Contribution Of Various Sectors Research Articles

National Security Priorities for a Sustainable Energy Transition

Relevance. Problems of the sustainability of national economic systems continue to remain relevant for a long time. States continue to interact on climate agendas and environmental topics in a tense geopolitical situation. Expanding the implementation of carbon footprint reduction technologies is becoming a prerequisite for partnerships and entry into new international markets for the supply of products and services. National priorities of states today are moving closer together due to the growing climate crisis, which dictates the need to intensify work on the implementation of ESG projects. The purpose of the study was to analyze the current state of the movement to reduce the carbon footprint and the results of the implementation of declared initiatives within the framework of international agreements. Objectives. The article set and consistently solved the following tasks: a review of the current state of climate change in the environment and the impact of declining environmental quality on the health and longevity of the population was carried out, an assessment was made of the sectoral contribution of various sectors of the economy to the formation and accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, an assessment of modern compensation carbon impact tools. Methodology. The work used methods of logical analysis, content analysis, statistical analysis of data on emissions and inputs, graphical and horizontal analysis, generalization and systematization of data. Results. An assessment of the current state of this problem made it possible to summarize the conclusions and results of research on this topic and to identify the main national priorities related to the implementation of strategies for switching to renewable energy sources. Conclusions. The article provides an overview of the level of implementation of resource-saving technologies in various sectors of the Russian national economy. Conclusions are drawn about the need to continue the environmental modernization of the national economic system and expand interstate cooperation on climate change issues and a sustainable energy transition to resource-saving technologies.

Integrated Area Development: A New Social Forestry Landscape Approach in Indonesia

The area of Social Forestry in Indonesia until July 2023 has reached 5,625,137 ha with 8,317 location units. Nearly 80% of the area of each unit isless than 500 ha, and only 3 to 4 business units can have an impact on increasing community welfare, social cohesion, and regional ecological protection. This condition can still be improved so as to have an impact on regional economic development and product-added value. This study aims to examine the new concept of the social forestry landscape approach, such as integrated area development (IAD), and its implementations. The study was carried out in Lumajang Regency, East Java Province targeting, key stakeholders with the highest values of Indegree, Outdegree, Incloseness, Outcloseness and Betweenness as the main respondents. Determining key stakeholders using stakeholder network analysis with the UCINET (social network analysis) application. The results of the study show that the IAD approach provides added value in regional development, added product value, and expanding marketing economic coverage. IAD program in Lumajang shows that the Government (central and regional) is the key stakeholder in implementing activities. The IAD master plan, which was prepared by practitioner multi-stakeholders, resulted in an agrosilvopastural network, agro-industry, tourism interconnection, and environment-based restoration. The IAD Lumajang, especially Senduro village in the agrosilvopatural and agro-industry sectors, per capita income has managed to cross the poverty line (IDR 3.7 million per month/household), increased employment, and increased contribution of various sectors. This can be used as a role model for other social forestry areas in the context of poverty alleviation.

Decomposition of Tax Revenue Growth in Russian Regions

The subject of the study is tax revenues of the consolidated budgets of Russian federal subjects and their determinants. The objective is a quantitative assessment of the contribution of various sectors to the growth of tax revenues in the consolidated budgets of federal subjects and their factor decomposition. A four-factor additive–multiplicative model for the formation of tax revenues in the region is developed. Factors of tax revenues at the regional level in this model are the share of the sector in the regional economy (structural factor), its tax burden (fiscal factor), the level of internal absorption of tax revenues (interbudgetary factor), and the size of GRP (scale factor). To assess the contribution of these factors in regions and in the country at the aggregated and disaggregated levels, mixed factor analysis was used, including proportional, logarithmic, and integral methods. The study revealed that the largest contribution to the growth of tax revenues in the consolidated budgets of federal subjects came from the five largest regions, as well as a number of types of economic activity: manufacturing, combined financial and real estate operations, trade, and the mining sector. A change in the level of internal tax absorption on average contributed to a decrease in tax revenues to the budgets of federal subjects, while an increase in GRP, a change in the sectoral structure, and a change in tax profitability led to an increase in tax revenues to territorial budgets. The difference in the influence of these factors at the aggregated (country) and disaggregated (mid-regional) levels is explained by the degree of their interregional differences. The results of the study are applicable to assess potential tax revenues in regions, taking into account the possibilities of managing their determinants.

O SISTEMA NACIONAL DE EDUCAÇÃO (SNE) E OS ENTRAVES À SUA INSTITUCIONALIZAÇÃO: UMA ANÁLISE A PARTIR DA ABORDAGEM DIREITO E POLÍTICAS PÚBLICAS

A Lei 13.005/2014, que estabeleceu o Plano Nacional de Educação (PNE 2014-2024), foi aprovada, por unanimidade, pelo Congresso Nacional, destacando-se, na sua elaboração, as contribuições de diversos setores, público e privado, da educação infantil à pós-graduação, cujas propostas foram amplamente debatidas e sistematizadas na Conferência Nacional de Educação (CONAE) 2010. Para o cumprimento de suas diretrizes, metas e estratégias, o PNE 2014-2024 estabeleceu o dever de institucionalização do Sistema Nacional de Educação (SNE), com a fixação de um prazo de dois anos, após sua promulgação, para o cumprimento dessa obrigação. O objetivo do presente artigo é, a partir da abordagem Direito e Políticas Públicas, identificar os principais entraves jurídicos e políticos que impediram a estruturação e normatização do SNE. Trata-se de uma questão complexa, que envolve disputas acerca da regulamentação do federalismo cooperativo em matéria educacional, previsto nos artigos 23 e 211 da CF/88, além de conflitos de natureza distributiva em torno da escolha de prioridades de ação governamental e destinação de recursos públicos. Estima-se estar em jogo um desmonte do modelo de proteção social pactuado durante o processo constituinte, justificando-se, para a identificação e uma melhor compreensão dos pontos de tensão entre os elementos jurídico, político e pragmático-financeiros que estão por trás do problema, a abordagem mencionada.

The Contribution of Various Sectors in West Malaysia to the Economic Growth: An Input-Output Analysis

By using the regional input-output approach, this paper attempts to analyse the contribution of the various sectors in West Malaysia to economic growth as well as the regional development planning. Our linkage effects strongly suggest that there is a strong argument to believe that a further developed West Malaysia with greater facilities and investment for the petroleum products; other manufacturing; and wholesale and retail trade sectors will make it an increasingly sources of growth in the West Malaysia. Moreover, the empirical results also reveal that petroleum products; electronics and non-electronics; motor vehicles and other transport; and other manufacturing; were among the sectors with high multiplier values in West Malaysia compared to other sectors.

Нестабильность финансовой доходности региональных экономик и ее детерминанты

The study is dedicated to assessment of instability of financial return in Russian regions in 2004–2016 and its sources. Instability of financial return was calculated as the variance of the ratio of the balanced financial result to GRP, disaggregated by 11 main economic activities. The portfolio approach by G. Markowitz and W. Sharpe was used for assessment of contribution of various sectors to the overall instability, division of the total risk into intra-sectoral and inter-sectoral components, and identification of directions of optimization of the regional sectoral structures using specified target functions and constraints. In addition, this paper discussed the advantages and limitations of application of the portfolio approach for the analysis of volatility of regional economies. As a result of the study, the evaluations of financial return, risk and efficiency of the Russian regions economies were obtained. The sectorial structure of the volatility of financial return in the Russian regions was determined. We revealed that the financial sector and the real estate operations sector were on an average the main risk enhancers in the Russian regions. The agriculture and fishing, as well as infrastructure industries were main risk mitigators. However, the largest absolute contribution to the financial stability of the Russian regions was made on average by the sectors of extractive and manufacturing industries. The division of risk into intra-sectoral and inter-sectoral components allowed drawing conclusions about the different nature of the diversification of regional economies. Meanwhile, the relationship between the instability of financial return and the generalizing coefficients of diversification has not been confirmed. Based on the comparison of the contributions of various sectors to the overall financial return and risk and calculation of the index of two structures similarity, the degree of deviation of the GRP sectoral structure of its optimal state was determined and the directions for its optimization in the Russian regions were identified. The solution of three optimization tasks (minimizing the risk at a given financial return, maximizing the return at a given risk and minimizing the coefficient of variation of financial return) in the model with built-in constraints allowed to obtain optimal sectoral structures for the three selected regions and to assess their effectiveness from the standpoint of achieving specified functions

The Economic Contribution of Natural Resources to a State Economy: A South Carolina Case Study

The structure of state or sub-state regional economies is heavily influenced by its natural resource endowment. Input-output analysis is often used to estimate the economic contribution of various sectors to a state’s economy. We apply input-output analysis to South Carolina’s economy to estimate the contribution of natural resource-based sectors to the overall economy. The natural resource-based sectors consist of six mutually exclusive sectors: fishing, hunting, and wildlife viewing; coastal tourism; commercial fisheries; boat industry; mining; and forestry. The total economic contribution of these six natural resource-based sectors is $33.4 billion, representing 8.3% of gross state product and 8.6% of all state employment.

The carbon footprint of an Australian satellite haemodialysis unit

This study aimed to better understand the carbon emission impact of haemodialysis (HD) throughout Australia by determining its carbon footprint, the relative contributions of various sectors to this footprint, and how contributions from electricity and water consumption are affected by local factors. Activity data associated with HD provision at a 6-chair suburban satellite HD unit in Victoria in 2011 was collected and converted to a common measurement unit of tonnes of CO2 equivalents (t CO2-eq) via established emissions factors. For electricity and water consumption, emissions factors for other Australian locations were applied to assess the impact of local factors on these footprint contributors. In Victoria, the annual per-patient carbon footprint of satellite HD was calculated to be 10.2t CO2-eq. The largest contributors were pharmaceuticals (35.7%) and medical equipment (23.4%). Throughout Australia, the emissions percentage attributable to electricity consumption ranged from 5.2% to 18.6%, while the emissions percentage attributable to water use ranged from 4.0% to 11.6%. State-by-state contributions of energy and water use to the carbon footprint of satellite HD appear to vary significantly. Performing emissions planning and target setting at the state level may be more appropriate in the Australian context. What is known about the topic? Healthcare provision carries a significant environmental footprint. In particular, conventional HD uses substantial amounts of electricity and water. In the UK, provision of HD and peritoneal dialysis was found to have an annual per-patient carbon footprint of 7.1t CO2-eq. What does this paper add? This is the first carbon-footprinting study of HD in Australia. In Victoria, the annual per-patient carbon footprint of satellite conventional HD is 10.2t CO2-eq. Notably, the contributions of electricity and water consumption to the carbon footprint varies significantly throughout Australia when local factors are taken into account. What are the implications for practitioners? We recommend that healthcare providers consider local factors when planning emissions reduction strategies, and target setting should be performed at the state, as opposed to national, level. There is a need for more comprehensive and current emissions data to enable healthcare providers to do so.

Inventory investment and sectoral characteristics in some OECD countries

This paper discusses the effects of sectoral structure on the long run macroeconomic inventory behaviour of national economies. Data on 15 OECD countries are included in the analysis, which is based on correlation and cluster analysis methodologies. The study is part of a long-term research project exploring factors influencing the inventory behaviour of national economies. First, we introduce some basic characteristics of macroeconomic inventory formation in the 15 OECD countries. We argue that our previous results on the existence of specific characteristic features of macroeconomic inventory investment are justified, hence it makes sense to study the factors influencing these features. We then examine the contribution of various sectors to the production of in the countries involved and the relationship between sectoral structure and inventory intensity (annual inventory change/Gross Value Added). We find that the high share of agriculture and manufacturing increases inventory intensity, that the increasing share of services has a negative effect and that the role of construction and trade is not obvious. The relatively low stability of the statistical results warns us to be cautious with our judgements. Further, case-by-case analysis would be required to obtain more solid results.

Biophysical Model of Larval Yellow Perch Advection and Settlement in Lake Michigan

Potential for large-scale physical transport processes to affect recruitment of Lake Michigan yellow perch ( Perca flavescens) was studied by examining the variation in larval distribution, growth rate, and settlement during June–August 1998–2003 using a 3D particle transport model linked with an individual-based bioenergetics growth model. In all years, virtual larvae were released nearshore in southwestern Lake Michigan, a known and important spawning region for yellow perch. For any given year, the same circulation pattern and water temperature either promoted or reduced yellow perch settlement depending on the consumption rates and settlement size chosen in the growth model. Increased consumption increased the number of settled larvae and expanded the total area where larvae settled, whereas increased settlement size reduced the number of settled larvae and reduced the overall settlement area. Interannual variability in circulation patterns and water temperature also resulted in contrasting larval settlement rates, settlement locations, and size of settlement areas between years. Model predictions were most consistent with field observations of age-0 yellow perch from Illinois and Michigan waters when settlement was assumed to occur at 50 mm. Moreover, our model suggests that larvae originating from southwestern Lake Michigan can recruit anywhere within the southern basin and even in the northern basin. Future model improvement will require information on the relative contribution of various sectors to the larval pool, their distribution with reference to the hydrodynamic landscape, the feeding and growth of yellow perch during their pelagic phase, and the size at transition to demersal stage.

The representation of emissions from megacities in global emission inventories

We examine the representation of emissions from megacities in three global anthropogenic emission inventories. Despite the many common sources of data between the inventories, and the similarities in their construction methodologies, there are some very large differences (often a factor of two) between the emissions for individual cities, even when the total global emissions are very similar. We find that the geographical distribution of the emissions within countries plays a larger role in explaining the differences between the inventories than differences in the country total emissions. We also find very large differences between the contribution of various sectors to the total emissions from each city, and relate these differences to the respective methodologies used in the inventory construction. By and large, in OECD countries megacity emissions from the global inventories are dominated by road transport, especially for CO and to a lesser degree for NO x . In non-OECD countries, notably in Asia, megacity CO emissions are dominated by residential biofuel use, while industrial emissions predominate for NO x . Non-methane hydrocarbon emissions in OECD megacities are caused by industry and traffic, whereas in non-OECD countries residential biofuel use makes significant contributions. These emission signatures often result from assumptions about the distribution of emissions according to gridded population density maps rather than according to the actual location of the emitting processes. We recommend the use of an ensemble of inventories, that the geographical distribution of emissions receives increased attention, and that local inventories be integrated into global emission inventories.

Regional Divergence in India during the Era of Liberalization: A Sectoral Decomposition

The objective of this paper is to understand and measure the contribution of various sectors towards the divergence of regional output in India in the era of liberalization. We have first described a framework that enables us to decompose the rate of divergence into the contribution made by various sectors. Next, we have used this framework to focus on the role of the agricultural, industrial and the services sectors of the Indian economy in bringing about changes in the level of regional inequality in the period following the liberalization of the economy. The results show that while the services and industrial sectors are largely responsible for the divergence during this period, the agricultural sector was offsetting some of the divergence.

Level of Economic Development and Performance of United States Direct Investments Abroad

In recent years, several case studies have been conducted on the operations of individual foreign subsidiaries of United States firms.1 While these are useful, they do not provide a means of comparing the operating characteristics of direct foreign investments as they may relate to the level of development of the countries in which they reside. There also have been some excellent comparative studies.2 These have concentrated upon comparisons of United States controlled enterprises abroad with those controlled either by other expatriate groups or by nationals. Perhaps the only intercountry comparison of the operating characteristics of United States direct foreign investments was that by Anthony Y. C. Koo.3 Koo's analysis utilized data from an Office of Business Economics survey of United States investments in Latin America. Thus it was confined to a group of countries which were all relatively less-developed (as of 1955). Because that survey did not provide country data on an industry sector basis, Koo was unable to examine for country differences within industry sectors. The purpose of this article is to partially close this gap. Our objective is to explore the question: Are the performance characteristics of direct foreign investments within industry sectors significantly influenced by the level of development of the country or region which harbor those investments? To examine this question comprehensively, it would be useful to have time series data on a large cross section of countries and several industry sectors. Data should be designed to reflect the economic contribution of investments in various sectors. We could then evaluate the extent to which there may be inherent difficulties faced by lessdeveloped countries difficulties which restrain them from fully realizing the potential contributions of direct foreign investment. To evaluate and compare the economic contribution of various sectors to the host country, it would be useful to know the effects of investments upon: