Control Of Circadian Rhythms Research Articles

Longitudinal studies of diurnal excretion patterns in two cases of cyclical affective disorder

Longitudinal studies were made of the 12-hr (8 a.m.-8 p.m. and 8 p.m.-8 a.m.) urinary excretion of H 2O and electrolytes in 2 women with cyclical affective disorder—the first with an approximately 180-day cycle and the second with an approximately 39-day cycle. Dietary intake was fixed. In both cases, under controlled conditions, an upswing of mood was accompanied by highly significant decreases in the 24-hr urinary excretion of K and H 2O; there were no consistent changes in 24-hr urinary Na excretion. The changes in the urinary excretion of 24-hr K and H 2O were principally due to changes in the urinary excretion of day-time K and H 2O; the changes in night-time urinary excretion were either smaller or insignificant. From this data it can be argued that the diurnal variation of K and H 2O excretion in these patients varied inversely with the mood, being increased during depression and decreased during elation. Following these baseline observations, studies were carried out to clarify the relationship between the mood changes and the changes in excretion rhythms. These studies explored the role of the adrenal cortex and the effects of posture and activity changes. While the alterations in K diuresis appeared to be related to endogenous factors associated with mood rather than posture and activity changes, it could not be established definitely that the altered rhythms were due to changes in a central pacemaker. Firstly, the endocrine and neural control of renal circadian rhythms is still imperfectly understood. Secondly, the alterations in K diuresis might have reflected changes either in faecal K excretion or tissue K metabolism rather than changes in the neuroendocrine control of kidney function.

Circadian serotonin rhythm control: sympathetic and nonsympathetic pathways in rat pineals of different ages.

Immature rats (15–20 days) maintained in a 14 :10 hr light: dark cycle, and sacrificed at 1:00 and 11:00 PM, showed a circadian rhythm in pineal serotonin levels. When pineals of similar animals were sympathectomized by bilateral superior cervical ganglionectomy the serotonin rhythm persisted. Thus, in contrast to the adult, the serotonin rhythm in the immature pineal is independent of sympathetic innervation. At 60 days of age there was no rhythm in sympathectomized pineals; thus, the nerve dependent serotonin rhythm of the adultwas already established. When ganglionectomized immature rats were kept in constant light or in constant dark, the rhythm was abolished. Diurnal lighting, therefore, is important maintain the nerve independent serotonin rhythm of the immature rat. In contrast, the rhythm in the adult rat persists in constant dark. The mechanism controlling circadian serotonin rhythm in immature rats may be very different from that in adult animals. Ontogeny of the rhythm is proposed and discussed...

Control of circadian rhythm of activity in the cockroach. II. The role of the sub-oesophageal ganglion and ventral nerve cord.

ABSTRACT Since 1955 Harker’s work on the control of cockroach activity rhythms by a hormonal clock in the sub-oesophageal ganglion has stood largely unchallenged, but recently Roberts (1966) has questioned several of her claims; in particular he finds it impossible to transfer rhythms by implanting this ganglion. Sub-oesophageal ganglia from rhythmic donors were implanted into 29 headless Periplaneta americana in a variety of ways and three different actographs used. In 2 cases the hosts showed bursts of activity for 2 or 3 days after implantation, roughly coincident with the donor’s previous rhythm; a further 8 implanted animals showed rather uncertain signs of an induced rhythm, but the remaining 19 were all apparently arrhythmic. Cauterization of the neurosecretory cells of the sub-oesophageal ganglion in situ showed that cockroaches can remain rhythmic in the absence of the cells described by Harker (1960 c), and probably in the absence of all cells in this ganglion which are stained by paraldehyde-fuchsin. Implantation of abdominal ganglia plus their respective neurohaemal organs (Brady & Maddrell, 1967) did not elicit rhythms in eight headless hosts. Cutting the circum-oesophageal commissures, or post-sub-oesophageal ganglion connectives, like beheading, appears to interfere seriously with the rhythmic expression of activity; one animal remained apparently rhythmic after this operation, however. Harker’s proposal for a second clock (1960b) requires that phase-shifts of less than 5 hr. shall be completed within a single activity cycle; this did not occur in the twelve cases observed, phase-shifting being gradual and taking several days before reaching the entrained steady-state. It is suggested that most of the divergent results of Harker, Roberts and Brady could be plausibly correlated if cockroaches have an electrical pace-maker in the brain co-ordinating rather ephemeral neuro-endocrine rhythms in the nerve-cord ganglia.

Circadian activity rhythms in cockroaches. 3. The role of endocrine and neural factors.

AbstractThe control of circadian activity rhythms (diurnal rhythms) in insects has been suggested to result by periodic neuroendocrine secretions. More specifically, Harker ('56) claimed that the locomotor rhythm in the cockroach, Periplaneta americana, is timed by a secretory “clock” located in the subesophageal ganglion. Later experiments by Harker indicated that this “clock” function failed unless the retrocerebral organs were left intact; allatectomy was said (no evidence given) to abolish a rhythm. The procedure for demonstrating a “clock” function in the ganglion involved transplanting it from a rhythmic donor into the hemocoel of an arrhythmic host and observing that the host subsequently became rhythmic. This result (without explicit information about the phase of the rhythm) does not warrant the conclusion that the ganglion acts as a clock. Therefore, I have attempted to confirm and extend these important results. Employing techniques essentially identical to Harker's, and using the same species of roach, I have been unable to find any evidence to support the original claim: (1) in 20 test animals, implantation of ganglia from rhythmic donors failed to re‐instate a rhythm, and (2) allatectomy (22 cases) or removal of the entire retrocerebral complex (20 cases) did not interfere with the rhythm.The results of another series of experiments show that the cockroach brain is involved in the control of the activity rhythm. When the brain is surgically bisected (mid‐sagittal) through the pars intercerebralis, arrhythmic activity patterns are immediately evoked. These continue for many weeks, but in a few cases rhythms ultimately “regenerate”.

Miniature long-life temperature telemetry system.

ArticleMiniature long-life temperature telemetry system.T B Fryer, G J Deboo, and C M WingetT B Fryer, G J Deboo, and C M WingetPublished Online:01 Jan 1966https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1966.21.1.295MoreSectionsPDF (1 MB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInWeChat Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation Cited ByEEG measurements by means of radiotelemetry after intracerebroventricular (ICV) cannulation in rodentsJournal of Neuroscience Methods, Vol. 118, No. 1Analysis of the circadian rhythm of body temperatureBehavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, Vol. 24, No. 1Ein Radiotelemetriesystem zur langfristigen, kontinuierlichen Registrierung der Körperkerntemperatur von kleinen Versuchstieren*13 May 2010 | Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series A, Vol. 35, No. 1-10Implantable long-life temperature telemetry system with interference suppressionMedical and Biological Engineering and Computing, Vol. 18, No. 5The Advantages of Short Range Telemetry through the Intact Skin for Physiological Measurements in Both Animals and ManTelemetry Measured Body Temperature of Domestic Fowl at Various Ambient TemperaturesPoultry Science, Vol. 57, No. 4Biotelemetry from free-ranging animalsTwo mechanisms of rephasal of circadian rhythms in response to a 180° phase shift (simulated 12‐hr time zone change)Journal of Interdisiplinary Cycle Research, Vol. 7, No. 4Ovulation and equine body temperature and heart rate circadian rhythmsJournal of Interdisiplinary Cycle Research, Vol. 7, No. 1A Linear Temperature-to-Frequency ConverterIEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, Vol. 24, No. 3A portable external two-channel radiotelemetrical GM-detector unit, for measurements of radionuclide-tracers in vivoThe International Journal of Applied Radiation and Isotopes, Vol. 25, No. 4The Application of Aerospace Technology to Patient MonitoringIEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, Vol. BME-20, No. 3Noradrenergic control of circadian rhythms inCebus albifronsAmerican Journal of Physical Anthropology, Vol. 38, No. 2Implantable Telemetry Systems for Use in Animal Monitoring11 July 2009 | Biomaterials, Medical Devices, and Artificial Organs, Vol. 1, No. 2A radiotelemetrical measuring device, implantable on animals, for long term measurements of radionuclide-tracersThe International Journal of Applied Radiation and Isotopes, Vol. 23, No. 11A telemetry system for recording body temperature of large numbers of caged rodentsMedical & Biological Engineering, Vol. 10, No. 5A system for recording the body temperature of several animals simultaneouslyMedical & Biological Engineering, Vol. 10, No. 1Radiotelemetrical equipment for continous subcutaneous measurements of the circadian temperature rhythm in ratsPfl�gers Archiv European Journal of Physiology, Vol. 328, No. 2Radio Telemeters for Temperature and BiopotentialsPoultry Science, Vol. 49, No. 6Response of monkey biorhythms to changing photoperiodsComparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Vol. 30, No. 4Thermally Stable Telemeter for Thermoregulation StudiesScience, Vol. 161, No. 3841The Significance of Circadian Rhythms in the Search for the Moment of Ovulation in PrimatesFertility and Sterility, Vol. 19, No. 2A Radio Transmitter for Telemetering Body Temperatures of ChickensPoultry Science, Vol. 47, No. 2 More from this issue > Volume 21Issue 1January 1966Pages 295-8 https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1966.21.1.295PubMed5903929History Published online 1 January 1966 Published in print 1 January 1966 Metrics