Control Gear Research Articles

Long-term trends and a risk analysis of cetacean entanglements and bycatch in fisheries gear in Australian waters

Assessments of fisheries interactions with non-target species are crucial for quantifying anthropogenic threatening processes and informing management action. We perform the first multi-jurisdictional analysis of spatial and temporal trends, data gaps and risk assessment of cetacean interactions with fisheries gear for the entire Australian Exclusive Economic Zone. Bycatch and entanglement records dating from 1887 to 2016 were collected from across Australia (n = 1987). Since 2000 there has been a substantial increase in reported bycatch and entanglements and this is likely the result of improved monitoring or recording by some jurisdictions and fisheries as well as changing fishing effort, combined with continuing recovery of baleen whale populations after cessation of commercial whaling. A minimum of 27 cetacean species were recorded entangled, with over 30% of records involving interactions with threatened, vulnerable or endangered species. Three times the number of dolphins and toothed whales were recorded entangled compared to baleen whales. Inshore dolphins were assessed as most vulnerable to population decline as a result of entanglements, though humpback whales, common bottlenose dolphins, and short-beaked common dolphins were the most frequently caught. Only one-quarter of animals were reported to have survived entanglement, either through intervention or self-release from fishing gear. Spatial mapping of the records highlighted entanglement hotspots along the east and west coast of the continent, regions where high human population density, high fishing effort, and high density of migrating humpback whales all occur, augmented by high captures of dolphins in shark control gear along the east coast. Areas of few entanglements were more remote, highlighting substantial bias in entanglement reporting. Our gap analysis identified discrepancies in data quality and recording consistency both within and between jurisdictions. Disparities in the types of fisheries data provided for the analysis by different state agencies limited our ability to compile bycatch data in a representative and systematic way. This research highlights the need for improved standardised data recording and reporting by all agencies, and compulsory sharing of detailed fisheries interaction and effort data, as this would increase the value of entanglement and bycatch data as a conservation and management tool.

DALI LED Driver Control System for Lighting Operations Based on Raspberry Pi and Kernel Modules

Light emitting diodes (LEDs) as an efficient low-consumption lighting technology are being used increasingly in many applications. The move to LED lighting is also changing the way the lighting control systems are designed. Currently, most electronic ballasts and other digital lighting devices implement the Digital Addressable Lighting Interface (DALI) standard. This paper presents a low-cost, low-power effective DALI LED driver controller, based on open-source Raspberry Pi3 microcontroller prototyping platform. The control software is developed as a Linux kernel module under UBUNTU 18.04.2 LTS patched with PREEMPT_RT (Preemptive Real-time) for real-time processing. This dynamically loaded kernel module performs all the processing, communication and control operations of the Raspberry Pi3-based DALI controller with the DALI LED driver and LED luminaire. Software applications written in C and Python were developed for performance testing purposes. The experimental results showed that the proposed system could efficiently and effectively manage DALI LED drivers and perform lighting operations (e.g. dimming). The system can be used for a variety of purposes from personal lighting control needs and experimental research in control of electronic ballasts and other control gears, devices and sensors, to advanced requirements in professional buildings, including energy management, lighting maintenance and usage.

Radiant characteristics of high power excilamps with binary exciplexes of XeCl and XeBr

The characteristics of the coaxial binary excilamps containing two exciplexes of XeCl* and XeBr* were studied based on the dielectric barrier discharge with various annular gap, driven by sinusoidal electronic control gear. The effect of the gas pressure, halogen fraction, and discharge gap were investigated. The optimum total pressure is 150–200 mbar and 200–250 mbar for 308 nm and 282 nm, respectively, leading to about 200 mbar for the total radiant efficiency. The optimized total halogen percentage is in range of 0.2%–0.3%, which is slightly increased, with a higher bromine ratio. Additionally, the radiant efficiency shows weak dependence on the discharge gap.

High-efficiency gear hobbing technics based on fuzzy adaptive control of spindle torque

In this paper, the problem of relatively low efficiency of the current gear hobbing process is addressed through fuzzy adaptive control of the cutting force. The paper studies the influencing factors of the cutting torque of gear hobbing, and the relationship between the feed rate and the cutting torque is established. Based on the relationship and the fuzzy adaptive control method, a high efficiency gear hobbing method is designed. A methodology using the static spindle torque rather than the dynamic one as the feedback signal of the fuzzy controller is also presented, which can deal with the severe cutting torque fluctuations during gear hobbing. The input and the output scaling factors of the fuzzy controller can also be tuned online to adapt to different types of gears or various cutting conditions. The key issue of determining the reference value of the spindle torque is also resolved through analysis of the spindle torque data in a trial cut. The proposed method is simulated and implemented on a numerical control gear hobbing machine, which cuts spur gears and helical gears. The simulation and experimental results are in a good consistency. The efficiency is improved considerably, which saves as high as 40% and 30% cutting time of the gear hobbing process in the first and second set of experiments, respectively.

A new approach to test outdoor luminaires based on wind induced vibrations

Luminaires for outdoor use are subjected to mechanical vibrations, mainly due to wind, that can generate stress conditions on the devices and affect their reliability performance. The effects of such vibrations on the luminaires can impact both the fixing systems and the device’s components; in the last case, such effects can be divided into electrical type failures (LED control gear failure, electronic components failure, etc.) and optical type failures (breakage or detachment of the optics placed on the LED). Starting from the study of international standards concerning vibration tests for luminaires, and from scientific literature, several laboratory tests have been performed to verify the behaviour of equipment subjected to wind induced vibrations. After that, a new test profile applicable to luminaires for outdoor use has been proposed. In order to establish properly wind induced vibration levels and optimize luminaires testing costs.

An Algorithm for a No-Contact Digital Three-Phase Voltage Detector

Operating-lock systems are intended to prevent emergencies and injury-causing hazards at power substations. To arrange operating locks in switch and control gear (SCG) cells, it is necessary to have technical tools of no-voltage and voltage detection on conductor buses. The use of no-contact capacitance voltage detectors is an efficient way to make the installation process less labor-intensive. A matter of substantial interest is the design of a no-contact device able to indicate the absence or supply of voltage in each separate conductor bus and initiate phase rotation. The designed voltage detector uses a system of three capacitance electric- field detectors installed in the SCG opposite to the respective lines. Each of the detectors is affected by the fields generated by all the lines when energized. Thus, the output signal of each detector is the sum of partial signals conditioned by the voltage of each separate phase. Each of the three partial components in such signals is detected by digital signal processing. The operation of the detectors under uncertainty was modeled by the Monte Carlo technique in the MATLAB environment. Each imitative test with a random set of parameters results in vector responses from the detectors. The test results help draw diagrams on a complex plane for full-phase and open-phase modes. It is shown that the pertinence of signal vectors to a specific region makes it possible to unambiguously identify the absence or supply of voltage for each separate conductor bus.

Problems in Gearing Standardization and Some Results in Normative Documentation Development. Part 1. Standardization in the field of gear precision, failure modes and manufacturing

Рассматривается современное состояние и общие тенденции в развитии системы стандартизации в области зубчатых передач. Обсуждаются проблемы гармонизации стандартов ГОСТ, СТБ с международными и национальными стандартами других стран, в частности, стандартов, регламентирующих требования по геометрии исходных контуров, показателям точности, детерминированным и вероятностным методам расчета на прочность, то есть вопросы разработки рекомендаций по созданию проекта новых базовых стандартов, не противоречащих требованиям стандартов ISO и сохраняющих полезные стороны отечественных документов, имеющих многолетний опыт использования. Кроме того, при переходе к международным стандартам необходимо учитывать специфику установленных норм прочности, производства и эксплуатации зубчатых передач в различных отраслях техники. Показаны недостатки стандартов ГОСТ на зубчатые передачи, которые ранее были основой, регулирующей отношения между покупателями и производителями зубообрабатывающего оборудования и инструментов. В настоящее время зарубежное станкостроение создало принципиально новые конструкции оборудования и инструмента для производства и контроля зубчатых передач. Принципиально изменилась технология изготовления зубчатых передач. Отечественные изготовители зубчатых передач продолжают пользоваться устаревшими стандартами и сохраняют принципы старых технологий изготовления зубчатых передач. В связи с необходимостью реагировать на требования по снижению шума и повышения ресурса зубчатых передач начинается закупка отдельных видов зарубежного зубообрабатывающего оборудования. Попытки внедрить современное зубообрабатывающее оборудование для изготовления зубчатых передач по устаревшим стандартам ГОСТ и в устаревшие технологии в конечном итоге не приводит к требуемому улучшению качества изготовления зубчатых передач. Отдельные разделы посвящены конкретному описанию стандартов, касающихся видов повреждений зубчатых колес и технологических процессов их изготовления.

Kite Escape Device: a New Approach to Reduce Bycatch in Shrimp Trawls

AbstractShrimp trawls are one of the main bycatch generators in artisanal fisheries. Our work evaluated the adoption of low cost devices for artisanal bottom trawling to reduce bycatch assimilation and improve shrimp catches. To evaluate the proposed changes, we evaluated the performance of four different trawl gears from May to July 2015 in Pinheira Beach, Brazil. The hauls were divided into four treatments as follows: (1) hauls with unmodified control gear, (2) hauls with gear that included the kite escape device (KED), (3) hauls with gear that included long sweeps, and (4) hauls with gear that included both the KED and long sweeps. The second trawling group (2) showed the highest reduction in bycatch for all trawl gears. Additionally, all hauls that included the KED and/or long sweeps had improved shrimp catches during the study compared with trawl nets without the KED. During the hauls with KEDs we got the best shrimp-to-bycatch proportion (1:8.9). The modifications proposed can improve trawl gear sel...

A Study for Photometric and Electrical Measurement Method on LED Package

LED luminaires consist of optical parts, control gear and heatsinks and they can be separated to several parts. For example, optical parts can be separated to LED packages, diffuser and metal PCB and so on. These parts are all important and mainly affect LED products electrical and photometric characteristics. Although IESNA LM-79-08 and CIE 127:2007 provide evaluation and test methods for LED chips and fixtures, testing system like connection between power supply and photometric measurement system for LED packages have not been standardized and verified. Especially, it is important to establish standardized test method and test system for LED packages to compute luminous flux for lumen maintenance. Thus in this study, IES LM-85-14, known test method for LED packages was considered as a test method for LED package measurements and verified test data using three type of LEDs.

Research on thermal deformation of large CNC gear profile grinding machine tools

Thermal deformation of large computer numerical control (CNC) gear profile grinding machine tools, which causes the position changes of grinding point between a grinding wheel and workpiece in X and Y directions, affects the machining accuracy significantly. In view of this situation, a theoretical model of thermal deformation based on the theories of thermal expansion of metallic materials, extensional axis of beam, non-uniform temperature distribution of Euler-Bernoulli beam, and Kirchhoff assumption of plane section is proposed according to the complex structure and machining process of the machine tools. To verify the accuracy and the reliability of the model, an experimental system and a platform for thermal deformation are established on a large CNC gear profile grinding machine tool, and the experimental data of temperature and displacement is measured and analyzed. Compared with theoretical value of displacement, the measurement data indicates that the relative errors are no more than 5 %. The proposed theoretical model and the adopted theories, technologies, and methods have great guidance significance and practical value to improve the accuracy of the machine tools effectively.

Commercial fishing gear modifications to reduce interactions between Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus) and the southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma) fishery in North Carolina (USA)

Bycatch of protected species in commercial fishing operations is a primary concern to fishery managers because it threatens the conservation, protection, and recovery of fragile species, such as the Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus). One potential solution to reduce the risk associated with commercial fishing operations is to design commercial fishing gear that is more selective in terms of interactions between Atlantic sturgeon and commercial fisheries. Given this conservation and management need, the overarching goal was to reduce Atlantic sturgeon fishery interactions and maintain southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma) catch in North Carolina. The specific objectives of this study were to design and evaluate the effectiveness of a modified gillnet. Overall, the results proved that lowering the profile and amount of webbing had a beneficial impact at reducing Atlantic sturgeon incidental encounters and bycatch. The modified gillnet reduced bycatch and Atlantic sturgeon encounters by 39.6% and 60.9%, respectively. Our design entangled 51.6% fewer southern flounder, which corresponded to a 48.9% reduction in total weight; the modified gear entangled slightly larger southern flounder than the control gear. Our findings showed the number of Atlantic sturgeon encounters was positively associated with mean water depth, with more Atlantic sturgeon encountered in deeper (5.1–6.3 m) than shallower waters; 75% were encountered at depths between 4.6 and 6.1 m. Most southern flounder (n = 518, 39.7%) were taken at a water depth between 3.76 and 5.0 m. This observation suggests that southern flounder prefer slightly shallower waters than Atlantic sturgeon.

Design and simulation of controllable aircraft main landing gear operating actuator

Design and simulation of controllable aircraft main landing gear operating actuator

FPL형광램프 대체형 LED램프의 조도특성에 관한 연구

As lamps using LEDs are developed actively, also there have been large request for LED lamps that can replace traditional lamps like fluorescent lamps and metal halide lamps. But so far there are no proper standards that manufacturer can use and test their lamps. As a result of this, manufacturers are not only unable to develop LED lamps but also sell it even though they have technology. In this study, It is proposed that proper test method by investigating compatibility between all-type control gear and LED lamps by analyzing control gear for fluorescent lamp such as magnetic or electronic ballast that is currently used in the market.

An efficient spur gear shaping method based on homogenizing cutting area through variational circular feed rate

Gear shaping is a widely applied technology to produce spur gears. Generally, the pinion cutter and the gear workpiece rotate uniformly with a given gear ratio during the conventional gear shaping process, which can cause a large variation of the cutting area per stroke in cutting tooth spaces. It makes the cutting force less than the rated capacity of the gear shaper in most cutting strokes and thus reduces the process efficiency. To overcome such a shortage, a new spur gear shaping method is proposed in this article, in which the cutting area per stroke is homogenized to a target value through optimizing the circular feed rate. The new method can enhance process efficiency by keeping the cutting force equivalent to the rated capacity of the gear shaper. The specific algorithm includes a number of aspects: cutting area calculation, gear profile generation, cutting area analysis of conventional gear shaping, and cutting area homogenization. Additionally, the new spur gear shaping method is demonstrated and validated using a VERICUT simulation. From the simulation results, it is found that the process efficiency is improved up to 40% via the efficient gear shaping because of the reduced number of shaping strokes. Hence, the new spur gear shaping method is applicable for computer numerical control gear shapers to improve the process efficiency significantly without any additional hardware changes.

English

Induction motors are the most widely used motor drives in industry because of its simple construction and other advantages such as reliable operation, low initial cost, easy operation and simple maintenance, high efficiency and having simple control gear for starting and speed control. This usefulness of this motor has resulted into a lot of research including the transient behaviour of the machine. This paper presents a step by step Simulink implementation of an induction machine using dq0 axis transformations of the stator and rotor variables in the arbitrary reference frame. At first the important formulas are stated and then according to these formulas a generalized model of a three phase induction motor is developed and implemented. The model is used to investigate the effects of variations in the machine size and parameter values on the dynamic performance of induction machine. The proposed system has been developed and simulated by using Matlab/Simulink.

형광램프 대체 컨버터 내장형 LED램프의 안전성 확보방안

As products using LEDs are developed actively, also there has been large request for LED products that can replace traditional lamps like fluorescent lamps and metal halide lamps. But so far there is no proper standard that manufacturer can use and test it. As a result manufacturer can't develop retrofit LED lamps and sell it even they have technology. In this study, by analyzing control gear for fluorescent lamp that is currently used in market which is magnetic or electronic ballast, I'd like to develop proper test method by investigating compatibility between all-type control gear and LED retrofit products.

Two devices for mitigating odontocete bycatch and depredation at the hook in tropical pelagic longline fisheries

AbstractOdontocete bycatch on and depredation from tropical pelagic longlines is globally widespread, having negative impacts on the economic viability of affected fisheries and on the conservation of affected odontocete populations. Reports by fishers that depredating odontocetes avoid gear tangles has underpinned the development of simulated structures to physically deter depredating odontocetes. This study assessed the efficacy of two such devices developed to mitigate odontocete depredation and associated bycatch. Of particular interest was their impact on (i) soak depth and (ii) sink rate using truncated trials, before determining their impact under full operational conditions on rates of (iii) catch of the five most economically important fish, and (iv) odontocete depredation and bycatch, on changes in (v) fish survival and size, and (vi) setting and hauling speed. The results indicated that the inclusion of devices on longlines had negligible impact on soak depth, thus were unlikely to impact on the suite of fish specifically targeted and caught. The sink rate was slowed, perhaps by drag, trapped air, or propeller wash, although the addition of weight might remedy this if the devices were to be used in areas where seabird bycatch could occur. Most importantly, trials conducted in Australian and in Fijian waters indicated that pooled fish catch rates (i.e. albacore, yellowfin, bigeye, mahi mahi, and wahoo) increased in the presence of the devices, possibly because more fish were attracted by them or because more depredators were deterred. Catch rates on control gear next to gear with devices attached were higher than more distant control gear, suggesting the influences of the devices may have extended to adjacent branchlines. The size of caught fish was mostly unaffected, although the survival of yellowfin and bigeye increased significantly in the presence of the devices. Hauling was slowed by the use of the devices and the need for an extra crewmember during setting and hauling, which could be cost prohibitive in some fisheries, especially if economic benefits from their use are not obvious. Despite the small sample size, odontocete bycatch only occurred on unprotected fishing gear and all individuals were released alive, although their fate was uncertain; there was evidence of injuries sustained from the event. The outcomes are positive and should motivate stakeholders to view such devices as a potentially effective tool for mitigating odontocete bycatch and depredation in this and similar longline fisheries. Future efforts should focus on improving operational integration and reducing implementation costs to encourage voluntary uptake and thus avoid non-compliance and the need for costly monitoring. The use of this technology could bring about marked improvements to the conservation situation for affected odontocete populations and to the economic situation for affected longline fisheries.

Testing a passive deterrent on longlines to reduce sperm whale depredation in the Gulf of Alaska

Abstract In Alaska, sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) depredation on longline sets has increased since implementation of the Individual Fishing Quota programme in 1995. A collaborative effort (SEASWAP) between longliners, scientists, and managers has undertaken research to evaluate this depredation with a primary objective to develop and test a passive deterrent that would reduce depredation without reducing catch rate of sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria). Commercial longliners, fishing for their own sablefish quotas during the regular season, deployed beaded gear (25 mm lucite beads attached to gangions) with control gear and set recorders to collect acoustic data. Beaded and control gear were randomly assigned by skate quad (672 hooks) with 5 quads in each longline set. Acoustic recorders were used to document sperm whale creak–pause events, representative of depredation of the longline gear. Although there were more sablefish per skate quad on the beaded gear and there was a decrease in depredation events on the beaded gear compared with the control, neither effect was significant (p = 0.205 and 0.364, respectively). The SEASWAP project is testing other deterrent strategies including gear modifications and the establishment of a sighting network to improve avoidance.

QUALITY CONTROL AND INSPECTION OF BEVEL GEARS OF THE AIRCRAFT GEARBOX UTILIZING THE ATOS 3D SCANNER

Quality control gears o aircraft gearbox has become a key component in today’s manufacturing process. Optical 3D scanning, based on the principle of fringe projection, has proven to be both an accurate and cost-effective alternative delivering more dimensional information to aid in quality control and process optimization by creating more meaningful measuring reports. The ATOS 3D BLUE LIGHT optical scanner has a unique capability of being user-configurable to address various measuring requirements. This is accomplished via the user’s ability to change measuring volumes in minutes, in order to increase scan data resolution or increase the measuring field of view. The paper present the opportunity to automate the measurement process of bevel gears, using coordinated optical scanner ATOS 3D “white light” version and “blue light” version. Using coordinate measuring technique, you can specify a set of methods and procedures for the designation of the complex dimensions of physical objects and transform them into a computer program space of coordinate measuring devices. The topics included in the article are intended to show the capabilities of the device used to improve the measurement process and shorten its time, and hence, lower its costs in both version of ATOS Scanner. Another thing described in the paper is the impact of measurement performance in automatic mode on the quality of performance the numerical image of scanned surface, from the standpoint of accuracy and number of collected data points in the shortest time. The article includes an analysis of conditions related to the measurement works, such as the process of preparing the model and measurement equipment and data processing capacity.

3C22 Simulation and Experimental Validation on Touchdown Dynamics of Lunar-Planetary Lander with Controllable Landing Gear(The 12th International Conference on Motion and Vibration Control)

3C22 Simulation and Experimental Validation on Touchdown Dynamics of Lunar-Planetary Lander with Controllable Landing Gear(The 12th International Conference on Motion and Vibration Control)