Control Of Foot Research Articles

English

This study was designed to determine the seroprevalence and risk factors associated with foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) seropositivity in north central, Nigeria. A cross-sectional study was undertaken from February 2013 to April 2014 using 1206 sera from 150 herds collected by multi-stage and random sampling methods. Pre-tested questionnaire were also administered to participating farmers to collect information on the animal herd structure, movement pattern, management system and herds contact at watering points. Samples collected were tested for evidence of FMD antibodies using the 3ABC non-structural antibodies enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The overall seroprevalence of FMD in North-Central Nigeria was found to be 70.98% (95% CI: 68.37-73.49). FMD seroprevalence was found to be higher in Niger State 85.4% (95% CI: 83.46-88.03) relative to Plateau State 54.2% (95% CI: 50.12-58.16), which was statistically associated with FMD seropositivity (P<0.05). Risk factors such as sex, management system, trans-boundary crossing and herd mixing at the watering point were found to be statistically associated with FMD seropositivity (p<0.05). This confirms that FMD is enzootic in the study area and control of foot and mouth disease in Nigeria using animal movement control and vaccination is therefore advocated. Key words: Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), prevalence, endemic, serotypes, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), antibodies.

Control of Foot and Root Rot of Lentil by using Different Management Tools

Control of Foot and Root Rot of Lentil by using Different Management Tools

On the relationship among different motor processes: a computational modeling approach.

On the relationship among different motor processes: a computational modeling approach.

Impacts of constrained culling and vaccination on control of foot and mouth disease in near-endemic settings: A pair approximation model

Many countries have eliminated foot and mouth disease (FMD), but outbreaks remain common in other countries. Rapid development of international trade in animals and animal products has increased the risk of disease introduction to FMD-free countries. Most mathematical models of FMD are tailored to settings that are normally disease-free, and few models have explored the impact of constrained control measures in a ‘near-endemic’ spatially distributed host population subject to frequent FMD re-introductions from nearby endemic wild populations, as characterizes many low-income, resource-limited countries. Here we construct a pair approximation model of FMD and investigate the impact of constraints on total vaccine supply for prophylactic and ring vaccination, and constraints on culling rates and cumulative culls. We incorporate natural immunity waning and vaccine waning, which are important factors for near-endemic populations. We find that, when vaccine supply is sufficiently limited, the optimal approach for minimizing cumulative infections combines rapid deployment of ring vaccination during outbreaks with a contrasting approach of careful rationing of prophylactic vaccination over the year, such that supplies last as long as possible (and with the bulk of vaccines dedicated toward prophylactic vaccination). Thus, for optimal long-term control of the disease by vaccination in near-endemic settings when vaccine supply is limited, it is best to spread out prophylactic vaccination as much as possible. Regardless of culling constraints, the optimal culling strategy is rapid identification of infected premises and their immediate contacts at the initial stages of an outbreak, and rapid culling of infected premises and farms deemed to be at high risk of infection (as opposed to culling only the infected farms). Optimal culling strategies are similar when social impact is the outcome of interest. We conclude that more FMD transmission models should be developed that are specific to the challenges of FMD control in near-endemic, low-income countries.

A community based intervention to control SAT2 virus producing Foot and Mouth disease in animals in Egypt in 2012

A study in Egypt during June 2012-August 2013 revealed that there were a disastrous out break of foot and mouth disease where SAT2 strain have been identified as the main reason for its occurrence. Trained and untrained persons routinely perform uncontrolled treatments leading to sever economic losses. The present paper represents an intervention that was developed to empower the community to combat foot and mouth disease in Egypt. In a rural district of Egypt (Aja) with a livestock population of approximately 41000 a multipronged approach was used in 2012 to improve combating foot and mouth disease in Egypt. The focus of the intervention was the community. The organization of interventions was also carefully planned. A base line assessment (n=300) was conducted prior to intervention. The intervention comprised large scale gathering of the community (males and females) across the district. Smaller gatherings included teachers, sheikh of mosques and the training untrained persons. The Egyptian Television channels were used to broadcast messages recorded by prominent figures in the local language. The local FM channel and everyday newspaper were also used to disseminate messages on foot and mouth disease control. The interventions resulted in improving the ways of treatment and control of foot and mouth disease in Egypt.

Challenges and economic implications in the control of foot and mouth disease in sub-saharan Africa: lessons from the zambian experience.

Foot and mouth disease is one of the world's most important livestock diseases for trade. FMD infections are complex in nature and there are many epidemiological factors needing clarification. Key questions relate to the control challenges and economic impact of the disease for resource-poor FMD endemic countries like Zambia. A review of the control challenges and economic impact of FMD outbreaks in Zambia was made. Information was collected from peer-reviewed journals articles, conference proceedings, unpublished scientific reports, and personal communication with scientists and personal field experiences. The challenges of controlling FMD using mainly vaccination and movement control are discussed. Impacts include losses in income of over US$ 1.6 billion from exports of beef and sable antelopes and an annual cost of over US$ 2.7 million on preventive measures. Further impacts included unquantified losses in production and low investment in agriculture resulting in slow economic growth. FMD persistence may be a result of inadequate epidemiological understanding of the disease and ineffectiveness of the control measures that are being applied. The identified gaps may be considered in the annual appraisal of the FMD national control strategy in order to advance on the progressive control pathway.

The Use of the Instrumental and Interactive Approaches of Communicative Intervention in the Control of Foot and Mouth Disease in the Eastern Cape

The instrumental and interactive approaches of communicative intervention are indeed two models of communication for development with two different ideologies. Why the instrumental approach is a one-way, domineering, media-centric and persuasive in outlook, and perhaps that is why it is a major tool in the hands of most political actors; the interactive approach is a two-way, participatory and people-oriented in outlook. The study reveals that these approaches of communicative intervention are best suited for two different occasions. The use of these two approaches in the adoption process of the new innovation: STAGE 1, 2, 3 vaccines, for the control of foot and mouth disease in the Eastern Cape is indeed revealing. The instrumental model, as you would expect, was disposed to the use of coercing mechanisms such as policies, incentives and the mass media, the interactive mode was tilted along the line of participation and due consultation of the local people. However, the characters of these two intervention approaches explain better their ideologies. Therefore, to attain a development that will be both participatory in nature, and as well portray the goals of political players, the need for a compromise of the two models is suggested in the study.

Evaluating the Potential for the Environmentally Sustainable Control of Foot and Mouth Disease in Sub-Saharan Africa

Strategies to control transboundary diseases have in the past generated unintended negative consequences for both the environment and local human populations. Integrating perspectives from across disciplines, including livestock, veterinary and conservation sectors, is necessary for identifying disease control strategies that optimise environmental goods and services at the wildlife-livestock interface. Prompted by the recent development of a global strategy for the control and elimination of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), this paper seeks insight into the consequences of, and rational options for potential FMD control measures in relation to environmental, conservation and human poverty considerations in Africa. We suggest a more environmentally nuanced process of FMD control that safe-guards the integrity of wild populations and the ecosystem dynamics on which human livelihoods depend while simultaneously improving socio-economic conditions of rural people. In particular, we outline five major issues that need to be considered: 1) improved understanding of the different FMD viral strains and how they circulate between domestic and wildlife populations; 2) an appreciation for the economic value of wildlife for many African countries whose presence might preclude the country from ever achieving an FMD-free status; 3) exploring ways in which livestock production can be improved without compromising wildlife such as implementing commodity-based trading schemes; 4) introducing a participatory approach involving local farmers and the national veterinary services in the control of FMD; and 5) finally the possibility that transfrontier conservation might offer new hope of integrating decision-making at the wildlife-livestock interface.

Some Challenges to Progressive Control of Foot and Mouth Disease in Pakistan - Findings of a Pilot Survey

Pakistan is at an initial stage for progressive control of foot and mouth disease (FMD). Understanding the risk factors for introduction, spread and persistence of the infection is important to design an evidence-based disease control programme. A rapid appraisal method was adopted, and a convenient sample of twenty commercial dairy farmers was interviewed. The following were considered to contribute in secondary transmission of infection: (i) intermediaries and service providers [animal health workers, animal traders and transporters, raw milk collectors, persons who remove skin of dead animals], (ii) places where animals come in close contact [livestock markets, animal fairs, communal grazing pastures, routes in villages where livestock move, watering points, animal transport vehicles], (iii) use of bulls immediately after recovery from FMD infection, (iv) range land/desert livestock production, (v) small holder sheep and goat production, (vi) purchase of replacement stock and fodder from infected locations. This article reveals contacts within and between villages, some of which may act as routes of transmission of FMD. The study suggests the need for zoosanitary education of the livestock keepers.

Update on epidemiology and control of Foot and Mouth Disease - A menace to international trade and global animal enterprise

Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is one of the most economically and socially devastating disease affecting animal agriculture throughout the world. This review describes economic impact of disease outbreaks, an update of recent findings in epidemiology of FMD both at International and national level and control of this disease. The etiological agent (FMD virus) is examined in detail at genetic and molecular characterization level and in terms of antigenic diversity.

Diagnostic Tests for The Control of Foot and Mouth Disease: An Overview

Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is a major trans-boundary animal disease (TAD) that has a great potential for causing severe economic loss in susceptible cloven-hoofed animals. This paper describes the various diagnostic tests available for FMD, the limitations of each and theirpotential application in a low technology setting. The need to have complementary field and laboratory operations including suitable samples and transport methods are discussed, and examples are given. The importance of a quality assurance system to assess the accuracy andprecision of diagnostic results is highlighted.

2A2-M02 足をもつスキッドステア車の対地適応移動制御(特殊移動ロボット)

This paper proposes a mechanism and control of a wheeled skid-steering mobile robot equipped with six feet for each wheel. Front and rear feet on one side are grouped into two. First one is odd numbered and second one is even numbered. Same things are said in other side. Therefore, the robot has 6 degrees of freedom (DOFs) totally. We consider robot controls for progressing and steering by rolling and walking since cooperative control of feet and wheel makes various movements on a terrain to cope with obstacles. Particularly, angular values of hip and knee joints are investigated in the two feet groups for stepping up or stepping over obstacles. These motions are demonstrated by the robot, PEOPLER-IV on a practical field for verifying that the proposed cooperative controls are useful.

Sensitivity analysis of a stochastic simulation model for foot and mouth disease

Abstract. A spatial and temporal Monte-Carlo simulation model was developed to analyse the epidemiology and control of foot and mouth disease (FMD). Animal, people and vehicle contacts as well as airborne and local spread represented the FMD virus transmission between farms housing cattle, pigs or sheep. Contacts were explicitly modelled by routes, airborne transmission by the Gaussian Dispersion model and local spread by distance dependent transmission probabilities. Control measures were implemented according to the EU Directive (2003/85/EG). A sensitivity analysis with a two-level fractional factorial design was used to examine the robustness of the simulation model to extreme input values. The influence of eleven input parameters and interactions between them were estimated: ability of airborne spread, duration of the incubation period, time from infection until infectivity, time from onset of clinical signs until diagnosis, farm density, type of index case, number of farms visited per route, visiting interval, type of the animal sales, control strategy, and delay until start of control strategies. The considered parameters as well as certain two-factor interactions between them showed a significant impact on the epidemic duration and the number of infected and culled farms. Particularly, the parameter airborne spread, farm density, number of farms visited per route and control strategy influenced the course of the epidemic. The consideration of airborne spread as well as the implementation of contacts between farms with routes allowed a detailed analysis of these transmission paths.

La fiebre aftosa en América del Sur

In this general article it is presented the situation of foot-and-mouth disease in South América from the first outbreak occurred in 1870 in Buenos Aires, Argentina. The control of this disease is discussed in relation to the strategic criteria of the South American Commission for the Control of Foot–and–mouth disease, with special emphasis on support and concern at governmental levels. Palabras claves: fiebre aftosa, virus aftoso, bovinos Key words: foot-and-mouth disease.

Moving towards the global control of foot and mouth disease: an opportunity for donors

Livestock contributes significantly to the world economy. However, animal diseases are still a major constraint on economic growth, the reduction of poverty and food security. Among the most significant diseases is foot and mouth disease (FMD), a highly contagious, multi-species animal disease with a devastating impact on national economies and trade. Less obvious is the severe constraint that FMD places on both development and the reduction of poverty in developing countries where this disease is endemic. As a result of its global implications and the high costs that it imposes on society, FMD is an infectious disease whose control and prevention are recognised as being a global public good. Moving towards the global control of FMD should be considered a priority for donors, but will require long-term commitment from all parties, strong political will from governments and concerted financial support from donors. Areas of intervention must fall within the framework of programmes developed by international organisations, such as the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), through the FAO/OIE Global Framework for the Progressive Control of FMD and Other Transboundary Animal Diseases, as well as the disease control programmes of the regions concerned. Such a goal should specifically focus on analytical work (micro-economic impact and cost-benefit analyses of FMD at the household level and on the poor), research, surveillance networks, communication, monitoring and evaluation, and continuous strengthening of Veterinary Services.

358 未知地形に対するバネを有する足の着地制御(GS計測制御1)

358 未知地形に対するバネを有する足の着地制御(GS計測制御1)

Landing Control of Foot with Springs for Walking Robots on Rough Terrain

Landing control is one of the important issues for biped walking robot, because robots are expected to walk on not only known flat surfaces but also unknown and uneven terrain for working at various fields. This paper presents a new controller design for a robotic foot to land on unknown terrain. The robotic foot considered in this study equips springs to reduce the impact force at the foot landing. There are two objectives in the landing control; achieving the desired ground reaction force and positioning the foot on unknown terrain. To achieve these two objectives simultaneously by adjusting the foot position, we propose a PI force controller with a desired foot position, which guarantees the robust stability of control system with respect to terrain variance, and exact positioning of the foot to unknown terrain. Simulation results using the Open Dynamics Engine demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed controller.

John Burns Brooksby. 25 December 1914 — 17 December 1998

John Brooksby was an outstanding veterinary virologist, who worked at the Animal Virus Disease Research Institute, Pirbright, for 40 years, for 16 of which he was Director of the Institute. He will be remembered for his contributions to the diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease, for his discovery of four new types, for the classification of subtypes and for fundamental studies of the virus. As Deputy Director and Director he was responsible for programmes on fundamental investigations of foot-and-mouth disease virus and other viruses exotic to the UK and for the application of the results both in the UK and worldwide. His advice on the distribution and the control of foot-and-mouth disease was sought by international organizations and by individual countries and was responsible for reducing the risk of spread of disease.

Induction of Plant Defense Enzymes and Phenolics by Treatment With Plant Growth–Promoting Rhizobacteria Serratia marcescens NBRI1213

In greenhouse experiments, plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) Serratia marcescens NBRI1213 was evaluated for plant growth promotion and biologic control of foot and root rot of betelvine caused by Phytophthora nicotianae. Bacterization of betelvine (Piper betle L.) cuttings with S. marcescens NBRI1213 induced phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, peroxidase, and polyphenoloxidase activities in leaf and root. Qualitative and quantitative estimation of phenolic compounds was done through high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in leaf and root of betelvine after treatment with S. marcescens NBRI1213 and infection by P. nicotianae. Major phenolics detected were gallic, protocatechuic, chlorogenic, caffeic, ferulic, and ellagic acids by comparison of their retention time with standards through HPLC. In all of the treated plants, synthesis of phenolic compounds was enhanced compared with control. Maximum accumulation of phenolics was increased in S. marcescens NBRI1213-treated plants infected with P. nicotianae. In a greenhouse test, bacterization using S. marcescens NBRI1213 decreased the number of diseased plants compared with nonbacterized controls. There were significant growth increases in shoot length, shoot dry weight, root length, and root dry weight, averaging 81%, 68%, 152%, and 290%, respectively, greater than untreated controls. This is the first report of PGPR-mediated induction of phenolics for biologic control and their probable role in protecting betelvine against P. nicotianae, an important soil-borne phytopathogenic fungus.

Control of foot and mouth disease: lessons from the experience of the outbreak in Great Britain in 2001.

An epidemic of foot and mouth disease occurred on an unprecedented scale in Great Britain in 2001. This was characterised by widespread dissemination of disease in sheep due to infection being present but unreported for at least three weeks before the first case was identified. As envisaged by the contingency plans, existing procedures dealt rapidly with disease in many parts of the country where outbreaks were reported. Elsewhere, the scale and speed of disease spread was so great that veterinary resources had to be supplemented on the operational front by a large influx of military and administrative support. At the time of writing (June 2002), the United Kingdom Government has already identified a number of key lessons, and will learn further from this experience and from the findings of inquiries, how a future outbreak of this unprecedented nature and extent could be handled. Lessons identified so far relate to the improvement of contingency plans, the wider impact on rural businesses and communities, reassessing the possible use of emergency vaccination, the availability of serological capacity, better animal identification and movement controls, carcass disposal, communications, data handling and management information. The authors present the initial lessons learned and which formed the basis of official submissions to the inquiries. Further lessons will be learned from the findings of those inquiries.