Control Eggs Research Articles

Long-term-survival phase cells of Salmonella enteritidis ATCC 13076 exhibit significantly greater tolerance to atmospheric cold plasma treatment of shell eggs

The main objective of this study was to evaluate the tolerance of stationary phase (STAT) and long-term survival phase (LTS) Salmonella Enteritidis ATCC 13076 to atmospheric cold plasma (ACP) in phosphate buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.0) and on shell eggs. Salmonella Enteritidis was cultured in tryptic soy broth supplemented with 0.6% (w/v) yeast extract (35°C) for 20 h (STAT) and 21 days (LTS). Cell morphology was determined by light microscopy. The PBS and shell eggs were inoculated with STAT or LTS cells to obtain ∼7.0 log10 CFU/mL or egg. The ACP was applied at 45 kV (PBS) and 60 kV (shell eggs) for 1–4 min and 1–5 min, respectively. Pathogen survivors were enumerated on thin agar layer (TAL) medium and on xylose lysine tergitol-4 (XLT-4) agar after 48 h of incubation (35°C). For survivors on shell eggs, R2 and mean square error values were obtained using Log-linear with Tail and Weibull models. The STAT cells were predominantly rod-shaped whereas LTS cells were coccoid. In PBS, reductions (log10 CFU/mL) of STAT cells were 1.0, 0.95, 1.45, and 1.44 after exposure to ACP for 1, 2, 3, and 4 min, respectively. In contrast, reductions in LTS cells were significantly lower (p< 0.05) at 0.04 (1 min), 0.06 (2 min) 0.01 (3 min), and 0.11 (4 min). A similar pattern was observed for shell eggs whereby LTS cells exhibited much higher tolerance to ACP than STAT cells (p < 0.05). The Log-linear with Tail model produced a better fit of the survival data for STAT cells; times to achieve a 4- and 5- log reduction were 5.29 and 5.78 min, respectively. Sub-lethal injury occurred in both STAT and LTS survivors; however, differences were not significant (P > 0.05). Additionally, there were no observed differences in shell strength and yolk color between ACP-treated and control eggs. Based on these results, LTS cells of S. Enteritidis are more tolerant to ACP than STAT cells and should be considered when developing process validation protocols involving application of ACP to inactivate Salmonella on shell eggs.

Radio frequency plus heat for in-shell egg pasteurization

Less than 3 % of the eggs in the United States are sold pasteurized because of the long thermal process (~ 60 min). However, this represents a food safety risk because of the possible presence of Salmonella spp. inside the egg. This research studied the inactivation of S. typhimurium in in-shell eggs using the novel technology radio frequency (RF) to enhance their food safety, evaluating quality, presence of sub-lethally injured cells (SICs), and cell recovery (7 °C). Eggs were inoculated inside with S. typhimurium (105 CFU/egg) and processed with RF (40.68 MHz, 35 W, 4.5 min) followed by hot water spray (H, 56.7 °C, 20 min). The studied quality attributes were yolk color, Haugh unit, yolk index, shell breakage strength, yolk and albumen pH, and albumen degradation. ANOVA one–way was used to find significant differences (α = 0.05). RF plus heat can pasteurize the eggs after 24.5 min (5-log reduction). No SICs were detected in any of the samples, and cells did not recover after five days of storage (Limit of detection <1 log CFU/g). Most quality attributes were like the control eggs. Albumen degradation showed a significant difference (p < 0.05) after processing. RF represents a potential option to ensure the safety of in-shell eggs, preserving their quality. Industry relevanceMost in-shell eggs are sold unpasteurized worldwide with the potential risk of Salmonella spp. The conventional pasteurization process is a lengthy intervention that adds cost to the product and can damage the quality of eggs. Radio frequency plus heat pasteurization offers an alternative to pasteurizing in-shell eggs with a volumetric heating process that inactivates Salmonella cells inside the eggs and has minor effects on the quality of eggs. This technology is a novel option for the egg industry, providing high-quality and reasonably priced safe eggs.

THE EFFECT OF THE ANTIBIOTIC GENTAMICIN ON THE STAGES OF ONTOGENESIS IN CHICKEN EGGS

Introduction: Various studies have shown that the effects of the action of drugs, in addition to having positive effects, they can also provoke negative effects in different organs of the body, where by giving more doses in some cases it can exceed the therapeutic limit and become toxic and produce pathological effects in both experimental animals and humans. Uncontrolled use and drug overdose can lead to macroscopic histopathological changes and give teratogenic, mutagenic and carcinogenic effects. Purpose of the paper: This paper aims to study the effects of some drugs at different stages of embryonic development in chicken eggs. The research of this paper will consist of the toxic effect of drugs and macroscopic and microscopic histopathological changes in certain stages of embryonic development of chicken eggs. Material and method: In the study, fertilized chicken eggs were taken and incubated in the incubator for 21 days of incubation. The eggs were treated with the antibiotic gentamicin at certain stages of embryonic development. The eggs hatched on day thirteen, day fifteen, eighteen and day twentyone. Using the stereomicroscope with the macroscopic and microscopic method were analyzed ontogenetic changes in certain stages of embryonic development. Results: The given dose of the antibiotic gentamicin can have negative effects in certain stages of embryonic development in chicken eggs. The dose given in ampullary form in certain quantities to chicken eggs has inhibited and stagnated the processes of embryonic development at different stages compared to control eggs. Conclusion: The given dose of gentamicin can stagnate embryonic development in certain stages and can provoke changes in certain stages of embryonic development. This phenomenon encourages us to do even more detailed research in this direction to see the effect of the given dose and to analyze what consequences it can provoke overdoses at different stages of embryonic development and within the organism. The lethal dose applied at certain stages of ontogenesis may have lethal consequences for the chick embryo at certain stages of embryonic development.

Live yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) larvae: a promising nutritional enrichment for laying quails

The study aimed to evaluate the effect of supplementing live Tenebrio molitor (TM) larvae to laying quails (Coturnix japonica) as nutritional enrichment. Live performances, apparent digestibility of nutrients (including that of sole live TM larvae), egg physicochemical quality, sensory traits, and storage stability were considered in this experiment. Sixty laying quails were divided into 2 dietary groups (6 replicated cages/group; 5 quails/cage): a Control group received a basal diet for laying quails and a TM10 group was fed with the Control diet supplemented with live TM larvae (10% of the expected daily feed intake). For the digestibility trial, 30 laying quails were divided into 3 dietary groups: the first 2 groups were fed with the Control and TM10 diets, while the third group received ad libitum live TM larvae (TM100) as a complete replacement for the Control diet. Overall, no mortality was recorded during the trials. Quails fed TM showed a remarkable capability of digesting dietary chitin (P < 0.0001). TM100 quails showed the lowest digestibility for dry matter, crude protein, and energy, but that of ether extract was the highest (P < 0.001). The presence of live TM larvae stimulated quails' feed intake (P < 0.0001), but did not affect performance traits. Similarly, overall physicochemical quality attributes and storage stability were comparable in Control and TM10 eggs. The sensory features of quail eggs differed in TM10 vs. Control groups: TM10 eggs had the lowest overall flavor (P < 0.01), sulfur (P < 0.05) and greasy-oily (P < 0.01) intensities. Therefore, a 10% TM dietary supplementation is effective in stimulating feeding activity of quails, but it did not provide any productive improvement compared to a standard diet. Further studies should assess the possible beneficial effect of live TM supplementation on quail's gut health. The digestibility trial with the sole live TM larvae allowed to assess the specific nutritional value of this emerging feedstuff which is of utmost importance for future feed formulations.

Poultry feed fortified with moringa leaves and tumeric leaves to produce functional eggs: a review

Human population is growing every day, and their diets often contain far less protein per day than is advised. The poultry business has faced difficulties, particularly in the tropics and in developing countries, due to the shortage and high price of poultry feeds, which make up 60–80 percent of the total cost of poultry products. This reflects both the relatively low cost and the customer’s need for these high-quality and secure items. Eggs are one of the high food’s proteins. One of the advantages of egg protein compared to other animal protein its high digestibility, meaning every gram protein that enters will be digested in the body perfectly. A typical strategy to prevent these negative effects is to increase the intrinsic antioxidant content by the dietary insertion of natural antioxidants, such as feed fortification with a combination of moringa leaves and turmeric leaves. Nowadays, Moringa oleifera has mostly been employed on farm animals to improve their well-being and productivity. Because moringa leaves have well-established health benefits, they are frequently utilized as functional ingredients in chicken feed., the production of eggs that were higher in carotene and lower in cholesterol than the control eggs due to favourable impacts on the health of the hens and the quality of their eggs Turmeric, a plant with several medicinal use, belongs to the Zingiberaceae family and is known under the name Curcuma. Numerous research has documented the medicinal benefits of turmeric, notably its antioxidant properties. This review's objective was to analyse the antioxidant activity and cholesterol-lowering effects of functional eggs made with fortified moringa leaves and turmeric.

Effect of Dietary Incorporation of Hemp Seeds Alone or with Dried Fruit Pomace on Laying Hens' Performance and on Lipid Composition and Oxidation Status of Egg Yolks.

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of introducing hemp seeds, as a source of PUFAs, into a standard diet with or without dried fruit pomace (dried blackcurrant (DB) or dried rosehip (DR)), as a source of natural antioxidants, on the laying performance of hens and the FA profile, cholesterol level, antioxidant content, and lipid oxidative status in the yolks of fresh eggs or eggs stored at 4 °C for 28 days. The experiment used 128 Tetra SL hens at 35 weeks of age, which were divided into four groups and randomly assigned to four dietary treatments: a standard corn-wheat-soybean meal diet (C), standard diet containing 8% ground hemp seed (H), hemp seed diet containing 3% dried blackcurrant pomace (HB), and hemp seed diet containing 3% dried rosehip pomace (HR). The laying rate, feed conversion ratio (FCR), egg weight, and yolk weight were improved by the use of hemp seeds. The yolks of the H, HB, and HR eggs had a lower cholesterol (p ˂ 0.01) and SFA content, while the concentration of total and individual PUFAs (n-6 and n-3 FAs) was significantly higher (p ˂ 0.01) compared to C. In addition, the introduction of hemp seeds into the diets alone or with dried fruit pomace (DB or DR) led to increased (p ˂ 0.001) content of α-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n-3), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) and hypo-/hypercholesterolemic FA ratio and decreased arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4n-6) content, n-6/n-3 ratio, and thrombogenicity index (TI) compared to the control eggs. The introduction of dried fruit pomace (DB or DR) into the diets had no effect on the laying performance of the hens or the cholesterol content and FA profile of the egg yolks, compared to the diet supplemented only with hemp seeds. The dried fruit pomace improved the color, accumulation of antioxidants, and oxidative stability of fats in the yolks of the fresh eggs and eggs stored at 4 °C for 28 days. The DR was found to have the most desirable effects, producing the most intense color of egg yolks, the highest content of natural antioxidants, and the best oxidative stability of yolk lipids.

Effects of low temperatures on quiescence in Trichogramma evanescens Westwood and T. chilonis Ishii reared on Plodia interpunctella (Hübner): implications for mass rearing

The egg parasitoids of the genus Trichogramma are important potential biological control agents for a wide range of lepidopteran pests. Cold storage of host eggs has been proposed as a valuable technique for ensuring the release of sufficient parasitoid numbers whenever it is needed. In this context, the impact of low temperatures to induce quiescence in T. evanescens Westwood and T. chilonis Ishii was studied using eggs of Indian meal moth Plodia interpunctella (Hübner). Prepupae of the parasitoids were stored for 15, 30, 45, 60 and 75 d at 4 °C, following a 7 d period of acclimation at 10 °C. Both parasitoid species seem to survive unfavorable temperature conditions by entering a state of quiescence. Parasitism, adult emergence, sex ratio and progeny quality were not affected by cold storage in either parasitoid species for up to 30 d of storage. Parasitized host eggs of P. interpunctella can be stored for up to 60 d at 4 °C for both parasitoids, but there was no emergence at 75 d. General productivity values gradually decreased as the duration of storage lengthened for both species. Our results clearly reveal that the eggs parasitized by these species can be stored for up to 30 d at 4 °C in a state of quiescence without much loss of their performance compared to the control eggs.

Deficiency of Brummer lipase disturbs lipid mobilization and locomotion, and impairs reproduction due to defects in the eggshell ultrastructure in the insect vector Rhodnius prolixus

Rhodnius prolixus is a hematophagous insect, which feeds on large and infrequent blood meals, and is a vector of trypanosomatids that cause Chagas disease. After feeding, lipids derived from blood meal are stored in the fat body as triacylglycerol, which is recruited under conditions of energy demand by lipolysis, where the first step is catalyzed by the Brummer lipase (Bmm), whose orthologue in mammals is the adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL). Here, we investigated the roles of Bmm in adult Rhodnius prolixus under starvation, and after feeding. Its gene (RhoprBmm) was expressed in all the analyzed insect organs, and its transcript levels in the fat body were not altered by nutritional status. RNAi-mediated knockdown of RhoprBmm caused triacylglycerol retention in the fat body during starvation, resulting in larger lipid droplets and lower ATP levels compared to control females. The silenced females showed decreased flight capacity and locomotor activity. When RhoprBmm knockdown occurred before the blood meal and the insects were fed, the females laid fewer eggs, which collapsed and showed low hatching rates. Their hemolymph had reduced diacylglycerol content and vitellogenin concentration. The chorion (eggshell) of their eggs had no difference in hydrocarbon amounts or in dityrosine crosslinking levels compared to control eggs. However, it showed ultrastructural defects. These results demonstrated that Bmm activity is important not only to guarantee lipid mobilization to maintain energy homeostasis during starvation, but also for the production of viable eggs after a blood meal, by somehow contributing to the right formation of the egg chorion.

PESTICIDAL ACTIVITY OF CRUDE EXTRACTS OF ALOE SECUNDIFLORA,NICOTIANA TABACUM AND TEPROSIA VOGELII AGAINST FALL ARMYWORM (SPODOPTERA FRUGIPERDA)

The fall armyworm (FAW),Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a recent invasive pest species that has successfully established across sub-Saharan Africa. Management of FAW in its native range in the Americas has led to the development of resistance to many commercial pesticides before its arrival in Africa. Synthetic pesticides are often associated with issues such as pest resistance, persistent residue, non-target toxicity, and environmental issues. Therefore, the research and development of novel, safe, and effective pesticides has become a focus in pesticide discovery. Pesticide use may therefore be ineffective for FAW control in Africa, so new and more sustainable approaches to pest management are required that can help reduce the impact of FAW pest. Pesticidal plants provide an effective and established approach to pest management in African smallholder farming and recent research has shown that their use can be cost-beneficial and sustainable. In this study, crude leave extracts of three plants aloe secundiflora, nicotiana tabacum and teprosia vogelii were evaluated against fall armyworm (spodoptera frugiperda). Two different concentrations, 30mg/L and 15mg/L were evaluated in this study against second instar FAW larvae and eggs. The results indicated that these leave extracts caused a larval and egg mortalities of different levels. On average leave extracts of aloe secundiflora, teprosia vogelii and nicotiana tabacum caused larval mortalities of 80%, 63.33% and 93.33% respectively for 30mg/L concentrations while the average larval mortalities for aloe secundiflora, teprosia vogelii and nicotiana tabacum were 26.67%, 33.33% and 80.0% respectively for the 15mg/L concentrations. The egg mortalities were relatively low compared to larval mortalities for the two concentrations used in this study. On average the leave extracts of aloe secundiflora, teprosia vogelii and nicotiana tabacum caused the egg mortalities of 16.67%, 13.33% and 43.33% respectively when 30mg/L were used while the average egg mortalities for aloe secundiflora, teprosia vogelii and nicotiana tabacum were 3.33%, 0.0% and 26.67% respectively for the 15mg/L concentrations. It follows that nicotiana tabacum showed high larval and egg mortalities for both concentrations compared to the other two leave extracts and therefore good pesticide for the control FAW larvae and eggs.

Evaluation of shelf life of egg treated with edible coating by means of NIR spectroscopy and laser induced diffuse reflectance imaging

A coating solution was developed by blending cassava starch at different levels (2%, 3% and 4% w/v) with gelatin and plasticizers to maintain the quality of eggs during 4 weeks of storage (25 ± 1 °C, 60–65% RH). This study suggests the rapid techniques of near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and laser-induced diffuse reflectance imaging for determining the internal quality of eggs. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs showed that the coatings were effective in protecting eggshells. During storage, coated eggs had lower weight loss and albumen pH, higher Haugh unit and yolk index than control eggs (p < 0.05). These factors are the most common parameters in assessing egg quality. Among the coating formulas, the 4% starch coating had significantly higher effectiveness from the 3rd week of storage. The results indicated that the coating solution containing 4% starch could maintain the egg quality up to 28 days. Furthermore, the NIR spectra were used to develop prediction models for the investigated quality attributes using partial least squares regression (PLSR). Models were created using 3 preprocessing methods of standard normal variate (SNV), first derivative (lD) and second derivative (2D). The PLSR-SNV model achieved the best prediction for weight loss (R2 = 0.883, RPD = 2.920), Haugh unit (R2 = 0.756, RPD = 2.025), and yolk index (R2 = 0.807, RPD = 2.276). Laser scattering was successfully used to detect the egg quality change during storage by linear discriminant analysis (LDA) at wavelengths of 532 nm and 780 nm. The descriptive attributes extracted from intensity profiles showed significant effects of storage time, treatment and their interaction. This research highlighted the promising application of NIR and laser-induced diffuse reflectance imaging for inline control of egg quality at room temperature.

Effect of trans-cinnamaldehyde nanoemulsion wash on chicken embryo development in fertilized eggs

Cleanliness of eggs is critical in successful hatching egg operations. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of trans-cinnamaldehyde nanoemulsion (TCNE) wash treatments, as a sanitation strategy, on embryonic development in fertilized eggs. Trans-cinnamaldehyde is a generally recognized as safe status phytochemical obtained from cinnamon bark. TCNE were prepared with emulsifiers Tween 80 (Tw.80) or gum Arabic and lecithin (GAL) by sonication. Day-old fertilized eggs were subjected to TCNE wash treatments at 34°C for 5 min, followed by 18 d of incubation at 37.7°C. Washing of fertilized eggs with TCNE-Tw.80 or GAL at 0.48% concentration did not significantly alter the egg weight at d 18 of incubation, as compared to baseline and control (P > 0.05). The egg weight loss (calculated as percentage) did not differ significantly between eggs subjected to nanoemulsion wash treatments and control eggs (P > 0.05). In case of embryo fertility and mortality, for baseline and control, ∼ 95% fertility rate was achieved, with combined early and midterm mortality at 16%. Likewise, TCNE-Tw.80 or TCNE-GAL resulted in 95% fertility (P > 0.05), with 11% and 17% combined early and midterm mortality, respectively. Furthermore, TCNE wash treatments did not differ significantly in yolk sac and embryo weight (as compared to control) and did not affect the length of the d 18 embryo (P > 0.05). Moreover, TCNE wash treatments did not alter tibia weight and length (P > 0.05). Results suggest that TCNE could potentially be used as a natural antimicrobial for fertilized egg sanitation. Further studies in industry settings are warranted.

Possible mechanisms of action of Bacillus wiedmannii AzBw1, a biocontrol agent of the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne arenaria

BackgroundWith increased environmental concerns and restrictions of chemical control, the importance of other eco-friendly strategies for management of the nematodes is being substantially grown nowadays. One of the most well-known strategies that have attracted the attentions is biological control of these deleterious agents. In our previous study (Moslehi et al. in Egypt J Biol Pest Control 31:1–11, 2021), Bacillus wiedmannii AzBw1 was introduced as a robust antagonistic agent against root-knot nematode Meloidogyne arenaria. Present study addressed the possible mechanisms of action of this strain.ResultsBased on quantitative bioassays it was shown that the strain AzBw1 is able to produce considerable amount of siderophore, protease, and chitinase. In an in vitro assay conducted by bi-plate Petri dishes, it was shown that hatching of the nematode eggs, subjected to bacterial volatile compounds (BVCs) was 34% lower than those of mock-treated control eggs. On the other hand, mortality of BVC-treated juveniles was 33.5% higher than those of mock-treated control juveniles. The secretory proteins from the medium culture of strain AzBw1 were precipitated and fractionated by anion exchange chromatography (AEC). Fractions from AEC were checked for hydrolytic activity and nematicidal effect. It was found that the fractions with the highest protease activity have a strong nematicidal effect. In contrast, significant nematicidal effect in the fraction with Chitinase activity was detected.ConclusionThe results suggested that protease activity played a key role in strain AzBw1 antagonism against root-knot nematode, M. arenaria. Finally, nonvolatile organic compounds were also extracted from the medium culture after removing secretory proteins and enzymes. Obtained results showed that these metabolites had also a strong anti-nematode effect.

Combined measures of mimetic fidelity explain imperfect mimicry in a brood parasite-host system.

The persistence of imperfect mimicry in nature presents a challenge to mimicry theory. Some hypotheses for the existence of imperfect mimicry make differing predictions depending on how mimetic fidelity is measured. Here, we measure mimetic fidelity in a brood parasite-host system using both trait-based and response-based measures of mimetic fidelity. Cuckoo finches Anomalospiza imberbis lay imperfectly mimetic eggs that lack the fine scribbling characteristic of eggs of the tawny-flanked prinia Prinia subflava, a common host species. A trait-based discriminant analysis based on Minkowski functionals-that use geometric and topological morphometric methods related to egg pattern shape and coverage-reflects this consistent difference between host and parasite eggs. These methods could be applied to quantify other phenotypes including stripes and waved patterns. Furthermore, by painting scribbles onto cuckoo finch eggs and testing their rate of rejection compared to control eggs (i.e. a response-based approach to quantify mimetic fidelity), we show that prinias do not discriminate between eggs based on the absence of scribbles. Overall, our results support relaxed selection on cuckoo finches to mimic scribbles, since prinias do not respond differently to eggs with and without scribbles, despite the existence of this consistent trait difference.

Embryonic heart rate is affected by yolk androgens and egg laying sequence, and correlates with embryonic tissue growth: A study in rock pigeons

Maternal androgen exposure can have crucial effects on offspring development. Bird eggs are frequently used for studying these effects and virtually all research in this field has focused on post-hatching offspring traits. Yet, much of the yolk, in which the maternal hormones are deposited, is consumed during the embryonic phase. Here, we studied the effects of yolk androgens during this prenatal period. As there is evidence that androgens stimulate post-hatching traits such as increased growth, we measured heart rate throughout incubation as a proxy for prenatal metabolism. Rock pigeons (Columba livia) typically lay 2-egg clutches with yolk androgen levels in second-laid eggs being consistently higher than in first-laid eggs. We investigated whether embryonic heart rate was higher in second- than first-laid eggs. Additionally, we increased yolk androgen levels (testosterone and androstenedione) with the mean difference between those in first- and second-laid eggs, to investigate whether the effects of androgens are egg sequence dependent. As expected, embryonic heart rate predicted body embryo organ- and body mass, and body dimensions, with body mass being significantly higher in second- than first-laid eggs. Androgen treated first-laid eggs increased heart rate to that of second-laid control eggs only temporally, yet it had an overall positive effect on embryo body dimensions but not on tissue mass. Our findings indicate that embryos from different egg laying sequence differed in heart rate and prenatal development outcomes but this can only partially be explained by their difference in maternal androgen levels.

Comparative study on the gonadal development in the diploid and artificially induced triploid olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus

Artificial induction and breeding of triploids has been widely performed in fish due to their sterility or low fecundity. However, detailed studies on the gonadal development status, gamete formation, fertilization ability, and molecular mechanism of the induced triploids in marine fish are limited. Olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus is an important mariculture fish in China, Japan, and Korea. In this study, by observing the gonadal development of the artificially induced triploid and control diploid flounder, the histological structure, sex hormone level, and transcriptome profiles were compared. The fecundity of the male triploid fish was also evaluated. The results showed that the development of the gonads of the triploids was severely inhibited. Apoptosis occurred in both male and female triploid gonads, which may lead to inhibition of germ cell development. At 24 months post hatch (mph), the contents of testosterone (T) and estradiol (E2) in the gonads of the female triploid flounder were lower than those of the diploid ones (P < 0.05), and the contents of E2 in the testes of the male triploid flounder were higher than those of the diploid ones (P < 0.05). Although the triploid flounder could produce sperm, the sperm presented different sizes of the head, deletion of the mitochondrion, and short tail under the scanning electron microscope. Only a few spermatozoa were slightly active. The ploidy of the spermatozoa included haploid, haploid - diploid, triploid, 4-5n aneuploidy, and even higher ploidy. By using sperm from the triploids with the control eggs, very few abnormal embryos and larvae were obtained. Transcriptome data at 18 and 24 mph showed that most of the significantly changed differentially expressed genes between the diploids and triploids were related to cell division and proliferation, energy and metabolism, fertility, and apoptosis. In the triploid testis, many genes related to spermatogenesis, such as mns1, dnah1, and dnah5, were down-regulated; while in the triploid ovary, genes related to testicular development, such as amh, amhr2, and wnt4, were up-regulated, which also provided molecular evidence for the testicular-like gonads observed in the histology of the triploid ovary. These results may help explain the developmental retardation and low fecundity in the gonads of triploid fish that are important for the future application of culture.

SMART EGG INCUBATOR BASED ON MICROCONTROLLER: A REVIEW

Artificial egg incubators are devices that are used to incubate and hatch eggs by maintaining the necessary conditions for fetal development within the egg. Any egg that is being incubated requires a great deal of attention and temperature control. This is accomplished by the use of a temperature control device that runs on electricity. Incubator temperatures are often kept between (98 and 100) degrees Fahrenheit. Even yet, only 78 to 85% of eggs will hatch. To increase the hatchability of the incubator unit, many recommendations are made. Moisture content is another essential consideration that should be stated in the range of 60% to 80%. While hatching the eggs in an incubator unit, there are a number of important aspects to consider. However, the most crucial component is to keep the temperature range within acceptable limits. In this respect, there are many research papers accessible. In general, this article reviewed latest 21 works in literature and provided a complete analysis of a number of ways to control temperature, humidity, and eggs rotation based on microcontrollers to provide a solution to the poultry industry in developing nations. A comparative analysis for recent incubator design approaches in literature is presented by this study including the works of five recent researchers such as, brief discussion of their objectives, problems they try to fix, methodology, preliminary results, and the decision made on each work. Finally, based on reviewing analysis, there is a gap that has not been covered, that is, the remote control and monitoring of the incubator using Internet of Things (IoTs) technology. This function is essential for the incubator to be accessible to boost the product and reduce the malfunction causing product and time losses.

Examination of the impact of eggshell cuticle and membranes on Salmonella Enteritidis or Typhimurium recovery from inoculated and stored eggs

The effect of altering eggshell cuticle, as well as the impact of eggshell membranes and egg contents, on inoculated Salmonella recovery was examined. Four experiments were performed with Experiments 1 and 2 utilizing Salmonella Enteritidis and Experiments 3 and 4 utilizing both Salmonella Enteritidis and Typhimurium. Eggs were inoculated with 10 5 to 10 6 CFU of Salmonella after the following treatments were applied: mechanically stripped cuticle, chemically stripped cuticle, eggshells empty of egg contents, inoculation into the air cell, and unaltered positive control. Post-inoculation eggs were stored at room temperature (22 to 25°C) and eggshells were sampled at 1, 6, and 24 h for recovery of Salmonella . Mechanically and chemically stripping eggshell cuticle from this study did not impact Salmonella recovery compared to unaltered positive control eggs. Eggshells with contents removed had significantly higher recovery of Salmonella over 24 h storage, as well as eggs that were inoculated in the air cell (P≤0.05). For all experiments, Salmonella recovery decreased as holding times increased (1 to 24 h), which is consistent with literature where inoculated eggs were stored at room temperature. Results from Experiment 3 indicated that S. Typhimurium had higher recovery for all treatments and holding times compared to S. Enteritidis, except for eggshells without contents with 100% recovery at 1 h for both serotypes, and recovery of both serotypes was similar in Experiment 4. Overall, this study highlights the importance of eggshell cuticle, membranes, and albumen on the integrity of egg contents and the recovery of inoculated Salmonella from eggshells.

Impact of embryonic manipulations on core body temperature dynamics and survival in broilers exposed to cyclic heat stress

Ambient temperature-associated stress has been shown to affect the normal physiological functions of birds. The recent literature indicated that both, embryonic thermal manipulation (ETM) and in ovo feeding (IOF) of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) can mitigate the deleterious effects of heat stress (HS) in young broiler chicks. Therefore, this study intended to assess the effects of cyclic HS (32 ± 1 °C, 4 h/day from day 29 to 35) on rectal temperatures (RTs) and survival in broiler chickens after ETM and in IOF of GABA. A total of 275 RT data points and survival data were collected from chicks assigned to the following five treatments: chicks hatched from control eggs (CON); chicks hatched from control eggs but exposed to HS (CON + HS); chicks hatched from eggs injected at 17.5 days of incubation with 0.6 mL of 10% GABA and exposed to HS (G10 + HS); chicks hatched from thermally manipulated eggs (39.6 °C, 6 h/day from embryonic days 10 to 18) and exposed to HS (TM + HS); chicks hatched from eggs that received both previous treatments during incubation and exposed to HS (G10 + TM + HS). Under thermoneutral conditions, RTs increased quadratically from 39.9 ± 0.2 °C at hatching to 41.4 ± 0.1 °C at 8 days of age. When exposed to cyclic HS during the last week of rearing, the birds’ RTs tended to decrease at the end of the heat stress challenge (from 43.0 ± 0.2 °C on day 29 to 42.4 ± 0.1 °C on day 35). A stepwise Cox regression indicated that treatment was predictive of birds’ survival. Hazard ratios (HR) and their confidence intervals (CI) were calculated to assess the likelihood of death during the trial. The birds, belonging to the G10 + TM + HS group, were less likely to die under HS (HR 0.11, 95% CI 0.02 to 0.91, P = 0.041) compared to the CON + HS birds. Taken together, the combination of ETM and GABA IOF may help mitigate the drawbacks of cyclic HS by improving the survival of broilers.

Efficacy of Early Nutrition Programming for Improving The Performance of Kampung Chicken

A Research of Early Life Nutritional Programming (ELPN) was a two consecutive experiment to elucidate the efficacy of in ovo supplementation (IOS) and neonatal nutrition (NN) on the hatching and post-hatching performances of Kampung chicken (KC). There were 960 hatching eggs were used and randomly divided into 4 experimental groups with 4 hatching periods as replication, using 60 hatching eggs per treatment unit: P0 (negative control), P1 (isotonic saline), P2 (5%Glucose), and P3 (0.5% Glutamine + 5% Glucose). On d7 incubation, a 0.5 ml nutrient solution was injected into the albumen of P1, P2, and P3. A 20 newly hatched chicken (NHC) were selected from each group and treated as NN0 (without) and NN1 (with) neonatal nutrition (NN) composed of 0.1 commercial probiotics, 5% inulin and 10% lysine dissolved in 1L of tap water and provided as drinking water for 4 of 8 week-experiment. The results showed IOS significantly lowered the hatchability compared to the control eggs, but the weight of NHC was not affected (P&lt;0.05). IOS and NN were significantly increased final LBW, from the lightest, 779.42±34.39 g (negative control) compared to the heaviest, 1147.54±81.48 g (IO Gln+Gluk, and NN), which also indicated by a significant better FCR. Structurally, intestinal gross and histomorphometry examinations indicated an increased capacity of digestion and absorption, which indicated an increase the ratio of length/weight of each small intestine segment, and a wider absorption surface area of villus. In conclusion, ELNP resulted in markedly heavier final life bodyweight which is facilitated by digestive structure and function development.

Egg burial in the ringneck dove (Streptopelia risoria): A potential laboratory model system for egg-rejection research?

In avian brood parasitism, parasites lay their eggs in the nests of hosts, and many hosts in the wild respond by eliminating or abandoning foreign eggs in their clutch. However, a limitation upon the study of proximate, especially physiological and experience-dependent cognitive mechanisms of egg rejection, has been the lack of a suitable model system in captivity. Here, we tested whether laboratory-kept ringneck doves (Streptopelia risoria) respond to visually distinct egg types (through applying an ink treatment upon the doves' own eggs) by rejecting them. We found that in two of two experiments, brown eggs were more often rejected, through predominantly egg burial, relative to control eggs but were done so only by a subset of dove pairs. These results are supportive of ringneck doves to become a suitable captive model for the study of foreign-egg rejection, and open the way for future research on the integrative (e.g., genetic, endocrine, ontogenetic, and cognitive) study of egg-rejection responses in a tractable research system. However, the ecological validity and applicability of this model system for the analysis of host-parasite interactions in the wild remain narrowly limited. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).