Lighting Control System Research Articles

Eğitim Kurumu Binalarında Akıllı Aydınlatma Kontrol Sistemleriyle Gün Işığını Taşıyan Sistemlerin İncelenmesi

In this study, intelligent lighting control systems and daylight-carrying systems within the framework of methods that maximize daylight in educational institution buildings were examined. The purpose of these functions, known as intelligent lighting control systems, is to ensure the construction of sustainable educational institution buildings in the process that continues from the construction stage of educational institution buildings to the conduct of daily educational work. The main issues of attention in the buildings of this educational institution are intelligent lighting, high technology, daylight saving as much as possible, insulation and energy efficiency. In this way, intelligent lighting systems aim to minimize the installation load and usage times of energy-consuming systems of educational institution buildings and maximize the use of daylight without compromising the comfort conditions required by active users of buildings. Key Words: Heliostatic System, Lighting Guide, Lighting Tube, Fiber Optic

Smart Voice Controlled Farm House Automation, Plant Watering and Street Light Control System

Adopting an optimized irrigation system has become a necessity due to the lack of the world water resource. The system has a soil-moisture sensor. This project focuses on a smart irrigation system which is cost effective. Automation allows us to control various appliances automatically. The objective of this project is to control the water supply to each plant automatically depending on values of soil moisture sensors. Mechanism is done such that soil moisture sensor electrodes are inserted in soil. Automatic irrigation scheduling consistently has shown to be valuable in water use efficiency with respect to manual irrigation based on direct soil water measurements. The aim of the implementation is to demonstrate that the automatic irrigation can be used to reduce water use. The implementation is an automated irrigation system that consists of a soil moisture sensor which senses the soil humidity and automatically waters the field. Therefore, the object of this review study was to provide significant knowledge about early fault detection and diagnosis in aeroponics using intelligent techniques (wireless sensors). So, the farmer could monitor several paraments without using laboratory instruments, and the farmer could control the entire system remotely. Moreover, the technique also provides a wide range of information which could be essential for plant researchers and provides a greater understanding of how the key parameters of aeroponics correlate with plant growth in the system.

A Single-Component Blue Light-Induced System Based on EL222 in Yarrowia lipolytica.

Optogenetics has the advantages of a fast response time, reversibility, and high spatial and temporal resolution, which make it desirable in the metabolic engineering of chassis cells. In this study, a light-induced expression system of Yarrowia lipolytica was constructed, which successfully achieved the synthesis and functional verification of Bleomycin resistance protein (BleoR). The core of the blue light-induced system, the light-responsive element (TF), is constructed based on the blue photosensitive protein EL222 and the transcription activator VP16. The results show that the light-induced sensor based on TF, upstream activation sequence (C120)5, and minimal promoter CYC102 can respond to blue light and initiate the expression of GFPMut3 report gene. With four copies of the responsive promoter and reporter gene assembled, they can produce a 128.5-fold higher fluorescent signal than that under dark conditions after 8 h of induction. The effects of light dose and periodicity on this system were investigated, which proved that the system has good spatial and temporal controllability. On this basis, the light-controlled system was used for the synthesis of BleoR to realize the expression and verification of functional protein. These results demonstrated that this system has the potential for the transcriptional regulation of target genes, construction of large-scale synthetic networks, and overproduction of the desired product.

Functions of fuzzy logic based controllers used in smart building

<span>The main aim of this study is to support design and development processes of advanced fuzzy-logic-based controller for smart buildings e.g., heating, ventilation and air conditioning, heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) and indoor lighting control systems. Moreover, the proposed methodology can be used to assess systems energy and environmental performances, also compare energy usages of fuzzy control systems with the performances of conventional on/off and proportional integral derivative controller (PID). The main objective and purpose of using fuzzy-logic-based model and control is to precisely control indoor thermal comfort e.g., temperature, humidity, air quality, air velocity, thermal comfort, and energy balance. Moreover, this article present and highlight mathematical models of indoor temperature and humidity transfer matrix, uncertainties of users’ comfort preference set-points and a fuzzy algorithm.</span>

To the Question of Updating the Educational Programs of the Light and Engineering Profile at Ogarev Mordovia State University Taking into Account Professional Standards

Light and engineering education in Russia is now bringing forward new priorities, which are reflected in the updated major professional educational programs both bachelor’s and master’s degree. The modern labour market in the field of light and engineering today requires the training of highly qualified specialists who possess modern information technologies, are technically literate, who know regulatory regulations and environmental requirements.This trend is observed not only in Russia, but also noted by European researchers. In the labour market, the most in demand are engineering and technical workers with knowledge of intelligent lighting control systems, the Internet of Things technologies, with ability to implement energy saving measures, as well as specialists who are able to develop and implement lighting design projects, both indoor and outdoor. The analysis of the major professional educational programs implemented in Ogarev Mordovia State University showed that the timely release of professional standards (PS) 29.013 and 29.014 allowed us to formulate professional competencies (PC) of graduates of the lighting profile, which are relevant today and will contribute to the successful career building of young professionals. Much attention is paid to the formation and development of digital competencies of specialists in the lighting industry when updating major professional educational programs. Disciplines that allow engineering and technical specialists to develop artistic and aesthetic skills and imaginative thinking are introduced. Students learn through a project-based approach, consider multi-variant solutions, getting acquainted with the current nomenclature and databases of lighting devices (LD) from various manufacturers. By creating projects, they not only learn to develop lighting installations (LI) in accordance with the regulatory quantitative and qualitative parameters, but also gain practical design skills, taking into account the visual light and colour comfort, style design. They learn to implement intelligent lighting control systems, design LD based on LED light sources. In order to further improve the educational process, it is necessary to involve more practitioners, to involve students in the implementation of real projects. Strengthening the interdisciplinary nature of graduate training, whose planned activities are related to the development of lighting design projects, requires the preparation of educational and methodological support.

STMARL: A Spatio-Temporal Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning Approach for Cooperative Traffic Light Control

The development of intelligent traffic light control systems is essential for smart transportation management. While some efforts have been made to optimize the use of individual traffic lights in an isolated way, related studies have largely ignored the fact that the use of multi-intersection traffic lights is spatially influenced, as well as the temporal dependency of historical traffic status for current traffic light control. To that end, in this article, we propose a novel Spatio-Temporal Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (STMARL) framework for effectively capturing the spatio-temporal dependency of multiple related traffic lights and control these traffic lights in a coordinating way. Specifically, we first construct the traffic light adjacency graph based on the spatial structure among traffic lights. Then, historical traffic records will be integrated with current traffic status via Recurrent Neural Network structure. Moreover, based on the temporally-dependent traffic information, we design a Graph Neural Network based model to represent relationships among multiple traffic lights, and the decision for each traffic light will be made in a distributed way by the deep Q-learning method. Finally, the experimental results on both synthetic and real-world data have demonstrated the effectiveness of our STMARL framework, which also provides an insightful understanding of the influence mechanism among multi-intersection traffic lights.

Design and Simulation of a Circadian Lighting Control System Using Fuzzy Logic Controller for LED Lighting Technology

This paper introduces a fuzzy logic-based circadian lighting control system using flexibility of Light-Emitting Diode (LED) lighting technology to synchronise artificial lighting with circadian (natural) lighting Correlated Colour Temperature (CCT) characteristics. Besides for vision acuity, the Non-Imaging Forming effects of lighting affect human circadian rhythms. Past works in spectrally tuning CCT or Spectral Power Distribution of lighting have used conventional Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) control system architecture, where the modelling process of system transfer functions was mathematically complex, especially for nonlinear systems. A methodology of regulating lighting CCT is employed in a 7×5 fuzzy logic rules matrix in a Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) system, to closely replicate natural lighting CCT characteristics for indoor lighting. A reference lookup table was devised to store desired CCT values arbitrarily with respect to time mark in a day, which acts as an outdoor circadian stimulus and guides the FLC. The FLC compensates for the lack of CCT in lighting space. Simulation results show acceptable CCT output values conforming to circadian lighting parameters at a time in a day compared to the lookup table targets. Deviation from blackbody curve was within ±0.003 using CCT Duv checking. The system did not produce an overshoot (0.0%) with a steady state (zero error) reached after the fourth iteration. Also, rise time was calculated to be 1 iteration. This approach could be further enhanced to cater for additional custom needs in many built environments. Future works may consider connecting more sensors to capture real-time outdoor CCT values for practical regulation.

Design of an Electric Light Control Device Using Arduino Uno Microcontroller-Based Short Message Service

This study aims to design a tool that can control electric lights remotely. The wastage of using lights often occurs due to the difficulty of the occupants of the house in controlling the lighting, especially when they have to leave the house due to various activities. Lighting needs to be controlled to turn on or not when you want to travel for a long time. In addition, lighting needs to be controlled to significantly reduce the service life of the lamp because it is on continuously. This remote light control system can make it easier for users to cut electricity usage. An electric light controller designed using SMS (Short Message Service) based on the Arduino Uno Microcontroller. This system only applies if the condition of the AC voltage originating from the local PLN is ON. System control is managed using the Atmega328 Arduino Uno Microcontroller. The language used for programming is C/Arduino language, and this tool works on GSM communication systems, especially SMS services. The result of designing this tool is that the user can control (ON/OFF) the lights without being limited by time and place as long as the cellular network is reachable.

Prototyping a Lighting Control System Using LabVIEW with Real-Time High Dynamic Range Images (HDRis) as the Luminance Sensor

Lighting control systems (LCSs) play important roles in maintaining visual comfort and energy savings in buildings. This paper presents a prototype LCS using LabVIEW with real-time high dynamic range images and a digital multiplex controller to brighten lamps sequentially to provide visual comfort. The prototype is applied to a scaled classroom model with three schemes involving different activities and needs: writing and reading, requiring a uniform luminance of approximately 100 cd/m2, teaching using a whiteboard, requiring an illuminance of approximately 120 cd/m2 for the whiteboard and 60 cd/m2 for the desks, and drawing and art activities focused on the center of the room, requiring an illuminance of approximately 100 cd/m2 for the center area and 50 cd/m2 for the background area. For each scheme, two conditions are presented: one in which the room is treated as a closed room without windows, and the one in which the room has a large window on one wall that enables daylight to penetrate the room. The prototype works well with both schemes and provides different combinations of lamp brightness levels, starting from 10% to 60%, based on the activities and required luminance, and can save around 73–82% of electricity. The presence of daylight does not always result in more energy savings, as the brightness contrast for visual comfort needs to be considered.

DESAIN SISTEM KONTROL PENANGGULANGAN KEMACETAN LALU LINTAS ADAPTIF BERBASIS PLC

Traffic lights play an important role at every intersection in minimizing congestion, especially at intersections three and four. Today, the most common setting for traffic lights involves setting a fixed time. This pattern applies throughout the day, although the density of vehicles at each crossing is different. As a result, traffic jams on one side of the intersection are often unavoidable. Based on these problems, in this study an adaptive traffic light control system based on Programmable Logic Controller was built. In this test, the amber and green lights are set to about 3 and 5 seconds, respectively. During crowded situations, the duration of the green light is reduced to 10 seconds. It has been determined through testing that when the traffic light sensor detects a traffic jam, the green light will be on for 10 seconds, while under normal conditions it will be on for 5 seconds.

Lighting System Control Data to Improve Design and Operation: Tunable Lighting System Data from NICU Patient Rooms

ABSTRACT The advancement of LED and controls technology, computing capacity, and software provides new opportunities for researchers and designers to work together to further optimize spaces for occupant benefit. Lighting system control data from five neonatal intensive care unit patient rooms was collected over a 25-week monitoring period and analyzed to better understand occupant response to a tunable lighting system with automatic transitions throughout the day. Lighting systems are very rarely refined after installation based on actual use. Objective data detailing how the lighting system is used by the actual occupants highlights the opportunities for optimization after installation and provides insight for improving the next design. As use of the data becomes more commonplace, it can be leveraged for design recommendations. The collection of the data required no additional cost beyond the time for examining the data. The analysis revealed several clear opportunities for improvement, including adjustments to the default control setting at night, re-labeling of the control stations, and adjustments to the nighttime fade rate. The patient room occupants were active users of the different zones, dimming options, and manual overrides made available by the lighting system.

Self-perceived disease control in childhood eczema

Background Atopic eczema (AE) is a common relapsing inflammatory skin disease in children which is often associated with chronicity and poor quality of life. Unlike atopic asthma, control of AE is seldom assessed in therapeutics. Aim To investigate the utility of a Traffic Light Control (TLC) system as a measurement/assessment of self-perceived eczema control. Methods This is a prospectively study of all Chinese children (aged 6–18 years old) with eczema attending the pediatric dermatology clinic of a tertiary hospital from January to June 2020. Eczema control, eczema severity, quality of life and biophysical skin condition of consecutive patients at the pediatric dermatology clinic of a teaching hospital were evaluated with the validated Chinese versions of Depressive, Anxiety, Stress Scales (DASS-21), Patient Oriented Eczema Measure (POEM), transepidermal water loss (TEWL), and stratum corneum skin hydration (SH), respectively. With a visual TLC analogy, patients were asked if their eczema is under control (green light), worsening (yellow) or in flare-up (red light). Results Among AE patients (n = 36), self-perceived TLC as green (under control), amber (worsening) and red (flare up) reflected acute and chronic severity (SCORAD, NESS, POEM) and quality of life (CDLQI) (p < .0001), but not SH, TEWL or Depression, anxiety and stress. Conclusions Eczema control can be semi-quantified with a child-friendly TLC self-assessment system. AE patients reporting worse eczema control have worse acute and chronic eczema severity, more impairment of quality of life; but not the psychologic symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress or skin hydration or transepidermal water loss. TLC can be linked to an eczema action plan to guide patient management.

Photochromism of a Spiropyran in Low-Temperature Matrices: Unprecedented Bidirectional Switching between a Merocyanine and an Allene Intermediate.

Photochromism of spiropyrans has attracted much attention due to its potential in many light-controlled system applications. However, several fundamental aspects regarding the structure, energetics, and mechanistic details of the transformations of spiropyrans are still not well understood. Here, we report the study of the photochromism of a 6-hydroxy-spiropyran (HBPS) under conditions of matrix isolation, where monomers of the compound are frozen in a solidified noble gas (krypton, at 15 K). The structure of the matrix-isolated HBPS was first elucidated by infrared (IR) spectroscopy supported by density functional theory computations. Then, the photochromism of HBPS, from the colorless spiropyran to the colored merocyanine, was induced by ultraviolet (UV) irradiation at 310 nm. The analysis of the IR spectrum of the photoproduced species revealed the exclusive formation of the most stable merocyanine MC-TTC stereoisomer. Subsequent visible-light (550 nm) irradiation of MC-TTC generated a new colorless allenic isomeric species ALN, where the UV irradiation (310 nm) of ALN was found to convert this species back to MC-TTC. This constitutes an unprecedented bidirectional transformation between a colored merocyanine and a colorless allene species. The newly observed photoswitching reaction (or photochromism) occurs along an intramolecular hydrogen bond existing in both merocyanine and allenic species, thus suggesting that it might be generally feasible in the chemistry of spiropyrans. On the other hand, the usual assumption that, as a general rule, merocyanines photochemically revert to spiropyrans is not supported in this work.

AUTOMATIC MANAGEMENT OF LIGHTING IN THE ESTABLISHMENT OF SECURITY SYSTEMS

This article discusses the topic of "Automatic lighting control of objects", which is widely used in modern times and is developing rapidly. Issues such as lighting of roads and facilities in the dark, control of lighting in vehicles are one of the most pressing issues in our daily lives as well as security and control system design schemes. This area also includes schemes for the construction of smart homes. For example, in homes, offices, etc., depending on the amount of light falling. This includes the opening and closing of curtains and blinds, and the activation of irrigation systems at sunset for healthy plant growth. This area also includes the construction of roadside traffic signs. In addition, we can create security systems for aircraft and other flight facilities by installing certain systems on high-rise buildings and towers using automatic lighting systems. In general, one of the most pressing issues in the world is the automatic control of lighting systems, the use of lighting systems in control and security systems, and the use of lighting systems in similar areas. For example, in a few years of automotive technology, cars will have a full-fledged autopilot function, which will be more effective in terms of safety. In this regard, there are ready-made options offered by brands such as Quantoom, Premier, Giordon, which are called advanced systems that free the driver from the need to manually adjust the car's headlights. We can cite the advantages of these systems as economy and sustainability. Modern automation systems are not only fashionable, but also have economic advantages: • in the automatic mode the schedule is strictly observed, as the influence of the human factor is excluded; • no need to go to check or turn off the lighting; • If the lighting is not turned off, there is no power loss, as the dispatcher is immediately notified and takes appropriate action • there is no need to go out and read the meters visually to perform technical energy measurements; • telemetry allows you to immediately detect unauthorized connections to lighting networks and detect theft of electricity; • With the help of telemetric measurements of voltages, currents and powers, it is possible to carry out initial diagnostics of the lighting network in case of any accident. It is known that the application of automated control of outdoor lighting allows you to monitor the condition of telecommunications networks and street lighting devices, control lighting modes, remo¬te¬ly control street lighting according to a predetermined schedule, as well as keep records of lighting. A more reliable system built from modern components requires less maintenance costs. The article also examines the circuits built in this area, the photoresistor element used as the main element in these circuits, its working principle, the physical structure of the photoresistor, operating logic, advantages and disadvantages. Also, the economic and safety advantages of automatic control of lighting systems were studied. Keywords: arduino, security systems, automatic lighting, photo resistor, smart dimmers, led lighting strips, availability detectors, web interfaces.

Intelligent Light Control System Based on Zigbee.

This system uses Freescale i.MX283 chip as the main control core of the control panel and LPC824 as the main control core of the light control point. ZigBee communication local area network is built. The ZigBee network is used to search all the nodes and display them on the control interface stably. The controller can selectively control the node and communicate with ZigBee. It supports simple and convenient human-computer interaction interface. The control panel can control RGB lamps of lamp control nodes as follows: control the light on and off, adjust the brightness of the light, toggle the color of the light, control the gradient of the light, control the flashing of RGB lamp, control timing switch of RGB lamp, realize the scene effect of the light, etc. After testing, the system is stable and applied to many lighting control occasions.

Energy cost control of LEDs considering the price of electricity and the desired lighting levels to meet the requirements of smart grids, smart cities, and unregulated energy markets

In order to manage the energy cost of LEDs (light-emitting diodes), this study presents an innovative solution considering the price of electricity and the desired lighting levels as the input variables of the control system. When electricity prices decline, customers tend to consume more electrical energy. Conversely, with the increase in prices, there is a tendency to use less electricity. Also, lighting levels are another important factor in determining the energy consumption and associated costs of light-emitting diodes. By using the proposed system, lighting levels are adjusted as a percentage of the nominal light output of LEDs. The advantage of this method is controlling the energy cost based upon the simultaneous effects of electricity prices and the desired lighting levels. Therefore, unlike conventional lighting control systems that focus only on controlling the lighting levels, the introduced method provides a more effective control solution. The accuracy of this technique is supported by the results of system simulation and implementation. The proposed method is recommended as a novel strategy for meeting the requirements of smart grids, smart cities, and unregulated energy markets.

Traffic Behavior Recognition from Traffic Videos under Occlusion Condition: A Kalman Filter Approach

Real-time traffic data at intersections is significant for development of adaptive traffic light control systems. Sensors such as infrared radiation and GPS are not capable of providing detailed traffic information. Compared with these sensors, surveillance cameras have the potential to provide real scenes for traffic analysis. In this research, a You Only Look Once (YOLO)-based algorithm is employed to detect and track vehicles from traffic videos, and a predefined road mask is used to determine traffic flow and turning events in different roads. A Kalman filter is used to estimate and predict vehicle speed and location under the condition of background occlusion. The result shows that the proposed algorithm can identify traffic flow and turning events at a root mean square error (RMSE) of 10. The result shows that a Kalman filter with an intersection of union (IOU)-based tracker performs well at the condition of background occlusion. Also, the proposed algorithm can detect and track vehicles at different optical conditions. Bad weather and night-time will influence the detecting and tracking process in areas far from traffic cameras. The traffic flow extracted from traffic videos contains road information, so it can not only help with single intersection control, but also provides information for a road network. The temporal characteristic of observed traffic flow gives the potential to predict traffic flow based on detected traffic flow, which will make the traffic light control more efficient.

식물의 최적 광보상점 추적을 위한 시스템 설계 관한 연구

This paper implemented the PWM(Pulse Width Modulation) dimming control method of LED lighting. The PPFD(Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density) value required for plant growth was recognized, the relationship between illuminance and PPFD was verified, and a light output control system using a illuminometer was finally designed. A smart greenhouse basically requires nutrient solution control, shading control, air conditioning control, and CO2 gas control, and there is a limit to natural light in areas with insufficient sunlight or at times. Therefore, an additional light beam is required. Currently, most of the beam light control systems use the on/off control method. However, if you control the light beam, you can control the plant

Cloud-based lighting control systems: Fatigue analysis and recommended luminous environments

The development of Internet of Things (IoT) and the spread of various smart devices has made it easy to collect customized occupant information, and such smart devices and information have been applied to smart lighting control systems. Information on the personal characteristics of occupants can be utilized to create personalized luminous environment. This study focused on fatigue accompanying the activities of individuals and developed personalized smart lighting solutions to assist occupants in recovering their psycho-physiological state once they return home after performing daily activities. To this end, occupant activity information was analyzed in real time using an easily accessible mobile application and transmitted to a cloud-based platform, built using IBM Node-RED. Further, all daily activities and the number of steps taken from mobile application before returning home were used to quantify the fatigue level using the concept of Metabolic Equivalent Tasks (METs). Multiple regression analysis was employed to verify the accuracy between quantified fatigue level and subjective evaluation and to suggest resultant fatigue-level calculation formulas. From the calculated fatigue levels, the proposed luminous environment solution, such as appropriate illuminance and Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) values, was developed based on the results of previous relevant studies. Different luminous environments were implemented in a mock-up space as three case studies of different activity and fatigue levels. The proposed solutions are relevant to future intelligent and personalized building technologies to adapt from building-centric to human-centric environments by providing customized and automated indoor luminous environments.

A power-efficient self-calibrating smart lighting system

Lighting load accounts for a significant portion of overall energy consumption in office buildings. To reduce this load, we have designed and built a smart self-calibrating lighting control system that minimizes power consumption that automatically responds to changes in daylight and occupancy, while simultaneously providing personalized lighting comfort to each occupant. The system measures illuminance and occupancy from sensors located at each work station. Using an unobtrusive self-calibration process, it estimates the relationship between the dimming level of each bulb and the illuminance at each work station. Subsequently, an adaptive control algorithm maintains the desired illuminance at work surfaces despite environmental fluctuations by periodically recalculating the power-efficient and comfort-preserving dimming level for each bulb. Based on a realistic deployment of our system, we find that our system quickly responds to changes in occupancy, daylight and user preferences. We also show, through extensive simulations using 7 months of collected daylight and occupancy data, that our system reduces energy consumption by about 40% compared to conventional LED lighting systems.