (P &lt; 0.05) better control of annual ryegrass than the recommended rates of diclofop-methyl, fluazifop-p-ethyl and propaquizafop. The addition of 47 g a.i./ha sethoxydim to 32 g a.i./ha fluazifop-p-ethyl significantly improved ryegrass control than low rates of fluazifop-p-ethyl alone.

Emulsifier surfactant-oil combinations with tralkoxydim

Research was conducted at the Brandon Research Station to determine the optimum oil-emulsifier surfactant ratio for each of two oil-emulsifier surfactant pairs for use with tralkoxydim. A series of adjuvants containing 8.5, 17, 34, and 68% emulsifier surfactant (by weight) plus oil were formulated for a petroleum oil (PO)- or methylated seed oil (MSO)-based adjuvant. Tame oats (Avena sativa L.) fresh weight was used to determine percent control as the indicator for phytotoxicity. PO (Sunoco 11 N oil) adjuvants had greater emulsion stability ratings than MSO adjuvants. Emulsion stability was not related to oats control, as MSO adjuvants enhanced tralkoxydim phytotoxicity more than PO adjuvants. Oats control increased as adjuvant volume increased from 0.25 to 2.0% (vol/vol) of the spray solution for either PO- or MSO-based adjuvants. For PO-based adjuvants, the adjuvant containing 34% emulsifier surfactant (by weight) and used at 0.5% (vol/vol) was as effective as the adjuvant containing 17% emulsifier surfactant and used at 1.0%. However, for MSO-based adjuvants, 17% emulsifier surfactant content was as effective as higher emulsifier surfactant content. Oats control did not correlate with the amount of oil in the spray solution. These data indicate that the optimum oil-emulsifier surfactant ratio will vary for each particular oil-emulsifier surfactant pair. Key words: Tralkoxydim, adjuvant, adjuvant volume, methylated seed oil, petroleum oil, surfactant content

Efficacy of triallate after incubation in wet soil

Abstract Application of Avadex BW or triallate {(S‐(2,3,3‐trichlorallyl)‐diisopropylthiocarbamate} to soils subject to water ponding or temporary flooding may present some problems in wild oat (Avena fatua L.) control. Both wild oat and domestic oat (Avena sativa L.) are susceptible to triallate. Laboratory incubations of triallatetreated soils at 25°C showed the response of domesticated oat (cultivar ‘Harmon') to triallate was related to soil moisture content and to the length of incubation time. Triallate activity decreased more slowly at a soil water content of 5% below field capacity than for incubations at field capacity. Triallate treated soils incubated under water saturation conditions generally retained a higher level of phytotoxicity than those incubated at moisture contents of field capacity or less. Soils containing trial late incubated at a moisture content mid‐way between saturation and field capacity did not differ in activity to those incubated at field capacity. These results suggest that...

TOLERANCE AND RESIDUE STUDIES OF TRIALLATE IN LENTILS

The tolerance of lentils (Lens culinaris Medic.) to both preplant and postplant spring incorporation of the wild oat herbicide triallate [S-(2,3,3-trichloroallyl) diisopropyl-thiocarbamate] was studied at two locations. Seed yield, maturity and stand density were not affected by application rates considered adequate for effective wild oat (Avena fatua L.) control. An analytical method for determining triallate residues in lentil green tissue and mature grain was developed. Using electron-capture gas chromatographic detection, the limit of detection, based on a 1-g fresh-weight sample, was 20 ppb. Recoveries were in the order of 75% at the 50 ppb fortification level. Triallate residues did not exceed 20 ppb in any of the samples.

INFLUENCE OF HERBICIDES FOR BROAD-LEAVED WEEDS AND ADJUVANTS WITH DICHLORFOP METHYL ON WILD OAT CONTROL

A reduced rate of dichlorfop methyl 2[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-phenoxypropionic acid methyl ester] (0.56 kg/ha) in combination with different adjuvants provided as effective wild oat (Avena fatua L.) control as the recommended field rate (1.12 kg/ha) without adjuvants. Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) yields were higher when treated with dichlorfop methyl at 0.56 kg/ha plus adjuvants than when treated with dichlorfop methyl at 1.12 kg/ha. The herbicidal activity of dichlorfop methyl on wild oats was severely reduced on addition to the spray mixture of growth-hormone-type herbicides for broad-leaved weeds. The antagonism was due to the active ingredients in the herbicide formulations for broad-leaved weeds rather than to solvent incompatibilities. Ester formulations of herbicides for broad-leaved weeds caused less antagonism of dichlorfop methyl activity than did amine formulations. Non-hormonal contact-type herbicides (e.g., bromoxynil at 0.28 kg/ha) were compatible with dichlorfop methyl. Attempts to find a mixture containing low rates of dichlorfop methyl and extra adjuvants in combination with low rates of both bromoxynil and MCPA ester, which would be effective against both broad-leaved weeds and wild oats, were unsuccessful. Dichlorfop methyl did not reduce the herbicidal activity of growth-hormone-type herbicides on Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum L. Gaertn.).