German Contribution Research Articles

Development of reconstructive blepharoplasty: the temporofacial rotation flap. Was it first conceived on the Spree, on the Seine, or on the Manzanares?

The development of reconstructive blepharoplasty in the 19th century is analyzed and the techniques classified according to their principles. Besides the main contributions of French, German, and Italian plastic surgeons, those made by two Spanish surgeons are summarized. Argumosa, who published an article on the tempororotation flap two years before Dieffenbach, and Hysern, who developed the first musculocutaneous transposition flaps for eyelid reconstruction, are usually omitted in the literature. After Dieffenbach's publication, German and French surgeons argued about who contributed to the development of plastic surgery in general and to blepharoplasty in particular, while in Spain controversies arose about the importance of Hysern's and Argumosa's contributions. The background and causes of these disputes are analyzed and compared with the present day dissemination and publication of new techniques.

Selecting Minds: An Afterword

A perusal of these nine papers leaves this reader with mixed feelings. The enterprise undertaken-to explain and assess the procedures and criteria for appointing our successors-is one not often attempted. The contributions are always interesting and frequently entertaining. The overall result ought to be fruitful. But the collection demonstrates that one can deduce no deep truths from either the substance or the style of the papers. A comparison of the contents might have revealed some strong connection between the substantive legal order of a given country and the methods used to select the professors who teach there. And indeed (as will be shown) one can make some broad and superficial generalizations about groups of countries. But, on the information presented in these papers, it would be straining the evidence to deduce any deeper correlation-and no contributor attempted to do so. Again, in terms of style the reader will have noticed some familiar national characteristics. The French contribution is divided into two parts and stimulates the reader by the use of paradox. The German contribution begins with careful definitions and references to the appropriate statutes, while the Israelis are acutely conscious of the way in which the overall problems of their country impinge upon the selection process. For the rest, the Dutch are transnational, the Canadians self-critical, the British ironic, the Italians insouciant, and the Americans combine sharp wit with high anxiety.

Book reviews

Waterloo Creek: The Australia Day Massacre of 1838, George Gipps and the British Conquest of New South Wales. By Roger Milliss. McPhee Gribble, Melbourne 1992. Pp. xxiii + 965. $60.00 cloth. Kinds of Peace: Maori People after the Wars, 1870–95. By Keith Sinclair. Auckland University Press 1991. Pp. 161. $NZ24.95 paper. Community of Thieves. By Cassandra Pybus. Willian Heinemann, Melbourne 1991. Pp. xiv + 198. $19.95 paper. A History of Tasmania. Volume II: Colony and State from 1856 to the 1980's. By Lloyd Robson. Oxford University Press, Melbourne 1991. Pp. x + 662. $85.00 cloth. The Rest of the World is Watching: Tasmania and the Greens. Edited by Cassandra Pybus and Richard Flanagan. Pan Macmillan, Sydney 1990. Pp. 271. $14.95 paper. Taming the Great South Land: A History of the Conquest of Nature in Australia. By William J. Lines. Allen & Unwin, Sydney 1991. Pp. xx + 337. $34.95 cloth. High and Responsible Office: A History of the NSW Magistracy. By Hilary Golder. Sydney University Press 1991. Pp. xii + 293. $39.95 cloth. The Rule of Law in a Penal Colony: Law and Power in Early New South Wales. By David Neal. Cambridge University Press, Melbourne 1991. Pp. xiv + 266. $39.95 cloth. 1 On the distinction between rule‐book and rights conceptions of the rule of law, see Ronald Dworkin, ‘Political Judges and the Rule of Law’, Proceedings of the British Academy, 64,1978, pp. 259–87. 2 For example, Bruce Kercher, ‘Civil Status in early NSW, 11th Law in History Conference, Griffith University, 1992, has questioned the unity of the trajectory from ‘penal’ to ‘free’, finding in some cases (for example, felony attaint, also discussed by Neal) an opposite movement. Out of Luck: Poor Australians and Social Welfare 1788–1988. By Stephen Garton. Allen & Unwin, Sydney 1990. Pp. xi + 211. $17.95 paper. Pounds and Pedigrees: The Upper Class in Victoria 1850–80. By Paul de Serville. Oxford University Press, Melbourne 1991. Pp. xv + 619. $69.95 cloth. Vital Connections: Melbourne and its Board of Works 1891–1991. By Tony Dingle and Carolyn Rasmussen. McPhee Gribble, Melbourne 1991. Pp. 432. $29.95 paper. Coal in Queensland: From Federation to the Twenties. By R.L. Whitmore. University of Queensland Press, St Lucia 1991. Pp. xiii + 505. $49.95 cloth. Watering the Garden State: Water, Land and Community in Victoria, 1834—1988. By J.M. Powell. Allen & Unwin, Sydney 1989. Pp. xv + 319. $24.95 paper. Plains of Promise, Rivers of Destiny: Water Management and the Development of Queensland 1824–1990. By J.M. Powell. Boolarong, Brisbane 1991. Pp. xviii + 394. $47.50 cloth (posted). (Available from: Queensland Department of Primary Industries Publications, GPO Box 46, Brisbane QLD 4001) From Scarcity to Surfeit: A History of Food and Nutrition in New South Wales. By Robin Walker and Dave Roberts. New South Wales University Press, Kensington 1988. Pp. 202. $24.95 paper. From Berlin to the Burdekin: The German Contribution to the Development of Australian Science, Exploration and the Arts. Edited by David Walker and Jürgen Tampke. New South Wales University Press, Kensington 1991. pp. xi + 274. $44.95 cloth. Here is their Spirit: A History of the Australian War Memorial 1917–1990. By Michael McKernan. University of Queensland Press, in association with the Australian War Memorial, St Lucia and Canberra 1991. Pp. xv + 388. $39.95 cloth. The Nervous Nineties: Australian Cultural Life in the 1890s. By John Docker. Oxford University Press, Melbourne 1991. Pp. xxviii + 251. $24.95 paper. Patrick White: A Life. By David Marr. Random House, Sydney 1991. Pp. 727. $49.95 cloth. Jane Austen: Real and Imagined Worlds. By Oliver MacDonagh. Yale University Press, New Haven 1991. Pp. xi + 186. $US32.00 cloth. City of the Plain: History of a Gay Sub‐Culture. By Garry Wotherspoon. Hale & Iremonger, Sydney 1991. Pp. 256. $24.95 paper. Manful Assertions: Masculinities in Britain since 1800. Edited by Michael Roper and John Tosh. Routledge, London 1991. Pp. x + 221. $27.95 paper. A Woman of Good Character: Single Women as Immigrant Settlers in Nineteenth‐Century New Zealand. By Charlotte Macdonald. Bridget Williams Books, Wellington 1990. Pp. 283. $NZ29.95 paper. Alice Henry: The Power of Pen and Voice. The Life of an Australian‐American Labor Reformer. By Diane Kirkby. Cambridge University Press, Melbourne 1991. Pp. xxvi + 254. $39.95 cloth. Stories of Herself When Young: Autobiographies of Childhood by Australian Women. By Joy Hooton. Oxford University Press, Melbourne 1990. Pp. xiii + 428. $27.50 paper. Wild Card: An Autobiography. By Dorothy Hewett McPhee Gribble, Melbourne 1990. Pp. 278. $14.95 paper. A Tapestry of Service: The Evolution of Nursing in Australia. Volume 1: Foundation to Federation 1788–1900. By Bartz Schultz. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh 1991. Pp. xi + 436. $70.00 cloth. They Became Nurses: A History of Nursing in South Australia 1836–1980. By Joan Durdin. Allen & Unwin, Sydney 1991. Pp. x + 291. $19.95 paper.

New Challenges to the German Basic Law: The German Contributions to the Third World Congress of the International Association of Constitutional Law. By Christian Stark [editor]. Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 1991. Pp. 219. (softcover)

New Challenges to the German Basic Law: The German Contributions to the Third World Congress of the International Association of Constitutional Law. By Christian Stark [editor]. Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 1991. Pp. 219. (softcover) - Volume 20 Issue 2

Hitler and Spain. The Nazi Role in the Spanish Civil War 1936-1939 (review)

70 biography Vol. 14, No. 1 thought in the sixties, seventies, and eighties with which her subject does have definite affinities. In fact, such an introductory volume would have been an excellent forum in which to use Weil's less idiosyncratic vocabulary to clarify the ideas of her successors among philosophers, anthropologists, historians and psychologists. Perhaps I am imagining a book which will soon be written. This book is easy to read, physically and intellectually. I occasionally felt as if a step in the editorial/proof-reading process had been skipped. The usually minor grammatical and semantic lapses do not obstruct understanding, however. The print is clear. There were points at which I felt a need for more documentation. When a biographer is obviously working from some detailed account of her subject's daily life and subjective experience, I think the source should be cited. The book is accurate and effective in doing its appointed job. I recommend it. L. W. Riggs University of Hawaii Robert H. Whealey, Hitler and Spain. The Nazi Role in the Spanish Civil War 19361939 . University Press of Kentucky, 1989. 269 pp. Few historians will dispute that the Spanish Civil War was one of the most bitter and vehemently waged conflicts of the first half of this century. Transcended by both world wars in the sheer number of battlefield casualties, nations involved, and geographical extension, nevertheless the three-year Civil War was regarded by many as the clearest struggle of the Western democratic conscience vis-à -vis the totalitarian fascist powers. As Robert Whealey's book makes clear, the intervention of the Germans and the Italians was a vital element in Franco's eventual victory. Their military contribution in its general outline is well known—Guernica has become a byword for the bombing of defenseless cities—but the background details of economic help and the price exacted, as well as the squabbles between the Axis belligerents themselves and Franco, and the latter's innate distrust, have hitherto been less documented. In its attention to the Nazi role in a wider context, Professor Whealey's study has provided much-needed depth to a complex situation. Contrary to common belief, Hitler's policy toward Spain was far from consistent, nor were his ideological sympathies as clear as might be imagined. The Fuehrer was indifferent to Spain's social and religious structure, and his advisors cynically saw the war as an opportunity to help gain economic advantages for Germany both during and after the war. The German intervention in the Civil War was not preconceived, and indeed it was Mussolini who was the first to perceive the potential for large-scale involvement. Indeed, the Germans would have preferred a quick Nationalist win, as a sound Spanish economy would have helped the Axis cause more than an exhausted nation. The early Operation Feuerzauber (the airlift of Franco's troops from Morocco to the mainland) was a vital factor at the outset of the war, but even here the Italians played the key role. Subsequent German help often fluctuated in accordance with wider international considerations, especially in Central Europe, and in numbers and matériel the Italians were ahead throughout the war. Even so, the German contribution in terms of quality and effectiveness was the decisive element. In a chronicle of this type, a certain ennui is inevitable—statistical tables, lists of exports and imports, technical details, and extensive documentation. The appendices, REVIEWS 71 endnotes, and other supporting material account for nearly half of the text, which is heavily footnoted, sometimes three to a single sentence. The result is that the narrative often lacks depth when further detail would be appreciated (on page 5 General Sanjurjo dies at a critical juncture, but no explanation as to the manner of his death is offered). The style is often pedestrian, e.g. p. 20, "Spain may or may not have been on the verge of social revolution in the months prior to July," and several factual infelicities could surely have been caught by a more vigilant proofreader. Thus on page 42 we read that "In 1937 the effective leader of the Falange became Ramón Serrano Suñer, Franco's brother-in-law...

The Bundeswehr and Western Security

The Bundeswehr and NATO's future strategy, William Y.Smith. Part 1 The historical and alliance context: fundamentals of German security - the creation of the Bundeswehr-Continuity and change, Catherine Kelleher the citizen in uniform - reform and its critics in the Bundeswehr, Donald Abenheim the German contribution to Western defense, Stanley Sloan the Bundeswehr and arms control, Gale A.Mattox. Part 2 The domestic context: the Bundeswehr and public opinion, Hans Rattinger party politics and security policies in the Federal Republic, Jeffrey Boutwell strategy and defence budgeting in the Federal Republic of Germany, Richard Eichenberg. Part 3 Future strategic alternatives: the forces and the future, B.G. Klaus Naumann alternative defence - answer to the Bundeswehr's post INF problems?, Jonathan Dean Franco-German defence cooperation, David S.Yost.

The local fatigue strength concept and its application to martensitic surface layers, especially laser-hardened layers: Winerlich, B. Materialwissen. Werkstofftech. Oct. 1990 21, (10), 378–389 (in German)

The history of fatigue from 1838 to the present is described in detail, with special emphasis on the German contribution in the time period of 1920–1945. A number of distinguished scientists and engineers, and their contributions to the further development of fatigue knowledge are specifically mentioned.

Paul Schwenke and Gutenberg Scholarship: The German Contribution, 1885–1921

Paul Schwenke and Gutenberg Scholarship: The German Contribution, 1885–1921

The Historical Novel as Philosophy of History: Three German Contributions, Alexis, Fontane, Doblin

The Historical Novel as Philosophy of History: Three German Contributions, Alexis, Fontane, Doblin

Reviews : German Studies The Historical Novel as Philosophy of History. Three German Contributions: Alexis, Fontane, Döblin. By Richard Humphrey. (Bithell Series of Dissertations, I0). London: Institute of Germanic Studies, I986. x + I75 pp. £9

Reviews : German Studies The Historical Novel as Philosophy of History. Three German Contributions: Alexis, Fontane, Döblin. By Richard Humphrey. (Bithell Series of Dissertations, I0). London: Institute of Germanic Studies, I986. x + I75 pp. £9

Richard Humphrey, The Historical Novel as Philosophy of History. Three German Contributions: Alexis, Fontane, Döblin.

Richard Humphrey, The Historical Novel as Philosophy of History. Three German Contributions: Alexis, Fontane, Döblin.

Recent West German Work on the French Revolution

It would not be a gross exaggeration to say that, for most of the last two centuries, the events of the French Revolution have been of less interest to German historians than to other German intellectuals. Such German thinkers as Kant and Hegel followed the Revolution's development with passionate interest and were often more alert to its most profound implications than the French themselves. But professional historians rarely chose it as a subject. The historical profession was not, of course, indifferent to the events of 1789: indeed, historicism, the major German contribution to modern historical thought, was born in reaction to the revolutionary challenge. When a Ranke or a Meinecke turned his attention to French history, however, he tended to focus on the growth of the absolutist monarchy perfected by Richelieu and Louis XIV. Unlike Tocqueville, the German school failed to recognize the French revolutionary state as the vastly more powerful heir of the absolutist state that fascinated them. It is therefore a considerable surprise to find that the most ambitious historical project undertaken so far to mark the upcoming bicentennial of the French Revolution is based in West Germany and is being published

Law and State, A Biannual Collection of Recent German Contributions to These Fields. Edited in conjunction with numerous members of German universities and research institutions by the Institute for Scientific Co-operation. Tübingen: the Institute, 1986-87. vols. 33-35.

Law and State, A Biannual Collection of Recent German Contributions to These Fields. Edited in conjunction with numerous members of German universities and research institutions by the Institute for Scientific Co-operation. Tübingen: the Institute, 1986-87. vols. 33-35.

The Historical Novel as Philosophy of History. Three German Contributions: Alexis, Fontane, Doblin

The Historical Novel as Philosophy of History. Three German Contributions: Alexis, Fontane, Doblin

Instrumental music in the urban centres of Renaissance Germany

Modern scholarship about Renaissance instrumental music has suffered from a scarcity of musical sources. Consequently current research efforts often seem to operate in the manner of archaeological excavations; at times it is only as one layer is painstakingly uncovered that the configurations of another are revealed. This was certainly the experience of this contribution, which began as an investigation into late fifteenth-century Italian instrumental practices. The early phases of the Italian study involved sifting through many archival documents, and one initial miscellaneous impression was that German players frequently appeared in Italian ensembles. Pursuit of this almost casual observation led first to an awareness that German presence in Italy was substantial, then, further, to the fact that the oltramontani dominated aspects of instrumental music. This knowledge of the German contribution led, in turn, to a substantial reappraisal of the formative stages of ensemble performance practices.

Advances in Ice Mechanics in West Germany

Ice research in West Germany (Federal Republic of Germany) started after World War II with the first small ice tank built at HSVA in Hamburg in 1958. The discovery of hydrocarbons in the Arctic and the membership in the Scientific Committee for Antarctic Research led to the need for model tests and the advancing ice modelling techniques. In 1984 a new, large ice model basin was built at HSVA. Substantial progress has been made in the experimental research of basic ice mechanics and ice forces for the past 20 years. Computational methods and quantum statistical approach have recently been introduced for the study of ice properties. Predicting methods of ice forces with model and full scale experiments have been investigated. This paper highlights West German contributions for the last 20 years.

German contributions to the physics of extreme states of matter

Extreme states of matter--what does this mean in the present context? For a nuclear physicist, a materials researcher, and a fusion scientist it has a different meaning. In the context of fusion we are, of course, concerned with matter, plasmas at temperatures of 1-100 keV. But then we must further distinguish between those scientists who confine their plasmas by magnetic fields at particle densities of 1012 -1014 particles/cm 3 from those who confine their plasmas for brief instants (smaller than 1 ns) determined by the inertia of mass. In these short times very hot and dense plasmas of 1022-102~ particles/cm 3 can be investigated. This establishes a new field of physics and applied research. The last example of matter research relevant to inertial confinement fusion will be the focus of my presentation discussing basic research in Germany (FRG). The word "extreme" sometimes has an ambiguous connotation, but not so in the present context. Here it reminds us of the intellectual and technical challenge that the eventual goal represents, "the harvesting of fusion energy." We have been striving for this goal for many years already. Along this long and arduous road a push in the right direction will provide the incentive to remobilize our forces and move on. Basic research related to fusion driven by laser beams started in Germany in the early 1970s, followed by particle beam fusion in the late 1970s. However, at the present time there still is no specific technical project labeled ICF-research comparable to the impressive efforts made in the U.S., Japan, or Soviet Union. This situation is the direct result of the present German science policy which specifies that its fusion

German Contributions to Autobiography Studies

German Contributions to Autobiography Studies

Quality of instruction and classroom learning outcomes: The German contribution to the IEA classroom environment study

Results of the German contribution to the Classroom Environment Study: Teaching for Learning are presented. The study explored instructional quality and classroom management factors as predictors of student cognitive and affective outcomes. Classrroms ( N=39) were observed nine times with a low-inference observation instrument. Individual data on students' cognitive and affective characteristics, students' perceptions of instruction, self-reported attention, and observed time-on-task were aggregated, and the classroom was the unit of analysis. The data were analyzed with zero-order process-process and process-product correlations, multilevel analysis, communality analysis, and, as the focus of the study, causal modeling with the PLS (Partial Least Squares) technique. The causal model included, as latent variables, students' cognitive and affective entry characteristics, observed efficiency of management and quality of instruction, the student perceptions of these, students' observed time-on-task and self-reported attention, and affective and cognitive outcomes. As expected, student entry characteristics were of greatest importance for both affective and cognitive outcomes. A pattern of direct-instruction variables indicating efficient management, intensive use of time, and strong task orientation was positively related to student engagement and cognitive outcomes. Methodological questions associated with the multilevel character of the data and possible reasons for some unexpected results, for example, the nonsignificant role of instructional quality and of student engagement for cognitive outcomes, are discussed.

Job Generation among Independent West German Manufacturing Firms 1974–1980—Evidence from Four Regions

This paper provides a West German contribution, with the use of firm-level data, to the emergent international ‘job-generation’ or ‘employment-accounts’ literature. The basic question is about the relationship between firm-size and employment-change, the central hypothesis being that smaller firms generate more new jobs faster than larger firms do. The findings are limited in their interpretation by data-base and methodological constraints. Within these constraints, they tend to confirm the higher job-generation performance of smaller firms. Further analysis, however, shows that it is not so much the size of a firm as its age which ‘makes’ a smaller firm grow. The paper also shows that there are substantial differences in job-generation behaviour between the four localities under study, differences which are not explained by the three factors of age, size, and sectoral affiliations of firms.