Control Of Heliothis Research Articles

Effects of Droplet Characteristics of Permethrin Sprays Applied in Vegetable Oil and Water on Control of Heliothis Spp. in Cotton; 1984

Abstract A small plot field study was conducted on the Plant Science Research Farm of the Mississippi Agriculture and Forestry Experiment Station, Mississippi State, MS, to determine if insecticide carriers (vegetable oil and water) and droplet characteristics (droplet size and droplet concentration) influence control of Heliothis spp. in cotton. Four-row plots (3.87 m × 15.24 m) with 10-row buffers were planted to ‘Stoneville 825’ on 15 May and 1 Jun (2 replications required replanting) in a randomized complete block design. Vegetable oil treatments were varied by manipulating droplet size with Micro Max rotary atomizers set at 1600, 3500 and 5000 RPM and by using 3 different application rates (0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 gpa) attained by varying the ground speed. Water treatments were similarly varied by using 3 different droplet sizes, attained with TX-6, TX-4 and TX-1 hollow cone nozzles, and 3 volumetric application rates (3.0, 6.0 and 12.0 gpa) attained by varying the number of nozzles per row and the ground speed. Permethrin (Pounce 3.2 EC) was used at 0.1 lb (AI)/acre for all droplet size-carrier-volumetric application rate combinations. The controls consisted of a water-only treatment, an oil only treatment and an untreated. Treatments were applied on 15, 20 and 27 Aug. Plots were evaluated 17 Aug by randomly pulling 25 squares from plants in each plot and observing the number of squares damaged by Heliothis spp. larvae. On 25 Aug whole-plant observations were made on 5 row feet to observe Heliothis spp. damage and numbers of fruiting structures present. On 5 Oct open bolls, unopened bolls and total bolls were counted on 5 row feet in each plot. Yield data were obtained by mechanically harvesting the 2 center rows of each plot on 21 Nov.

Chemical Control of Thrips and Aphids on Cotton, 1985

Abstract Cotton was planted 19 Apr on rows spaced 40 inches apart. Caparol was applied premergent at 2.4 lb (AI)/acre on 19 Apr. Plots were arranged in a randomized block design with treatments replicated 4 times. Plots were 8 rows wide and 40 ft long. Blocks were separated by 15 ft of untreated cotton. The study was bordered in front and back by a 25 ft buffer of untreated cotton. Foliar treatments were applied to the inner 4 rows of designated plots. A backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 5 gal of solution per acre through two HC-4 nozzles per row at 36 psi and 3 mph was used to apply foliar insecticide treatments. Temik treatments were applied to all 8 rows of designated plots. A 2-row Gandy applicator was used to apply Temik treatments at planting. Foliar treatments were applied 1 and 8 May. Density of thrips and aphids were determined 30 Apr, 7 and 13 May. Density levels were assessed by counting thrips (adults and nymphs) and aphids on 15 randomly selected plants per plot. This was accomplished by emersing plants one at a time in a jar containing 75 percent ethyl alcohol. Thrips were easily dislodged but agitation was required to remove aphids. Number of thrips (adults and nymphs) and aphids were determined by counting them under a microscope. Phytotoxicity of the tested insecticides was assessed by counting plant population density in two 13.1-row-foot sections per plot. Thrips damage ratings were made by averaging ratings of 10 plants per plot (5 plants from each 13.1-row-foot section). Plants rated were selected using a random number table. Plants were rated on a scale of 1 (no visible thrips damage) to 7 (terminal destroyed). Damage ratings were made 13 May. Soil samples to determine nematode density were taken 5 Jun. Four subsamples per plot were mixed together and one sample taken from this mixture. Samples were submitted to the Texas Plant Disease Diagnostic Laboratory at College Station, Texas on the Texas A&M University campus for nematode density dertermination. Cotton fruiting rates were assessed by taking square, bloom, and boll counts. The number of squares per 10 plants was counted and recorded for each plot, 5 Jun, about 1 wk into the squaring period. A count of blooms and bolls was made on two 13.1-row-foot sections per plot 27 Jun, 9 days after first bloom. Yield data was gathered from stratified harvest of two 13.1-row-foot sections per plot. All plots were treated with Cygon on 28 May and 4 Jun for control of cotton fleahopper. Cythion RTU was applied 7 and 13 Jun, and 2 Jul for control of boll weevil. Ammo was applied for control of Heliothis spp. 1 and 10 Jul.

Large Plot Evaluation of Larvin and Ammo for Control of Heliothis on Cotton, 1984

Abstract A large plot field study Was conducted on a commercial farm near Rosenberg, TX, to evaluate the effectiveness of Ammo and Larvin for control of Heliothis spp. on irrigated Cotton. The treatments were compared in 38-row by 1000-ft plots of cotton planted on 40 inch rows. Treatments were replicated 6 times in a Paired block design. Beginning ca. 20 days past first-bloom, aerial applications of each treatment were made on 2 and 7 Jul. Efficacy of the Insecticides was evaluated by inspecting: (1) the terminals of 25 randomly chosen plants in each plot for the presence of Heliothis spp. larvae and 2) 25 randomly chosen squares and bolls in each plot for the presence of damage from Heliothis spp. and/or boll weevil. Seed cotton was hand-harvested from designated 10-ft sections of row in each plot for yield analysis.

Control of Heliothis Spp. and Boll Weevils in Cotton, 1984

Abstract Two full-season studies were conducted at the Red River Research Station, Bossier City, LA, to determine the efficacy of various commercial and experimental insecticides in controlling Heliothis spp, and boll weevils on cotton. Plots in the first study were 8 rows x 64.0 m (1.02-m centers) replicated 4 times. Plots in the second test were 4 rows X 30.5 m (1.02-m centers) replicated 4 times. Insecticides were applied with a high-clearance sprayer equipped with a CO2 system for spraying small plots. Insecticides were applied in 11.4 liters of water/acre with TX-3 hollow-cone nozzles spaced 50.8 cm apart. Treatments in the first study were applied on 10, 16, 24, 30 Jul, 6, 13, 21 and 27 Aug. In the second study, insecticide applications were made on 16, 24, 31 Jul, 7, 14, 22 and 27 Aug. All plots in the first and second study were oversprayed with Orthene 75S (0.25 lb (AI)/acre) on 25 and 22 Jun, respectively. On 6 Aug, both tests were sprayed with Kelthane MF (1.0 lb (AI)/acre) plus Triton CS-7 (1 qt/100 gal) for spider mite control. Insect populations and plant damage were monitored 2-3 days following each insecticide application by examining 25 terminals and 25 squares/plot. Terminal counts (eggs and live larvae) were not made following the last application date in each study. Data presented represents seasonal means. Yields were determined by mechanical harvest of 4 rows/plot on 17 and 18 Oct in the first test and 2 rows/plot on 19 Oct in the second study.

Tobacco Budworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): Variations in Response to Methyl Parathion and Permethrin in the Subtropics1

To determine the variations in the effect of methyl parathion on the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.), the progeny of insects collected in the larval stage from Cotton in the subtropical Lower Rio Grande Valley (LRGV) of Texas were topically treated from 1966 to 1975 and from 1978 to 1981. LD50 values for 80% of the collections exceeded those of a susceptible laboratory-reared strain. However, the values forthe field strains varied widely within and among years. Peak resistance to methyl parathion occurred in 1971. By 1981, however, resistance was at about the level found in 1966. Control of Heliothis spp. damage to souares and bolls with methyl parathian in the field tended to vary inversely with resistance to this insecticide as measured by LD50 values. Neither field data nor LD50 values indicated that H. virescens larvae in northeastern Mexico and the LRGV had developed resistance to permethrin between 1974 and 1981.

Control of Heliothis Spp. Larvae on Cotton with Permethrin Applied at Various Droplet Sizes Through A Cda Applicator; 1983

Abstract A full season study was conducted at the Plant Sei. Res. Farm of the Miss. Agrie, and For. Exp. Stn., Mississippi State, to evaluate the efficacy of permethrin applied with different carriers (vegetable oil or water) through Micro-Max nozzles for control of Heliothis spp. in coton. Plots were planted to ‘Stoneville 213’ on 27 May. All treatments were replicated four times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Each plot was four rows (3.66 m) by 17.06 m with two buffer rows between plots. Insecticides were applied through Micro-Max nozzles (one per row) mounted directly over the row. Permeethrin (Ambush) was used as the insecticide in all treatments. However, insecticide rate, Micro-Max orifice size, carrier and total volume per acre were treatment variables. Control treatments included standard application using 6.6 gpa volume of water through two TX-4 nozzles per row, both alone and with corresponding insecticide rates, and water and vegetable oil applied alone through the Micro-Max nozzles with corresponding orifices. Applications were made on 11, 15 and 18 Aug. Droplet characteristics and insect population data were not taken. Yield data were taken by mechanically harvesting the center two rows of each plot on 10 Nov. No yield differences between any of the treatments and controls were detected.

Control of Heliothis Spp. Larvae on Cotton with Insecticide Combinations,1983

Abstract A small plot field study was conducted on the Plant Sci. Res. Farm at Mississippi State Univ. to measure the efficacy of pyrethroid, carbamate, organophosphous, and formamidine insecticides applied alone and in various combinations for control of Heliothis spp. larvae on cotton. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block with four replicates. Plots were four rows (38-in. rows) by 60-ft with two buffer rows between plots. Treatments were applied on 24 Jul., 4 Aug., 12 Aug., and 17 Aug. All plots were oversprayed for boll weevil control with Guthion (0.25 lb (AI)/acre) on 30 June., 8 Jul., 18 Jul., 22 Jul., 29 Jul., 10 Aug., 22 Aug., and 24 Aug. Plots were evaluated on 5 Aug. and 11 Aug. by randomly examining 25 terminals and 25 squares/plot. Boll counts were made on 5 Sep. by examining 10 plants per plot. Yield data were collected by mechanically harvesting the center two rows of each plot on 31 Oct.

Control of Cotton Bollworm and Tobacco Budworm in Cotton with Chemical Insecticides, 1983

Abstract A full Season study was conducted at the Plant Sci. Res. Farm of the Miss. Agric. and For. Exp. St., Mississippi State, to determine the efficacy of various insecticides for control of Heliothis spp. larvae on cotton. Plots were planted to ‘Stoneville 825’ on 7 May. All treatments were replicated four times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Each plot was four rows (3.66 m) by 21.34 m with two buffer rows between plots. Insecticides were applied with a boom-type sprayer calibrated to deliver 6.6 gal/acre total volume at 30 lb/in2. through two TX-4 nozzles per row. Applications were made at ca. weekly intervals. Treatments were applied on 25 Jul., 1, 8, 16, 19 and 22 Aug. All plots were sprayed for boll weevil suppression on 30 June, 8, 18, 22, 29 July, 10, 22 and 24 Aug. with Guthion (0.25 lb (AI)/acre). One row within six of the plots was artificially infested with 2nd instar H. virescens larvae by use of a bazooka type insect dispenser. Infestations were made on 2 days during the insect application period at the rate of two larvae per ft of row. Insect populations and plant damage were monitored on 4 and 9 Aug. by randomly examining 25 squares and 25 terminals per plot. Yield data were taken on 10 and 31 Oct. by mechanically harvesting the center two rows of each plot.

Insecticide Rate Study for Control of Heliothis Spp. Larvae on Cotton, 1983

Abstract A full season study was conducted at the Plant Sci. Res. Farm of the Miss. Agric. and For. Exp. St., Mississippi State, to determine the efficacy of reduced rates of pyrethroids for control of Heliothis sp. larvae on cotton. Plots were planted to ‘Stoneville 213’ on 27 May. All treatments were replicated four times and arranged a randomized complete block design. Each plot was four rows (3.66 m) by 17.06 m with two buffer rows between plots. Insecticides were applied with a boom-type sprayer calibrated to deliver 6.6 gal/acre total volume at 30 lb/in2 through two TX-4 nozzles per row. Applications were made at about weekly intervals on 27 July, 1, 9, & 16 Aug. All plots were sprayed for boll weevil suppression on 30 June, 8, 18, 27, & 29 July, 10, 22 & 24 Aug. with Guthion (0.25 lb(AI)/acre). Insect populations and plant damage were monitored on 4 and 9 Aug. by randomly examining 25 squares and 25 terminals per plot. Yield data were taken on 10 Nov. by mechanically harvesting the center two rows of each plot.

Control of Cotton Bollworm and Tobacco Budworm in Cotton With Igr’S and Microbial Insecticides, 1983

Abstract A full season study was conducted at the plant sci. Res. Farm of the Miss. Agric. and For. Exp. Stn., Mississippi State, to determine the efficacy of microbial insecticides and insect growth regulators at various rates and application intervals for control of Heliothis spp. larvae on cotton. Plots were planted to Stoneville 213 on 27 May. All treatments were replicated four times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Each plot was four rows (3.66 m) by 17.06 m with two buffer rows between plots. Insecticides were applied with a boom-type sprayer calibrated to deliver 6.6 gal/acre total volume at 30 lb/in2. through two TX-4 nozzles per row. Treatments were applied during the period 3 to 19 Aug. at intervals shown in the data table. All plots were sprayed for boll weevil suppression on 30 June; 8, 18, 22, and 29 July; 10, 22 and 24 Aug. with Guthion (0.25 lb (AI)/acre). Insect populations and plant damage were monitored on 10 Aug., by randomly examining 25 squares and 25 terminals per plot. Yield data were taken on 10 Nov. by mechanically harvesting the center two rows of each plot.

Control of Cotton Bollworm and Tobacco Budworm in Cotton with Chemical Larvicides and Ovicides, 1983

Abstract A full season study was conducted at the Plant Sci. Res. Farm of the Miss. Agric. and For. Exp. Stn., Mississippi State, to evaluate the efficacy of larvicides and larvicide/ovicide combinations for control of Heliothis spp. larvae on cotton. Plots were planted to ‘Stoneville 213’ on 7 May. All treatments were replicated four times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Each plot was four rows (3.66 m) by 17.06 m with two buffer rows between plots. Insecticides were applied with a boom-type sprayer calibrated to deliver 6.6 gal/acre total volume at 30 lb/in2. through two TX-4 nozzles per row. Five early season applications were made to four of the plots on 29 June and 6, 11, 15 and 22 Jul. Treatments were initiated at presquare (29 Jun.) and continued through 22 Jul. Differences were not detected in mid-late season applications were made on all plots at about weekly intervals. Treatments were applied on 26 Jul, and 3, 9, 7, 17, and 23 Aug. All plots were sprayed for boll weevil suppression on 30 Jun., 8, 18, 22, and 29 Jul., and 10, 22 and 24 Aug., with Guthion (0.25 lb (AI)/acre). Insect populations and plant damage were monitored on 4 and 12 Aug., by examining 25 random squares and 25 random terminals per plot. Yield data were taken on 10 Nov. by mechanically harvesting the center two rows of each plot.

Control of Heliothis SPP. in Cotton with Insect Growth Regulators and Microbials, 1982

Abstract A full season study was conducted at the Plant Science Research Farm of the Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station, Mississippi State, MS, to determine the efficacy of various insect growth regulators (IGR’s) and microbial agents in controlling Heliothis spp. larvae on cotton. Plots were planted on May 20. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Each plot was 4 rows (3.6 m) x 27.4 m with 2 buffer rows between plots. Insecticides were applied by: (1) boom-type sprayer calibrated to deliver 6.5 gal/acre at 16.6 psi through 2 TX-4 nozzles/row, or (2) through 1 Micromax nozzle/row, delivering 1.4 gal/acre. Treatments were applied on Jul 30, Aug 5, 12, 18 and 27. All plots were oversprayed for boll weevil suppression on Aug 11, 21, 27 and 31 with 0.25 lb ai/acre Guthion. Insect populations and plant damage were monitored at weekly intervals by making whole plant examinations on a consecutive 1.07 m row length. Yield data were taken on 27 Oct by mechanically harvesting the 2 center rows of each plot.

Control of Heliothis Spp. on Tomatoes in the Lower Rio Grande Valley, 1976-80

Abstract Experiments were conducted on ‘Saladette’ tomatoes planted on every other bed for furrow irrigation with centers 1 meter apart. Plots were 2 beds wide by 10.8 meters long with 1.67 meter alleyways between blocks. Each test was arrangd as a randomized complete block having each treatment replicated 3 or 4 times. Treatments were applied with a tractor-mounted, CO2-powered sprayer operated at 4 mph and 30 psi. Three flat-fan nozzles approximately 0.3 meters above the plants and 0.5 meters apart on the boom were directed downward spraying a broadcast pattern which simulated aerial application. This system delivered 47.2 liters of formulation per hectare. Coverage appeared adequate. Treatments were initiated when infestations became sufficient for small plot testing. Plants were blooming heavily and had the first, small fruit set when treatments were begun. Insect damage was recorded from 50 large fruit from the middles of each plot on each evaluation date. Evaluations were accomplished by a thorough examination of each fruit after removal of the calyx. An average of 62% H. zea and 38% H. virescens were recorded from the plots.

Production and efficacy of baculviruses

AbstractSeveral baculvirusus of nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) have been produced and tested for microbial control of various Lepidoptera spp. To date, there are three registered preparations of NPV that are exempt from the requirement of tolerance by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in the United States (US). The first and only commercially available viral preparation used in agriculture was developed by Sandoz, Inc. under the name of Elcar® for control of Heliothis spp. on cotton. The other two baculovirus preparations were developed and registered by the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) for control of Douglas‐fir tussock moth and gypsy moth on forests. Several methods are being used for production of NPV viruses: (1) field collection of diseased larvae, (2) laboratory rearing of insects followed by infection with viral inoculum, (3) tissue culture. and (4) tissue culture and mass rearing larvae. Recent progress in mass production of insect virus points toward the adoption of tissue culture with the whole organism technology for production of a standardized viral product. The practical usefulness of various baculovirus preparations has been demonstrated for protection of forests from defoliation by various lepidopterous species. In agriculture, Elcar® has been successfully marketed and has been very well received for use in integrated pest management on cotton. Recent development also demonstrated that use of adjuvants further increase the efficacy of Elcar® against Heliothis spp. on cotton.

An empirical mathematical model of a cotton crop subjected to damage

An empirical mathematical model which describes the effect of fruiting form removal on cotton crop development and yield is presented. The model consists of two parts — a mathematical description of the development of an undamaged crop, and a description of how fruiting form removal affects development. A technique is presented for fitting those parameters of the model that are related to undisturbed growth to field data. Here the parameters are fit to data from an irrigated crop in the coastal plains region of Israel. The description of how fruiting form removal affects crop development is based on the results of a series of simulated damage experiments. The model is used to calculate how various populations of the insect pest Heliothis armigera would affect yield. The effect of Heliothis on yield is found to depend not only on the number of larvae present, but also on their size, the timing of the infestation, and the amount of damage done previously. The current recommended strategy for Heliothis control in Israel does not accurately reflect the relative effects of different Heliothis populations on yield.

Geranium dissectum : an Unreported Host of the Tobacco Budworm 1 and Bollworm and Its Role in Their Seasonal and Long Term Population Dynamics in the Delta of Mississippi 2

Geranium dissectum L., a previously unreported host of Heliothis spp., was found infested with Heliothis zea (Boddie) and H. virescens (F.) larvae in Washington Co., MS, in May 1965. Because of cultural practices, this adventive plant from Europe has spread from a limited distribution in 1965 to suitable niches throughout the Delta. Until 1969, H. zea was the predominant species on this host; since then, H. virescens has become predominant, and the long term (1965–77) population density of H. virescens has become progressively higher. The reversal in species predominance was probably due to H. virescens developing higher levels of resistance than H. zea to insecticides applied to cotton for control of Heliothis , but the long term increase in population density of H. virescens is probably due to increased abundance of G. dissectum . Calculated averages of 4208 H. zea and 12,735 H. virescens adults emerged per hectare of G. dissectum in Washington Co., MS, in 1978.

Heliothis Spp.: Control on Cotton with Pyrethroids, Carbamates, Organophosphates, and Biological Insecticides123

When chemical and microbial insecticides were evaluated in replicated small-plot field tests on cotton at Stoneville, MS, in 1975-77, differences in control of Heliothis spp. and resultant yields reflected the infestation pressure. With heavy infestations, the synthetic pyrethroids, permethrin and fenvalerate, and a new carbamate, UC-51762 (dimethyl N,N’-[thiobis [(methylamino) carbonyloxy]] bisethanimidothioate), gave the most effective control and the greatest increases in yield compared with untreated checks. The biological inseticides, Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner, Baculovirus heliothis, a looper (Autographa) NPV, and Nomuraea rileyi (Farlow) Samson were ineffective as a group and, in some cases, no more effective than no treatment. The organophosphate materials, either the standards or new materials, were intermediate in effectiveness between the synthetic pyrethroids and the biological insecticides.

Time related factors in Heliothis control on cotton

AbstractMost factors in Heliothis control on cotton are crucially related to time but all are interrelated one with another and form two complex interactions hinging on the pest life cycle. One is the crop‐pest interaction and the other the control strategy. This paper reviews most of the factors and reports work carried out in Swaziland to elucidate some of them. In the crop‐pest interaction the timing of the initial attack and a cue for spraying can be indicated by development of an alternate host and, in Swaziland, by reference to the average date of maize tassellation. Later infestations are measured by scouting and a comparison is made of the two main systems, the first based on a small part of many plants and used in the USA, and the second based on the whole of a few plants in Africa. Their respective purposes are discussed and economic spray thresholds based on them are presented. The compensatory ability of the plant diminishes as the season progresses but in Swaziland manual bud/flower removal experiments over 3 years on raingrown and irrigated cotton showed that prior to 12 January (9‐12 weeks from planting) removal increased the yield in half the cases whilst later removal could cause a decrease. The natural Heliothis infestation was allowed to remove fruits in an experiment by leaving spray gaps and the results confirmed those of the previous manual experiments except that damage continued for about 2 weeks after spraying restarted. This advanced the critical date to 31 December but up to three sprays could be saved without loss of yield and possibly with a yield bonus. In the control strategy the different stages of the life cycle are considered as targets but the most obvious is normally the first instar larvae. Rapid plant growth can dictate frequent spray applications regardless of deposit persistence which may need to be longer when using aircraft in spite of Heliothis oviposition occurring predominantly on exposed surfaces. Temperature‐independent or fumigant insecticides or those affecting the adult may best be sprayed in the evening when cooler and calmer post‐treatment conditions occur and adults are starting to fly.

Tobacco Budworm, Bollworm, and Boll Weevil: Effectiveness of Newly Developed Experimental Insecticides on Cotton in the Southeast.1234

In replicated field tests permethrin (FMC-33297) (3-(phenoxyphenyl) methyl cis, trans- (±)-3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl),-2,2-dimethylcyclopane-carboxylate. Shell SD-43775 (cyano (3-phenoxyphenyl) methyl 4-chloro-alpha-(1-methylethyl) (benzeneacetate), and Shell SD-41706 (cyano (3-phenoxy-phenyl) methyl 2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropane-carboxylate) gave outstanding control of the boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman, and the bollworm complex. Heliothis zea (Boddie) and H. virescens (F.). Bay NTN-9306 ( O -ethyl[4-methylthio) phenyl]S-propyl phosphorodithioate) plus azinphosmethyl gave control equal to or better than the treated control, toxaphene + methyl parathion + chlordimeform. Rohm and Haas RH-218 ( O -ethyl S -propyl O -2,4.6-trichlorophenyl) phosphorothioate) + toxaphene gave better control of Heliothis spp. than the treated control but produced low yields and was phytotoxic. In all tests, correlation analysis showed that the means for boll weevil and Heliothis spp. infestation were negatively correlated with yield, and the highest yields were obtained when boll weevil infestations were held below the economic threshold level (10%) and when Heliothis spp. larval infestations in squares did not exceed 1.17±0.17 SE larvae/100 squares. Numbers of live Heliothis spp. larvae/100 squares can be used readily to determine a treatment schedule that will give a sound pest management program.

Evaluation of Baculovirus heliothis with Feeding Stimulants for Control of Heliothis Larvae on Cotton123

Water extracts of corn meal and corn, cotton, and crimson clover seeds and aqueous preparations of wheast or invert sugars stimulated feeding of Heliothis zea (Boddie) larvae. In a small plot field test using the virus, Baculovirus heliothis, for control of Heliothis spp. on cotton, only invert sugars and Sandoz Liquid Adjuvant-1975 significantly increased yields above that of unformulated virus alone. Invert sugars with unformulated virus also provided significantly higher cotton yields than 2 commercial formulations of the virus applied without liquid adjuvant. Virus sprays with largest diam droplets deposited the greatest number of polyhedra on upper leaves of cotton plants and resulted in greatest cotton yields.