Control Of Chronic Respiratory Disease Research Articles

Mortality from chronic respiratory disease in Brazil: time trend and forecasts.

ABSTRACTOBJECTIVE To analyze the time trend of monthly mortality rates from chronic respiratory diseases in Brazil from 1996 to 2017, with forecasts for 2022, besides analyzing the possibility of achieving the goal of the Plano de Ações Estratégicas para o Enfrentamento das Doenças Crônicas Não Transmissíveis no Brasil (Strategic Action Plan to Tackle Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases in Brazil) from 2011 to 2022.METHODS This is an ecological study that uses data from Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade (SIM – Mortality Information System), Sistema de Informações Demográficas e Socioeconômicas (Demographic and Socioeconomic Information System) and Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios Contínua (PNAD Contínua – Continuous National Household Sample Survey). We established the age range between 30 and 69 years old and the evolution of the rates over time was made by autoregressive integrated moving average models in R statistical tool.RESULTS Premature mortality rates from chronic respiratory diseases are decreasing in Brazil as a whole, mostly in state capitals. There is also a trend to reach the Ministry of Health’s goal in most of the country. For capitals that tend not to reach the goal, there is an association between mortality and social indicators, healthcare network and frequency of smoking.CONCLUSION This study intends to improve planning of the public health system for the control of chronic respiratory diseases.

Prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms and dyspnea and related factors in residents in China

Objective: To understand the prevalence of chronic cough, chronic expectoration and dyspnea and related factors in residents aged ≥40 years in China, and provide basic data for the prevention and control of chronic respiratory diseases. Methods: Data were from 2014-2015 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease surveillance in China. The information about chronic respiratory symptoms were collected by face-to-face interview. The prevalence rates of chronic cough, chronic expectoration, dyspnea and chronic respiratory symptoms and their 95%CI were estimated with complex sampling weights. Results: A total of 75 082 subjects were included in the analysis. The prevalence rates of chronic cough, chronic expectoration, dyspnea and chronic respiratory symptoms in the Chinese aged ≥40 years were 3.75% (95%CI: 3.38%-4.11%), 5.83% (95%CI: 5.40%-6.26%), 2.45% (95%CI: 2.02%-2.87%) and 8.93% (95%CI: 8.25%-9.62%), respectively. The prevalence rates of chronic cough, chronic expectoration, dyspnea and chronic respiratory symptoms in patients with chronic respiratory diseases were relatively higher, which were 10.27%, 13.85%, 6.43%, 20.72% respectively. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that age, region, education level, occupation, BMI, family history of respiratory diseases, history of severe respiratory infections in childhood, exposure to dust or chemicals in workplace and smoking status affected the prevalence of chronic cough, chronic expectoration and dyspnea. The prevalence of the three types of chronic respiratory symptoms increased significantly with age, which were higher in western region, smokers and underweight/obese subjects. The three prevalence rates mentioned above were higher in those with a history of severe respiratory infection in childhood, those exposed to biomass fuel in household, and those exposed to dust or chemicals in workplace. Conclusions: The prevalence rate of chronic respiratory symptoms was high in residents aged ≥40 years in China. Many factors affected the prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms. Comprehensive prevention and control measures targeting risk factors should be taken to reduce the burden of chronic respiratory diseases.

Self-reported respiratory symptoms and their associates among rural women in Huaihe River Basin: an Answer Tree analysis

Objective To examine the prevalences of respiratory symptoms and their impact factors among rural female residents in Huaihe River Basin for providing evidences to prevention and control of chronic respiratory diseases in the women. Methods The data on 1 394 adult (20 – 75 years) female non-smokers living 3 years and longer in local rural areas were extracted from a sampling survey on respiratory symptom-related exposures and environmental factors conducted in 6 counties/districts of 4 provinces in Huaihe River Basin between November 2015 and October 2018. The prevalences of self-reported respiratory symptoms were examined statistically and impact factors of the symptoms were explored with Answer Tree analysis. Results Respiratory symptoms were reported by 34.7% (484) of the all women and the self-reported prevalences of cough/expectoration and wheezing/shortening were 18.1% (253) and 27.2% (379), respectively. The results of Answer Tree analysis showed that the self-reported prevalence of cough/expectoration was significantly lower (14.1%) among the women using gas as the fuel when cooking at home than that (23.2%) among those using other fuels (χ2 = 19.061, P Conclusion The prevalence of self-reported respiratory symptoms is relatively higher among non-smoking rural women in Huaihe River Basin and the self-reported prevalence of cough/expectoration is associated with cooking fuel and that of wheezing/shortness of breath is correlated with age among the women.

Regulation of pulmonary inflammation by mesenchymal cells

Pulmonary inflammation and tissue remodelling are common elements of chronic respiratory diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), and pulmonary hypertension (PH). In disease, pulmonary mesenchymal cells not only contribute to tissue remodelling, but also have an important role in pulmonary inflammation. This review will describe the immunomodulatory functions of pulmonary mesenchymal cells, such as airway smooth muscle (ASM) cells and lung fibroblasts, in chronic respiratory disease. An important theme of the review is that pulmonary mesenchymal cells not only respond to inflammatory mediators, but also produce their own mediators, whether pro-inflammatory or pro-resolving, which influence the quantity and quality of the lung immune response. The notion that defective pro-inflammatory or pro-resolving signalling in these cells potentially contributes to disease progression is also discussed. Finally, the concept of specifically targeting pulmonary mesenchymal cell immunomodulatory function to improve therapeutic control of chronic respiratory disease is considered.

Strengthen national action for the prevention and control of chronic respiratory diseases

Strengthen national action for the prevention and control of chronic respiratory diseases

Impact of early diagnosis and control of chronic respiratory diseases on active and healthy ageing

A debate at the European Union Parliament was held on 13 November 2012 on the Impact of early diagnosis and control of chronic respiratory diseases on Active and Healthy Ageing (AHA). The debate was held under the auspices of the Cyprus Presidency of the European Union (2012) and represents a follow-up of the priorities of the Polish Presidency of the European Union (2011). It highlighted the importance of early life events on the occurrence of chronic respiratory diseases later in life and their impact on active and healthy ageing. Epidemiologic evidence was followed by actions that should be taken to prevent and manage chronic respiratory diseases in children. The debate ended by practical, feasible and achievable projects, demonstrating the strength of the political action in the field. Three projects will be initiated from this debate: The first will be a meeting sponsored by the Région Languedoc-Roussillon on the developmental origins of chronic diseases and ageing: from research to policies and value creation. The second project is being led by the WHO Collaborating Centre for Asthma and Rhinitis: Prevention of Asthma, Prevention of Allergy (PAPA). The third project is the GA(2)LEN sentinel network.

English

Chronic respiratory disease (CRD) is one of the most important veterinary diseases in Iran and all over the world. Mortality, reducing of weight gain and increasing of feed conversion ratio (FCR) are caused by CRD. Several drugs are used for prevention and control of CRD. CRD is caused by Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG). Tiamulin and pulmotil are effective on M. gallisepticum. By considering generating resistance against antibiotics that is effective on MG, studying the effect of these drugs in the treatment and prevention of CRD in birds were the purpose of this research. In this study, tow broiler  flock (MG positive) and layer flock (MG free) with 15000 birds, divided  in  six similar  groups (A, B, C (layer), D, E and F (broiler))  with  2500 bird in  each  group. 13 and 100 g tiamulin in 200 L of water was used in Groups A and D, respectively. 60 ml pulmotil in 200 L of water was used in Groups B and E at the same time. However, the birds in Groups C and F (control groups) did not get any antibiotic. Gross lesions and mortality of CRD, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of tiamulin, pulmotil and other common antibiotic dicks, hen-day percentage in layers and growth parameters in broilers of control and experimental groups were calculated. The basis of ANOVA analysis was that the use of antibiotics such as tiamulin and pulmotil significantly reduced mortality and gross lesions (P < 0.05). Also, it improved hen-day percentage in layers and growth parameters in broilers (P < 0.05). It can be concluded that usage of these antibiotics can be essential in the treatment and prevention of CRD in birds.   Key words: Pulmotil, tiamulin, chronic respiratory disease (CRD), birds, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC).

Prioritised research agenda for prevention and control of chronic respiratory diseases

The 2008-2013 World Health Organization (WHO) action plan on noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) includes chronic respiratory diseases as one of its four priorities. Major chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs) include asthma and rhinitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, occupational lung diseases, sleep-disordered breathing, pulmonary hypertension, bronchiectiasis and pulmonary interstitial diseases. A billion people suffer from chronic respiratory diseases, the majority being in developing countries. CRDs have major adverse effects on the life and disability of patients. Effective intervention plans can prevent and control CRDs, thus reducing morbidity and mortality. A prioritised research agenda should encapsulate all of these considerations in the frame of the global fight against NCDs. This requires both CRD-targeted interventions and transverse NCD programmes which include CRDs, with emphasis on health promotion and disease prevention.

COPD a social disease: inappropriateness and pharmaco-economics. The role of the specialist: present and future

The prevalence of chronic respiratory disorders has been increasing steadily over the past several years and currently constitutes a serious public health problem. Chronic respiratory disorders (including lung cancer) represent worldwide the second most important cause of mortality and their frequency and diffusion are probably far greater than realized, given that they are often underdiagnosed and misdiagnosed. As a matter of fact, many patients are not diagnosed until the chronic respiratory disease is severe enough to prevent normal daily activities. Underdiagnosis has not only an epidemiological relevance, but also implies clinical consequences: as little attention is paid to respiratory diseases by the individual and the community, those affected receive late and non-optimal treatment. Furthermore, insufficient consideration is given to the general and specialist health services that should take care of chronic respiratory patients [1,2]. The future trend is for a further increase, though differentiated for the individual disorders. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in particular is estimated to become the third leading cause of death worldwide by the year 2020 [3]. At present, most people are not diagnosed until they are in their late 50s when their respiratory lung function has already begun to decline in a clinically significant way [4]. The high level of underdiagnosis/undertreatment or misdiagnosis/mistreatment is evidence of the generally inadequate standards of care - a problem even in developed countries - at all levels of intervention, from prevention (that is inadequate) to long-term management (that is inappropriate) [5,6]. Given the increasing social impact of COPD, the conference on which this report is based (COPD a social disease: inappropriateness and pharmacoeconomics. The role of the specialist: present and future, held in Venice, Italy, April 21-22, 2010) was in tune with the goals and recommendations of GARD, the Global Alliance against chronic Respiratory Diseases of the World Health Organisation. GARD has formulated the following working recommendations: 1. to develop national programs of prevention and control of chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs), starting with health education campaigns and a better knowledge of epidemiology, impact, and relative risk factors; 2. to provide training and continuing education on prevention and treatment of CRDs, disseminating the existing guidelines; and 3. to facilitate access to essential treatments and favour adherence to long term treatment, including drug treatment and pulmonary rehabilitation, particularly amongst disadvantaged sectors of the population.

Global Surveillance, Prevention and Control of Chronic Respiratory Diseases: A Comprehensive Approach

Global Surveillance, Prevention and Control of Chronic Respiratory Diseases: A Comprehensive Approach

Causes and control of chronic respiratory disease: looking beyond the smokescreen.

Causes and control of chronic respiratory disease: looking beyond the smokescreen.

Evaluation of the efficacy of Chlortetracycline for the control of chronic respiratory disease caused by Escherichia coli and Mycoplasma gallisepticum

Using different variations of challenge, three trials were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of chlortetracycline in the control of chronic respiratory disease (CRD) caused by Escherichia coli and Mycoplasma gallisepticum. Experimentally infected birds were offered either food containing chlortetracycline at 300 ppm or water containing the drug at 120 mg litre-1. In each trial, medicated food and water were effective in the control of CRD as assessed by reduction in clinical signs, lower mortality and reduced severity of air sacculitis and other post mortem lesions. Weight gain was also improved by both forms of medication. M gallisepticum antibodies were demonstrated in surviving birds.

The Economic Appraisal of the Control of Chronic Respiratory Disease in Meat Chickens

In the control of chronic respiratory disease infection under commercial conditions, tylosin, erythromycin thiocyanate, oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline, chlortetracycline potentiated and lincospectinomycin were compared under field conditions. Of the antibiotics tested, tylosin at all treatment levels gave superior economic gain and control of clinical signs of chronic respiratory disease. Single treatment with tylosin was more economical than two treatments.

Control of Chronic Respiratory Disease. VI. The Effect on Egg Transmission of Early Exposure of Chicks to Mycoplasma gallisepticum

A considerable interest has bean shown in the effects of vaccination or early exposure of chicks on subsequent egg transmission of Mycoplasma gallisepticum. Previous work has shown that there is a marked reduction in egg transmission following exposure of chicks at 1 day old or 14 days old (5). Complete immunity was not present. This was based on the ability to isolate M. gallisepticum from the trachea during the experimental period of approximately one year. Following these results a breeding flock of approximately 1200 New Hampshire and Dominant White birds was available for study. In addition to observing the effects of vaccination on egg transmission, the establishment of a clean flock was attempted.

Dipping of Hatching Eggs in Erythromycin for the Control of Mycoplasma

C ONSIDERABLE interest has been shown in the dipping of hatching eggs in antibiotics to prevent egg transmission of Mycoplasma. Chalquest and Fabricant' immersed eggs in various concentrations of streptomycin, oxytetracycline (OTC), and erythromycin (ERY) for different periods. They found no effect of treatment on hatchability. Mycoplasma in several dilutions was introduced into fresh eggs that had been immersed in solutions of OTC and ERY. The dipping markedly reduced the numbers of Mycoplasma isolated from the embryos. The work reported here was undertaken in cooperation with a commercial hatchery to determined the effect that dipping eggs in ERY has on: 1) the presence of Mycoplasma in pipped embryos: 2) hatchability; and 3) broiler performance, especially in relation to the control of chronic respiratory disease.

Control of Chronic Respiratory Disease. IV. The Effect of a Low-Calcium Diet and High Concentrations of Chlortetracycline on the Isolation of Mycoplasma from Experimentally Infected Chicks

LSON and associates1 reported that chlortetracycline (CTC) did not eliminate Mycoplasma from experimentally infected chickens when fed continuously, but when given 4 weeks after inoculation, as infection rate started to decline naturally, 400 g CTC potentiated by 0.5% terephthalic acid (TPA) appeared to eliminate the infection. Since TPA is not approved for use in poultry feeds, it seemed desirable to determine if results would be similar from a higher level of CTC without TPA.

Control of Chronic Respiratory Disease. V. Artificial Exposure of Young Chicks to Mycoplasma gallisepticum

Control of Chronic Respiratory Disease. V. Artificial Exposure of Young Chicks to Mycoplasma gallisepticum

Effect of Dipping Eggs in Antibiotic Solutions on PPLO Transmission in Chickens

FFORTS by the authors2 to eliminate pleuropneumonialike organisms (PPLO) from eggs by treating infected hens failed to corroborate reports of successful results by others. The possibility that fertile hens' eggs infected with PPLO might be treated effectively by immersing them in antibiotic solutions appeared to be a more promising approach in the control of chronic respiratory disease (CRD). At the instigation of the senior author, three laboratory trials were done wherein moderate or small PPLO inoculums injected into the fresh yolk of uninfected fertile eggs previously dipped in antibiotics, failed to grow when the yolks were cultured after three weeks of incubation. The untreated eggs and the eggs with the heavier inoculums did yield the organism on culture.1 These encouraging results prompted further laboratory and field studies.

Aetiology and Control of Chronic Respiratory Disease

Aetiology and Control of Chronic Respiratory Disease

Control of Chronic Respiratory Disease. III. Isolation of Mycoplasma as Influenced by Potentiated Chlortetracycline and Time Interval after Exposure

HEMOTHERAPEUTIC agents have been widely used in an attempt to control chronic respiratory disease (CRD). The efficacy of these drugs has been expressed primarily on the basis of increased feed efficiency and weight gain and by decreased mortality, air sac lesions and respiratory signs. Generally, the effect of these drugs on Mycoplasma (MP) has not been considered. From the reviews by Hofstad1 and Olesiuk et al.23 of the literature on the value of chemotherapeutic agents for the control of CRD, antibiotics have been of questionable value. The potentiation of tetracycline antibiotics by feeding terephthalic acid (TPA), low calcium rations, and the use of calcium sulphate in place of calcium carbonate has increased interest in the use of antibiotics for the control of CRD.7 Olson et al.4 and Peterson and Hendrix6 in experimentally exposed chicks found that 250 grams chlortetracycline (CTC) per