Artificial Lighting Control Research Articles

Smart glazing solutions to glare and solar gain: a ‘sick building’ case study

Holographic optical elements (HOE) can provide solar control by reflecting/redirecting the beam (direct) radiation incident on a window. This paper considers HOE applied for solar control in an office development at Southampton University, UK. In 2000, a new University campus was constructed through the renovation of existing Victorian school buildings coupled to modern, highly glazed office extensions. However, the combination of the low thermal mass of the extensions and the high level of glazing led to excessive office temperatures and occupant discomfort. Office users are requesting the installation of individual air conditioning units which would represent an unacceptable indicator of the building's design failings. Simulation of the office structure has been undertaken using transient thermal analysis to model possible solutions. Forced air convection, louver systems and façade changes such as electrochromic glazing are considered in addition to solar control holograms. The simulations highlight the need for the elimination of solar glare within offices and for some form of control of artificial lighting within the building. It is predicted that HOE can produce a comfortable working environment whilst maintaining daylighting and external views from the office: a combination of benefits which competing technologies such as blinds cannot provide.

Energy Efficiency Manual

Review: Energy Efficiency Manual By Donald R. Wulfinghoff Reviewed by Irwin Weintraub Brooklyn College Library, USA Wulfinghoff, Donald R. Energy Efficiency Manual. Wheaton, MD: Energy Institute Press, 1999. 1536 pp. ISBN 0-9657926-7-6. US$199.95 In today’s fast paced world where we spend a good part of each day in buildings at work and play, it is important to plan building energy systems that meet our needs for heating, cooling, air flow, and lighting successfully and efficiently. The Energy Efficiency Manual offers up-to-date and practical solutions for energy planning applicable to building environments in one comprehensive volume. Wulfinghoff presents the information you need to plan, design, and construct efficient energy systems in homes, businesses, institutions, factories, farms, and other buildings. This easy-to-read, heavily illustrated work will be used over and over again by architects, engineers, contractors, code officers, environmental advocates, students, and homeowners who are dedicated to producing energy activities that save resources, are cost effective, reliable, and function at maximum efficiency. Nontechnical language is used throughout and terms are explained and illustrated when appropriate. Thus, the volume will appeal to a wide audience of users who are involved in building maintenance and those who just want to read it and learn more about energy conservation concepts. The Manual is arranged in two parts. Part I, Energy Measures, presents 400 specific energy efficiency improvements and cost saving activities. The measures are arranged under 10 sections covering boiler plants, chiller plants, service water systems, air handling systems, air conditioning systems, building air leakage, building insulation, control and use of sunlight, artificial lighting, and independent components such as motors and pumps. Since many energy projects serve several parts of a building or facility, readers will find practical solutions to all their energy efficiency questions in this section. I chose some entries at random and was impressed with the wide coverage of nearly all aspects of energy design. There are measures for efficient operation of low load heating systems; managing refrigerants in cooling equipment; reducing energy consumption of water pumps; regulating outside air intake and building pressurization; improving the efficiency of heating with radiators and convectors; reducing air leakage through windows and window frames; insulating roofs to prevent heat loss during cold weather; using daylight to save energy in open buildings; spatial layout of fixtures and wiring to provide efficient lighting; and eliminating excess output in constant flow fans. Each measure gives an explanation of

昼光利用と照明制御によるオフィスの省エネルギー

昼光利用と照明制御によるオフィスの省エネルギー

昼光の変動に応じた電灯照明制御が在室者の快適性に与える影響

The results of two experiments in terms of the subjective response to the changes in brightness on the desk with time and that to changes in the illuminance by on-off switching control of artificial light are reported together with a proposal of artificial lighting control for constant brightness sensation. The sensation against the change in brightness can be interpreted by the frequency and the range of fluctuation of illuminance on the desk. The sudden change of task illuminance from higher to lower was found to be a decrease in brightness sensation of the desk. Estimated electric power consumption for lighting with the control of constant brightness sensation suggested a possibility of great reduction in power consumption compared to the case of continuous lighting.

オフィスを想定した昼光利用照明制御システムの効果

オフィスを想定した昼光利用照明制御システムの効果

オフィスを想定した昼光利用照明制御システムの効果

オフィスを想定した昼光利用照明制御システムの効果

Sky luminance research imperative for adequate control of temporary supplementary artificial lighting installations

The energy consumption in Dutch office buildings can be cut considerably if daylight is used as task lighting. A conservative estimate gives a potential saving of 46% on the electricity costs for artificial lighting. The problem of photo-electric control of artificial lighting supplementing the daylight illumination and correctly estimating its energy effectiveness, will require a more accurate prediction of the indoor daylight illuminance at points in the working area. An advanced instrument for measuring sky luminance has been built. Analysis of sky-luminance patterns simultaneously with indoor illuminances will give an algorithm for daylight-controlled artificial lighting systems.

Secondary sex characteristics and related physiological values in male fallow deer (Dama dama L.) and their relationships to changes in the annual cycle of daylengths: frequency alterations to 4- and 3-month photoperiodic cycles, and subsequent re-synchronisation under natural conditions.

Five adult male fallow deer were maintained in a barn with artificial light control. In a previous experiment, three 6-month photoperiodic cycles entrained morphogenetic and associated physiological values that revealed typical relationships to the antler cycle. Presented here, the light cycle was accelerated to three 4- and one 3-month photoperiods in the same group. Each artificial photoperiod generally resulted not only in an almost complete antler cycle but also in an entire cycle of seasonal fluctuations in neck girth. Increases in plasma levels of alkaline phosphatase (AP), total-, LDL- and HDL-cholesterol, were generally entrained and the maxima revealed positive correlations with antler formation, but the relationships slightly diverged. In neck girth and creatinine, positive correlations to the hard antler period as well as to each other prevailed but diverged. In the 3-month photoperiodic cycle, these relationships were out of synchrony. In the second 4-month cycle, two bucks "missed" shedding and subsequent casting, but commenced antler growth in the following cycle with an in-time shedding. The possibility of desynchronisation of physiological conditions and the question of an endogenous circannual mechanism interacting with daylight are discussed. At the end of the 3-month cycle, experimental indoor and natural outdoor casting was coincident so the group was transferred to outside conditions for re-synchronisation. After spending altogether 36 months in frequency altered photoperiods, the represented values were neither synchronized nor revealed their typical relationships to the antler cycle, except of AP and neck volume. In the second cycle of re-synchronisation, all parameters, except of creatinine, appeared to be resynchronized.

Sky luminance measurements for design and control of indoor daylight illumination

Cost-effective daylighting design and artificial lighting control require data on the daylight illuminance at the work station. The current definition of the daylight factor is not appropriate to convert accurately from the horizontal illuminance under an unobstructed sky to the actual illuminance in a room. The actual daylight illuminance of a room is found to be related to the actual luminance pattern of the sky in the direction of view of the window. To represent conveniently both the dynamic character of the sky luminance and the weight of the luminance patches in respect of the indoor illuminance, the dynamic equivalent luminance is introduced. Some progress has been made in predicting the indoor direct illuminance due to time-varying sky luminance patterns more accurately.

Secondary sex characteristics and connected physiological values in male fallow deer (Dama dama L.) and their relationship to changes of the annual photoperiod: Doubling the frequency

AbstractFive male fallow deer, who were at the time of casting their first antlers, were maintained in a barn with artificial light control. The daylength sequence applied simulated an amplitude which was normal for 52° latitude, but each cycle lasted only 6 months. This photoperiod produced a doubling in frequency of morphogenetic and connected physiological values so that three complete antler cycles were reached within 19 months. Increase in levels of alkaline phosphatase and in concentrations of total‐cholesterol (TC) and low‐ and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C and HDL‐C) followed the frequency of light alterations and correlated well with antler formation. On the other hand, an increase in neck circumference as well as increase of creatinine levels correlated well with the hard antler period of fertility as well.

Preliminary study of automatic daylight control of artificial lighting

The availability and present use of photo-electric continuous dimming or simple switching lighting controls are described and the cost effectiveness of using such systems is investigated. Although data on use of lighting are lacking, necessitating some assumptions, it is concluded that at present costs automatic dimming systems are likely to be cost effective in new buildings. Fitting existing lighting installations with automatic dimming control is not usually cost effective although an increase in electricity cost of about 4% per annum in real terms could change this. Despite smaller potential savings automatic switching can often be cost effective since initial costs are significantly lower. The maximum conservation potential of automatic controls is between 0.2 and 0.4% of UK primary energy use.

Control of Artificial Light for Plants

A device of simulation and display was developed for monitoring the controlled spectral composition of artificial light for plants. The simulation was performed in the following manner:The spectral intensity at rated capacity is denoted by the function of wavelength, λ. Individual function, fi (λ), i=1, 2, …6, of six kinds of the lamps is coded in digital form on ROM in the function generator and is used to generate voltage value, Vfi (λ) . A dimming parameter ki is converted into voltage value, Vki in the potentiometer. The Vfi (λ) is multiplied by the Vki to produce voltage value corresponding to an optional spectral intensity of each kind of the lamps. These multiplied values of Vk1Vf1 (λ) , Vk2Vf2 (λ) , … and Vk6Vf6 (λ) are summed up in the summing amplifier to manipulate F (λ) which is displayed on the CRT as the spectral composition of combined light. The signals from potentiometers are also used as actuating signals in light control system.Thus, the change of spectral composition with the variation of each parameter was examined immediately on the CRT, and at the same time, the spectral composition was controlled. Experimental results demonstrate that the simulation method employed is satisfactory for the evaluation of the spectral composition, and the developed system makes it possible to monitor the spectral composition in artificial light control.