Government Control Research Articles

Retreat from the Golden Age: Russian Journalists & Their World, 1992-2000

ABSTRACT The overall processes in the first decade of independent Russian media can be divided into distinct phases. The first phase was characterized by a golden age of political independence in the early 1990s. This was followed by a shift toward partial government control and increased proximity to the ruling elites by the presidential elections of 1999. The final phase saw the transfer of power to Vladimir Putin in 2000. The authors argue that several factors contributed to the loss of independence in Russian media during this period, including the complicated economic realities of a transitional society, the growing interest of new financial tycoons (oligarchs) in media ownership, and the reassertion of political influences. Additionally, the specific understanding of professionalism among most Russian journalists played a significant role in the transformation from independent to controlled journalism.

Legal Status of Wasteland and Government Control and Use of Wasteland

Background: Abandonment of land is an act that is unwise, uneconomical, unfair, and also a violation of the obligations that must be carried out by the right holders. The problem of abandoned land is one of the problems that needs to be quickly addressed in the land sector because it has many negative impacts. Aim: This study aims to analyze the Legal Position of Abandoned Land Based on the Regulation of the Minister of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning/Head of the National Land Agency Number 20 of 2021 and the Control and Utilization of Abandoned Land by the Government. Method: The normative juridical research approach was adopted for this study. The researcher examined legal sources, including books, journals, and laws, that dealt with the legal issue of wasteland. The descriptive qualitative technique was then used by the researcher to analyze them. Findings: After the evaluation results come out and declare the land identified as abandoned, the Head of the Regional Office will give a warning to the rights holder. If after the third warning is given but the right holder still does not comply with the warning, the Head of the Regional Office may propose to the Head of the Agency to designate the land as wasteland.

Анархизм в очень старых и в самых современных одеждах. Практика

This article discusses examples of the practical implementation of the ideas of anarchism or attempts at such an implementation. The author believes that without taking into account and systematizing these phenomena, the economic history of the world is incomplete. The author does not make it his task to promote these examples and attempts, he only believes that they cannot be ignored. First, the author considers the anarchies that existed in Europe in the Middle Ages: Free Frisia and Dithmarschen in the north of Europe and the ‘Forest Cantons’ on the territory of modern Switzerland. The phenomenon of the Wild West in the history of the United States is analyzed as a form of long-term existence of the economy on a vast territory without government control. It is noted that those elements of self-organization of the population that were formed during the development of new territories in the western United States are usually hushed up. The author also considers temporarily existing anarchist communities in Spain in the 1930s and modern anarchist movements in Latin America, as well as the problem of the so-called ‘optimal size of the state’, which was raised by the anarchist Leopold Kohr. The paper describes a zone of Zomia, in which 100 million people currently live, who do not recognize the authority of any state. The author explores ideological roots of the Makhnovshchina, an anarchist movement during the Civil War. It is shown that the Republic of Nestor Makhno was organized not spontaneously, but according to certain initial political principles. The author especially highlights the successful attempt to build an anarchist community in Libya, where the principle of the absence of state taxes was practically implemented, since the state had other sources of income. In conclusion, two events of recent years are analyzed, behind which it is not customary to see the practical implementation of anarchist ideas: the Ukrainian Maidan of 2014 and the ‘Yellow Vests’ movement in France in 2018. Both of these phenomena are currently usually interpreted as spontaneous or inspired from outside. However, the author believes that such an interpretation is one-sided, not taking into account the continuity of pre-existing ideological and political currents.

Influence of Selected Macro-Economic Factors on Liquidity of Deposit Taking Saccos in Nairobi County

The study’s general objective was to investigate the influence of macro-economic variables on liquidity of deposit taking SACCOs. The specific objectives of the research were to establish the influence of gross domestic product on liquidity of deposit taking SACCOs in Nairobi County, influence of inflation rates, exchange rate and interest rates on liquidity of deposit taking SACCOs in Nairobi County. Descriptive research design was used in the study. The researcher targeted a population of all the 42-deposit taking SACCOs in Nairobi County. The study considered use of census technique and secondary data covering a five-year period from 2018 to 2022. The researcher collected data from audited financial reports which were collected from each of the deposit taking SACCOs, SASRA, Kenya National Bureau of Statistics and the central bank of Kenya. Analysis of data was done using both descriptive and inferential statistics and Microsoft Excel to calculate the mean score as a measure of central tendency, frequency percentages and standard deviation as a measure of data dispersion. Data was analyzed using a multiple regression analysis model using SPSS version 26.0 as the data analysis tool. The results of this study demonstrated that, throughout the years examined, there is a negative correlation between the inflation rate and the liquidity of deposit-taking SACCOs. This indicates that, over the years examined, a spike in inflation led to a decline in the liquidity of deposit-taking SACCOs. In each of the years examined, there was a correlation between the gross domestic product and the deposit-taking SACCOs' liquidity. This indicates that over the years examined, an increase in the gross domestic product led to an increase in the liquidity deposit taking SACCOs. In each of the years examined, there was a favorable correlation between interest rates and deposit-taking SACCOs. This indicates that an increase in interest rates led to an increase in the liquidity of deposit-taking SACCOs during all the years under consideration. Additionally, there was a negative correlation between exchange rates and the liquidity of deposit-taking SACCOs during all the years under consideration. This indicates that during all years of investigation, an increase in exchange rates resulted in a drop in the liquidity of deposit-taking SACCOs. The report makes the following recommendations in order to increase liquidity in deposit-taking SACCOs in Kenya: The Government should carefully monitor and sensibly regulate the macroeconomic variables. Inflation should be under government control as well because it negatively affects deposit-taking SACCOs' ability to maintain liquidity. Finally, the government should work to raise the nation's GDP because it will help with liquidity.

Almajiranci: A Challenge to Human Security in Northern Nigeria

The study is meant to examine Almajiranci and its challenges to human security in Northern Nigeria. Three objectives were set to be achieve through answering of three research questions. The study is purely qualitative using descriptive survey design with a sample size of 44 respondents. The targeted respondents are; parents of Almajirai, Almajirai and their teachers (mallams) as well as members of the public within the study area who have good awareness of Almajiranci. Convenient or purposeful sampling was used. Two local government areas were selected with 24 respondents each. Interview was used as the instrument for data collection and data analysis was done through transcription, coding and the use of themes and sub-themes for detail explanation of each research question. The findings of the study revealed that, there is no extension of Boko Haram in Almajiri Qur’anic Schools in Sokoto state, similarly, the Almajiris have vehemently reject any move for them to join Boko Haram activities but some are involved in area boyism in the state and others are involved in anti-social activities but yet some are exempted. Based on this study the causes of Almajiris involvement in anti-social activities are; Almajiris’ parents, lack of food and medical care provision for the Almajiris, getting contact with bad people, lack of good care and control from the mallam. Government and custodian (mallams) of Almajiri Qur’anic School should be vigilante and extra careful with visiting clerics who deliver lectures on religious ideology. Mallams should be mandated to take good care of all their Almajiris as good guardians of the children. Similarly, mallam should only admit Almajiris that they can take good care of their morality. To enforce these and put control in the system government should establish an agency for Almajiri Education in Sokoto state or a unit or department in Ministry for Arabic and Islamic Education.

Impact of External and Internal Stimuli on Online Impulsive Buying Behavior: Mediating Role of Hedonic and Utilitarian Shopping Value

Purpose: This study delves into the examination of the multifaceted determinants that impact impulsive purchasing inclinations within the realm of online retail, while simultaneously considering the idiosyncratic disparities in consumer shopping patterns. Theoretical framework: The concept of perceived usefulness (PU) pertains to the degree to which a customer holds the belief that engaging in online purchasing will enhance their ability to carry out transactions effectively. The streamlined layout of a website facilitates user navigation and enhances their ability to access a wide range of information. Method: The research utilises a quantitative survey to collect valuable perspectives from a heterogeneous cohort of internet consumers. The empirical evidence indicates that the presence of external stimuli, namely perceive ease of use and perceive usefulness exerts a substantial influence on impulsive purchasing tendencies. Findings: The present study serves to enhance comprehension regarding the underlying mechanisms that drive impulsive purchasing behaviours in the contemporary digital era. Research, Practical & Social implications: It offers valuable insights for both marketers and consumers who aspire to adeptly navigate the intricate online shopping landscape. Originality: The research problem addressed in this study is the phenomenon of Impact of External and Internal Stimuli on Online Impulsive Buying Behavior: Mediating role of Hedonic and Utilitarian shopping value. this study proposes ideas for guiding government control in public events.

Predicting the current and future distribution of Monochamus carolinensis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) based on the maximum entropy model.

Monochamus carolinensis is an important vector of pinewood nematodes in North America that is under quarantine in several countries worldwide. The distribution of M. carolinensis was previously thought to be limited to North America; however, we discovered it during trapping in China in 2022. Using this discovery and information regarding the area of origin, we applied a machine-learning algorithm based on the maximum entropy principle to predict the current and future (2050s, 2070s) potential distribution areas of M. carolinensis using bioclimatic variables. The biological suitability of M. carolinensis was mainly driven by precipitation factors (BIO18, BIO15, BIO19), with 87.18% of the potential distribution areas located in South America, Asia, North America and Africa. Future potential distribution areas of M. carolinensis are predicted to expand to high latitudes, with an average increase of 10 245 874.88 km2 , and only 6.89% of the current suitable areas will become unsuitable. The potential distribution areas in 2070 are largest under the SSP585 scenario, with a 41.40% predicted increase (52 309 803.61 km2 ) above the current distribution, mainly reflecting an increase of the marginally and highly suitable areas. The determination of dominant climatic factors and potential distribution areas will help provide an early warning for an M. carolinensis invasion, as well as provide a scientific basis for the spread and outbreak, facilitating development of effective governmental prevention and control measures. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Firm-level media news, bank loans, and the role of institutional environments

Employing an international sample of bank loans from 37 countries, we find that both borrowers' intensive media coverage and positive media sentiment reduce the interest rate spreads on bank loans. In syndicated lending, positive media sentiment increases the likelihood of a non-relationship bank leading or participating in a loan syndicate and decreases the loan share of the lead arranger. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the negative impact of media news on loan spreads is more pronounced in countries with better financial information and governance environments, a higher representation of privately owned media, and lower government control of banks. These findings underscore the significance of media coverage and sentiment in shaping the costs of bank loans worldwide.

Cognitive Study on the Classification Policy of Domestic Waste among Residents in Nanning City

Nanning is one of the 46 key cities in China to establish a municipal solid waste classification system before the end of 2020, and the garbage classification work ranks in the top in many quarters. At the same time, it still faces some difficulties in the implementation of waste classification policy. Exploring people's understanding of domestic waste classification is of great significance to the improvement of waste classification policy and the implementation of waste classification work. Based on the data obtained from the field survey and questionnaire survey of Nanning residents, this paper obtains the residents' cognition of domestic waste classification policy, and obtains the influencing factors of residents' cognition of domestic waste classification policy through empirical analysis. The results show that the factors affecting residents' cognition are government regulation, publicity and education, incentive mechanism, public participation and supporting facilities, while individual wishes and behaviors, charging mechanism and community management have no significant impact on the domestic waste classification policy. According to the analysis results, this paper discusses the problems and reasons existing in the cognition of urban residents' domestic waste classification policy, and puts forward some suggestions for improvement and optimization. First, strengthen publicity and education to promote residents' cognition; The second is to strengthen government control and improve detailed policies and regulations; Third, pay attention to the supervision and implementation of reward and punishment measures, and promote the standardized implementation of classification behavior; The fourth is to build and improve the garbage classification and treatment system; Fifth, broaden the channels of public participation.

A new mode of control: an actor–network theory account of effects of power and agency in establishing education policy

ABSTRACT In this paper, I argue that power promised to England’s teachers by the 2010 ‘Importance of Teaching’ white paper has rather played out as a reformulation of methods of policymaking to more indirect modes of government control. I trace the growth of government control in English schools, promised front-line power in 2010 and a rise in non-statutory guidance after this point. Taking an actor–network theory approach to ethnographic data I then describe how a school takes up one such non-statutory educational initiative – ‘Maths Mastery’. Focusing on early stages of the school’s adoption of the initiative, I trace associations of actors which problematize existing practices for the teaching of maths and how the initiative is imbued with authority in relation to these. I argue that the ways in which certain actors – statutory education policy and government funding – associate with the ‘optional’ initiative reveals a ‘back door’ control of teacher agency.

Eradication Of Corruption By Tracing Money Laundering As An Integral Legal System That Can Not Be Separated

Money laundering can undermine the national economy because it is closely related to confidence of a person or another state in the policy of the state. Money laundering is usually done by mixing illicit money with legitimate money so that legitimate businesses will be less competitive with honest companies, undermine the integrity of financial markets because financial institutions (financial institutions) even those that rely on proceeds of crime can face liquidity dangers; resulting in loss of government control of a country's economic policy resulting lack of confidence of other countries in the policies of the country's government.So that in an effort to eradicate the money laundering and criminal acts such as corruption origin is a unity that can not be separated to combat the evidence system is not clear, not balanced proof techniques and mafia Justice.

Development of the second version of Global Prediction System for Epidemiological Pandemic

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a severe global public health emergency that has caused a major crisis in the safety of human life, health, global economy, and social order. Moreover, COVID-19 poses significant challenges to healthcare systems worldwide. The prediction and early warning of infectious diseases on a global scale are the premise and basis for countries to jointly fight epidemics. However, because of the complexity of epidemics, predicting infectious diseases on a global scale faces significant challenges. In this study, we developed the second version of Global Prediction System for Epidemiological Pandemic (GPEP-2), which combines statistical methods with a modified epidemiological model. The GPEP-2 introduces various parameterization schemes for both impacts of natural factors (seasonal variations in weather and environmental impacts) and human social behaviors (government control and isolation, personnel gathered, indoor propagation, virus mutation, and vaccination). The GPEP-2 successfully predicted the COVID-19 pandemic in over 180 countries with an average accuracy rate of 82.7%. It also provided prediction and decision-making bases for several regional-scale COVID-19 pandemic outbreaks in China, with an average accuracy rate of 89.3%. Results showed that both anthropogenic and natural factors can affect virus spread and control measures in the early stages of an epidemic can effectively control the spread. The predicted results could serve as a reference for public health planning and policymaking.

Evolutionary Game Analysis on Operation Mode Selection of Big-Science Infrastructures

As big-science infrastructures (BSIs) become the new infrastructure to support the construction of strong science and technology in China, how to choose an operation mode that is more conducive to achieving the construction goals of BSIs has become a current focus issue. The existing literature focuses more on the governance relationship between BSIs and universities or research institutes, while the important role of government has not yet been thoroughly analyzed. This study argues that government plays a fundamental role in the selection of operation modes for BSIs. Therefore, this study builds an evolutionary game model between the government and the contractor based on the perspective of asset specificity by analyzing the practical basis for the strategic choices of the government and the contractor for the operation of BSIs. The model is numerically simulated and analyzed. The research results indicate that the government’s decisions on operation strategies, outsourcing strategies, and the combination of the two significantly affect the strategic choices of the contractor, thereby affecting whether the government can obtain the value of asset specificity of BSIs. The government’s choice of the “independent operation” strategy or the combination “dependent operation + controlled outsourcing” strategy is more conducive to encouraging the contractor to choose the “cooperation” strategy for producing specific value for BSIs. The main contribution of this study is to clarify that the allocation of the government control right is the key factor in obtaining the value of asset specificity of BSIs.

Universal Service Obligation (A comparison between the UK and Saudi Arabia)

The field of communications has experienced a surge in importance within modern society, with the COVID-19 crisis serving as a clear testament to its significance. In order to address this need, governments worldwide have adopted the Universal Service Obligation (USO) as a means of ensuring that individuals have access to a reliable internet connection. While the interpretation and implementation of the USO may vary, both the UK and Saudi Arabia have embraced this concept to develop their communication sectors. Nevertheless, there are notable distinctions between the UK and Saudi USO approaches. The UK USO is firmly rooted in the principles of citizen rights and socio-economic development, aiming to empower individuals and communities. On the other hand, the Saudi USO places a stronger emphasis on government provision and control. Many experts argue that involving stakeholders in the USO implementation process, as exemplified by the British model, can yield more significant outcomes. In conclusion, the field of communications has gained immense importance, particularly evident during the COVID-19 crisis. The adoption of the USO by governments like the UK and Saudi Arabia demonstrates their commitment to developing communication infrastructure. However, the approach and emphasis may differ, with stakeholder involvement being seen as a crucial factor for success. Regular evaluation and updating of the USO are essential to ensure its adequacy and relevance in an ever-changing digital landscape.

National institutions to limit the spread of drugs in Iraq after 2003

Each country seeks, through its internal policies, to combat any crime or phenomenon that occurs on its territory or in areas under its sovereignty, including the drug phenomenon. The responsibility for confronting this problem, treating it, and finding effective solutions lies with the state and its political system. The government's control over all areas, as well as the strict monitoring of individuals, leads to reducing the risk of this problem, and this is clearly evident in Iraq as a result of the political situation and the security chaos that was reflected in the role of successive governments after 2003 in finding relevant measures to address this phenomenon and develop appropriate solutions to it. In this research, we will discuss the most important treatments at the security, health, media and awareness levels of the drug phenomenon

GLOBAL EXPERIENCE OF PUBLIC FINANCIAL CONTROL IN THE PUBLIC FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

The relevance of this study lies in the fact that with the transition of the economy to a market model, state control over the legality and rationality of the use of public finance becomes increasingly important. State financial control is an important instrument of the financial mechanism and one of the main means of implementing state financial policy. Its role is to support the successful implementation of financial strategy and tactics, as well as the expedient and efficient formation, allocation and use of financial resources of the state. In the conditions of formation of a market economy, control over the budgetary process is becoming increasingly important due to the need to improve the efficiency ofpublic administration of the whole system offinancial relations. State financial control includes control over compliance with financial legislation, the process offormation and use of state, budgetary and extra-budgetary resources, as well as assessment of the economic efficiency offinancial operations and the targeted nature of public expenditure. This work covers important theoretical and methodological aspects of state financial control and aims to identify the main directions of its development abroad. The paper analyses foreign experience in three areas: general public finance control, parliamentary and government control as well as internal control and internal audit as special areas of financial control.

Legal Ambiguity and Land Dispossession: Multi-Scale Conflicting Views on Territorial Authority at the Herlen Bayan-Ulaan State Reserve Pasture Area, Mongolia.

Abstract The Mongolian government pursues various objectives that are often assumed to benefit citizens, including socio-economic development, biodiversity conservation and innovative technologies in the agricultural sector to adapt to climate change. But, for pastoralists, these activities have allowed the appropriation of pastoral lands from their home jurisdictions, the process of which is often murky and ambiguous. The vision for development held by different international and national agents sometimes fails to recognise the complexity inherent in converting pastoral land for alternative economic and conservation development. This paper examines a recent legal battle focused on the Herlen Bayan-Ulaan State Reserve Pasture Area, where different stakeholders put forward contested claims of authority over rural jurisdictional territories. The conflict is rooted in the ambiguous and conflicting co-existence of liberal and statist approaches to socio-economic policies applied by the Mongolian government. Whereas the socialist period system's imposition of exclusive state control reduced local actors' (government and residents) control and authority over resources governance, the post-socialist period system promoted 'alternative economic and conservation activities' and protected state and individual property rights, leaving mobile pastoralists with highly ambiguous claims. This paper argues that the state ought to have a specific role of providing an adequate legislative and executive framework to support more complex interdependent multi-scale pastoral institutions. This paper describes the changing role of the state in land governance, wherein the state has assumed all management and financial authority while subjecting pastoralists to conflicting legislative and executive policies. This has eroded the local systems of land and resource governance and created an open access scenario, allowing appropriation of jurisdictional pastoral lands. This trend of exclusive state control has the implication of contradicting and dismantling a longstanding interdependent pastoral institutional environment and has been counterproductive to enhancing natural resource management and the adaptive capacity of local actors to climate change.

Associations between state-level general population alcohol policies and drinking outcomes among women of reproductive age: Results from 1984 to 2020 National Alcohol Surveys.

Policies specific to alcohol use during pregnancy have not been found to reduce risks related to alcohol use during pregnancy. In contrast, general population alcohol policies are protective for the general population. Here, we assessed whether US state-level general population alcohol policies are related to drinking outcomes among women of reproductive age. We conducted secondary analyses of 1984-2020 National Alcohol Survey data (N = 13,555 women ≤44 years old). State-level policy exposures were government control of liquor retail sales, heavy beer at gas stations, heavy beer at grocery stores, liquor at grocery stores, Sunday off-premise liquor sales, and blood alcohol concentration (BAC) driving limits (no law, 0.10 limit, 0.05-0.08 limit). Outcomes were past 12-month number of drinks, ≥5 drink days, ≥8 drink days, and any DSM-IV alcohol abuse/dependence symptoms. Regressions adjusted for individual and state-level controls, clustering by state, and included fixed effects for survey month and year. Allowing Sunday off-premise liquor sales versus not was related to having 1.20 times as many drinks (95% CI: 1.01, 1.42), 1.41 times as many ≥5 drink days (95% CI: 1.08, 1.85), and 1.91 times as many ≥8 drink days (95% CI: 1.28, 2.83). BAC limits of 0.05-0.08 for driving versus no BAC limit was related to 0.51 times fewer drinks (95% CI: 0.27, 0.96), 0.28 times fewer days with ≥5 drinks (95% CI: 0.10, 0.75), and 0.20 times fewer days with ≥8 drinks (95% CI: 0.08, 0.47). US state-level policies prohibiting Sunday off-premise liquor sales and BAC limits of 0.05-0.08 for driving are related to less past 12-month overall and heavy drinking among women 18-44 years old.

Research Progress on Urban Land Use Efficiency in China from the Perspective of Green Finance in the New Era

Urban land green utilization efficiency is an important indicator of the transition in land resource utilization and high-quality land use in China, accompanying the background of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality. As a new macroeconomic regulation tool for achieving the smooth operation of the green economy, green finance and taxation policies have become a frontier issue in China's ecological quality construction and coordinated economic development. This paper selects a large number of domestic and foreign literature to comprehensively summarize and analyze the connotation and role of green finance policies and the development of land use efficiency measurement. Existing literature indicates that: (1) Despite the current lack of mechanisms and unclear incentive measures, green finance policies are still an inevitable trend in the development of China's fiscal and tax systems in the new era. Achieving scientific and green financial management requires more government investment and practical improvements. (2) Research on land use efficiency is mainly divided into measurement system research and influencing factors research. The former focuses on the efficiency evaluation of input-output and has evolved from comparing efficiency differences in a single region over time to studying regional differentiation and interregional land spillover effects. The latter focuses on the construction of indicators and theoretical transmission pathways that affect land use efficiency. (3) Under environmental regulation, most studies on urban land use efficiency focus on government control, environmental negative effects output, and other measures as new standards for measuring green low-carbon development. However, there is limited literature that points out the role of green finance from the perspective of fiscal incentives and tax impacts. This direction of research is insufficient and deserves sustained attention.

Explaining the Role of Domestic Factors in Shaping Foreign Policies: India and Pakistan in Comparative Perspective (2014-2020)

Since 2014, India's domestic and foreign policies have reflected violent religious fanaticism and hyper-nationalism. If elected to power, Modi often stated that India would pursue a tough stance against Pakistan and would put Indian Occupied Kashmir (IOK) directly under the control of the Indian central government. This did not paint a positive picture. Since 2014, India's primary goal in foreign policy has remained to encircle Pakistan on all of its borders and isolate it from the rest of the world. Nearly all of the world's superpowers and the Muslim nations have encouraged diplomatic relations with India. India strategically employs all of the regional nations and global powers it has close ties to fight Pakistan. Without any regional or international pressure, it unilaterally changed the special constitutional status of Indian-occupied Kashmir. The reactionary foreign policy of Pakistan, on the other hand, did not rely on pre-emptive measures to fight India's foreign policy, which is primarily built on plotting against Pakistan. India consistently takes advantage of Pakistan's weak and nebulous international policies. This study aims to give a detailed analysis of the elements, in particular the internal or domestic ones that were responsible for influencing foreign policy decision-making in India and Pakistan between 2014 and 2020. Using Allison’s models of foreign policy has identified the factors accountable for Pakistan's unproductive and responsive external policy in contrast to India's proactive and forceful external strategy. One of the crucial findings that this study identified is that the democratic system and political continuity in India are the significant elements providing a strong base for effective policy making and building strong institutions as compared to Pakistan where the absence of both these elements are contributing to institutional crisis as well as weak and passive decision making.