Contribution Of Radiation Research Articles

The mm-to-cm SED of spiral galaxies

The mm-to-cm range of the Spectral Energy Distribution of spiral galaxies remains largely unexplored. Its coverage is required to disentangle the contribution of dust emission, free-free and synchrotron radiation and can provide constraints on dust models, star-formation rates and ISM properties. We present the case for a synergy between NIKA2 observations of nearby spirals and those from planned and current instrumentation at the Sardinia Radio Telescope, and report on a pilot K-band program to search for Anomalous Microwave Emission, an elusive emission component which is presumably related to dust.

What Contributes to the Inter‐Annual Variability in Tropical Lower Stratospheric Temperatures?

AbstractThe inter‐annual variability in mid and lower stratospheric temperatures for the period 1984–2019 is decomposed into dynamical and radiative contributions using a radiative calculation perturbed with changes in dynamical heating, trace gases and aerosol optical depth. The temperature timeseries obtained is highly correlated with the de‐seasonalized ERA5 temperature (r2 > 0.6 in the region 15 to 70 hPa, 1992 to 2019–after the Pinatubo volcanic eruption). Ozone and dynamical heating contributions are found to be equally important, with water vapor, stratospheric aerosols, and carbon dioxide playing smaller roles. Prominent aspects of the temperature timeseries are closely reproduced, including the 1991 Pinatubo volcanic eruption, the year‐2000 water vapor drop, and the 2016 Quasi‐biennial oscillation (QBO) disruption. Below 20 hPa, ozone is primarily controlled by transport and is positively correlated to the upwelling. This ozone‐transport feedback acts to increase the temperature response to a change in upwelling by providing an additional ozone‐induced radiative temperature change. This can be quantified as an enhancement of the dynamical heating of about 20% at 70 hPa. A Principal Oscillation Pattern (POP) analysis is used to estimate the contribution of the ozone QBO (±1 K at 70 hPa). The non‐QBO ozone variability is also shown to be significant. Using the QBO leading POP timeseries as representative of the regular QBO signal, the QBO 2016 disruption is shown to have an anomalously large radiative impact on temperature due to the ozone change ( at 70 hPa).

Особенности расчета поглощенных доз облучения для крупного рогатого скота в условиях Красноярского края

Abstract. The article provides an adapted methodology of absorbed dose calculation for the cattle from the territories with long-term man-made contamination. The methodology was developed according to existing regulatory documents in the RF: veterinarian rules VR 13.73.13/12-00, VR 13.5.13/03-00, methodical instructions MI 13.5.13-00, regulation for the state veterinarian control system in radioactive contamination of veterinary surveillance objects in the Russian Federation. The aim of the work is the development of calculation methodology of absorbed radiation doses for the cattle on the territory with long-term man-made isotopes contamination, taking to the account the radionuclide composition of the soil. Methods. The regulatory documents governing absorbed doses calculation has been analyzed; the contribution of external and internal radiation into total annual absorbed dose has been determined. Results. It has been established, that the calculation of external radiation dose needs to be done considering doses in stable and pasture periods. Pasture period dose is a sum of day and night doses considering day length. According to the data of radio ecological situation in Krasnoyarsk krai the internal radiation dose should be calculated as a sum of 137Cs, 90Sr, 60Co, taking to the account different concentration of these radionuclides in green and coarse fodder. Scientific novelty. The methodology of dose calculation for the cattle according to the radio ecological situation in Krasnoyarsk krai has been introduced for the first time. Practical significance. This methodology is recommended for the specialists of radiological departments of veterinarian laboratories and science officers in the field of agricultural radiobiology.

Effect of ground-based environmental conditions on the level of dangerous ultraviolet solar radiation

An analytical model is suggested to determine the contribution of solar radiation scattered by dispersed layers of weakly absorbing highly-porous media on the surface of the earth to the local UV-index, which characterizes harmful ultraviolet irradiation. The transport approximation for the single-scattering phase function and the two-flux method for approximate radiative transfer calculations were used to calculate an additional UV irradiance due to multiple scattering in the layer of a substrate medium. Three important environment conditions are considered in the case problems: the snowpack in a mountain ski resort of Provo (Utah), the salt layer in the Great Salt Lake desert, and the layers of sand typical of sand resorts and beaches. The optical properties of the media were calculated using the data for spectral optical constants of substances in the near-ultraviolet and analytical geometrical optics solution for large spherical particles of a weakly absorbing material. The resulting spectral single-scattering transport albedo of the medium was used to determine an additional harmful UV radiation. It was found that corrected values of the UV-index in all three cases are substantially higher than those calculated without account for the light reflected from a scattering medium on the earth surface. The model of the present paper can be used for different dispersed media in a wide range of physical parameters.

Association Between Time Spent Outdoors and Risk of Multiple Sclerosis.

This study aims to determine the contributions of sun exposure and ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure to risk of pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis (MS). Children with MS and controls recruited from multiple centers in the United States were matched on sex and age. Multivariable conditional logistic regression was used to investigate the association of time spent outdoors daily in summer, use of sun protection, and ambient summer UVR dose in the year before birth and the year before diagnosis with MS risk, with adjustment for sex, age, race, birth season, child's skin color, mother's education, tobacco smoke exposure, being overweight, and Epstein-Barr virus infection. Three hundred thirty-two children with MS (median disease duration 7.3 months) and 534 controls were included after matching on sex and age. In a fully adjusted model, compared to spending <30 minutes outdoors daily during the most recent summer, greater time spent outdoors was associated with a marked reduction in the odds of developing MS, with evidence of dose-response (30 minutes-1 hour: adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 0.48, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.23-0.99, p = 0.05; 1-2 hours: AOR 0.19, 95% CI 0.09-0.40, p < 0.001). Higher summer ambient UVR dose was also protective for MS (AOR 0.76 per 1 kJ/m2, 95% CI 0.62-0.94, p = 0.01). If this is a causal association, spending more time in the sun during summer may be strongly protective against developing pediatric MS, as well as residing in a sunnier location.

Permafrost thaw driven changes in hydrology and vegetation cover increase trace gas emissions and climate forcing in Stordalen Mire from 1970 to 2014.

Permafrost thaw increases active layer thickness, changes landscape hydrology and influences vegetation species composition. These changes alter belowground microbial and geochemical processes, affecting production, consumption and net emission rates of climate forcing trace gases. Net carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) fluxes determine the radiative forcing contribution from these climate-sensitive ecosystems. Permafrost peatlands may be a mosaic of dry frozen hummocks, semi-thawed or perched sphagnum dominated areas, wet permafrost-free sedge dominated sites and open water ponds. We revisited estimates of climate forcing made for 1970 and 2000 for Stordalen Mire in northern Sweden and found the trend of increasing forcing continued into 2014. The Mire continued to transition from dry permafrost to sedge and open water areas, increasing by 100% and 35%, respectively, over the 45-year period, causing the net radiative forcing of Stordalen Mire to shift from negative to positive. This trend is driven by transitioning vegetation community composition, improved estimates of annual CO2 and CH4 exchange and a 22% increase in the IPCC's 100-year global warming potential (GWP_100) value for CH4. These results indicate that discontinuous permafrost ecosystems, while still remaining a net overall sink of C, can become a positive feedback to climate change on decadal timescales.This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Rising methane: is warming feeding warming? (part 2)’.

A method for measuring the emissions of in situ agricultural plastic film microplastics by ultraviolet and mechanical abrasion

Agricultural plastic film (APF) is widely used in modern agriculture. Under natural environmental conditions, the structure, surface properties and mechanical properties of APFs change because of sunlight, wind and other factors and gradually break into debris, resulting in the generation of microplastics (MPs). Studies have reported that the MPs concentration in soil is positively correlated with the use intensity and duration of APFs. Unfortunately, to the best of our knowledge, no method to measure the emissions of in situ APFs has been developed. In this study, the effects of mechanical abrasion driven by wind on MPs fragmentation by polyethylene (PE) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) APFs with the increase of exposure time were investigated. Meanwhile, based on the release rate model of PS fragmented MPs under natural sunlight, a modified model to quantify the effect of ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposure duration on the production of APF fragmented MPs was developed. Based on these models, the amount of MPs produced from APFs in farmland in China was estimated. The national annual MPs mass emissions from APFs in agricultural soil were approximately 5 × 104 to 6.8 × 104 tons in 2018 due to wind and 6.5 × 103 tons due to sunlight, and the total emission level due to both wind and sunlight was 5.1 × 104 to 7.0 × 104 tons. Compared with that of wind, the contribution of UV radiation to MPs emission is smaller. Our estimates are comparable to data reported in previous studies, indicating that our models have good practical applications and are of great significance for predicting MPs production from APFs in farmland.

Radiative contribution to thermal grating decay

The decay of a spatially sinusoidal temperature perturbation (thermal grating) via thermal transport by both conduction and radiation is analyzed theoretically. The intrinsic non-radiative conduction is described by the heat diffusion equation while radiative transport is described by the radiation transport equation for a non-scattering absorbing medium. We solve the coupled equations analytically and obtain the thermal grating decay rate, which leads to an explicit expression for the radiative contribution to the effective thermal conductivity measured with the laser-induced transient thermal grating technique. We find that at a given thermal grating period, the radiative contribution to thermal transport is maximized when the absorption length of thermal radiation is about 1/4 of the period. We present the expression for an upper bound for the radiative contribution and discuss the results for representative materials. We conclude that in a typical transient grating measurement with the grating period in the micrometer range, the radiative contribution is negligible, but it may be significant if the grating period is in the millimeter or centimeter range. Our analysis also provides a Fourier-domain Green's function that can be used to find the temperature field produced by an arbitrary spatiotemporal distribution of heat sources.

Factorized approach to radiative corrections for inelastic lepton-hadron collisions

We propose a factorized approach to QED radiative corrections for inclusive and semi-inclusive deep-inelastic scattering to systematically account for QED and QCD radiation contributions to both processes on equal footing. This is achieved by utilizing factorization to resum logarithmically enhanced QED radiation into universal lepton distribution and fragmentation (or jet) functions. Numerical simulations suggest that the QED effects induced by the rotational distortion of the hadron transverse momentum, arising from the mismatch between the experimental Breit frame and the true photon-hadron frame, can be as large as 50\% for moderate $Q$, and become increasingly important for large transverse momenta. Our framework provides a uniform treatment of radiative effects for extracting three-dimensional hadron structure from high-energy lepton-hadron scattering at current and future facilities, such as the Electron-Ion Collider.

Coherence in macroscopic high harmonic generation for spatial focal phase distributions of monochromatic and broadband Gaussian laser pulses

Efficient application of ultrafast laser sources from high harmonic generation requires an understanding of how the spectrum can be controlled - the extent of the highest harmonics and the strength and cleanness of the harmonic lines. We study one important aspect in the coherent build-up of macroscopic high-order harmonic generation, namely the impact of different phase distributions in the focal area on the features of the generated radiation. Specifically, we compare the high harmonic signals for the commonly-used Gouy distribution of a monochromatic beam with those for the phase distribution of a short broadband Gaussian pulse. To this end, we apply a theoretical model in which the microscopic yields are obtained via interpolation of results of the time-dependent Schrödinger equation, which are then used in an individual-emitter approach to determine the macroscopic signals. Regions of poor and good coherent build-up as a function of the position of the gas jet are identified using measures for the strength of the harmonic lines and for the impact of off-harmonic radiation. While the largest extent of the spectra as well as the strongest contribution of off-harmonic radiation is found for positioning the gas jet after the focus for both distributions, the relative strength of the harmonics is overall weaker for the short Gaussian pulse distribution and the spectra differ for a gas jet positioned at the focus. These differences are mainly caused by the additional dependence of the focal phase in the transverse direction for the short Gaussian pulse distribution.

Numerical Assessment of Downward Incoming Solar Irradiance in Smoke Influenced Regions—A Case Study in Brazilian Amazon and Cerrado

Smoke aerosol plumes generated during the biomass burning season in Brazil suffer long-range transport, resulting in large aerosol optical depths over an extensive domain. As a consequence, downward surface solar irradiance, and in particular the direct component, can be significantly reduced. Accurate solar energy assessments considering the radiative contribution of biomass burning aerosols are required to support Brazil’s solar power sector. This work presents the 2nd generation of the radiative transfer model BRASIL-SR, developed to improve the aerosol representation and reduce the uncertainties in surface solar irradiance estimates in cloudless hazy conditions and clean conditions. Two numerical experiments allowed to assess the model’s skill using observational or regional MERRA-2 reanalysis AOD data in a region frequently affected by smoke. Four ground measurement sites provided data for the model output validation. Results for DNI obtained using δ-Eddington scaling and without scaling are compared, with the latter presenting the best skill in all sites and for both experiments. An increase in the relative error of DNI results obtained with δ-Eddington optical depth scaling as AOD increases is evidenced. For DNI, MBD deviations ranged from −2.3 to −0.5%, RMSD between 2.3 and 4.7% and OVER between 0 and 5.3% when using in-situ AOD data. Overall, our results indicate a good skill of BRASIL-SR for the estimation of both GHI and DNI.

Evaluation and use of airspaces for thermal resistance in buildings

The thermal resistance (R-value) of airspaces depends on the emittance of surfaces around the airspace, dimensions, heat-flow direction, and the temperatures of bounding surfaces. Assessing the energy performance of building envelope components and fenestration systems requires accurate results for the R-values of any enclosed spaces. The evaluation of reflective insulation R-values has evolved to include use of computational fluid dynamics and surface-to-surface radiation to quantify convective and radiation contributions to the heat transfer across airspaces of all types. This paper compares an advanced and validated computational tool for calculating enclosed airspace R-values with the widely-used ISO 6946 and airspace R-values in the ASHRAE Handbook-Fundamentals. The tool evaluates construction defects, air-infiltration impact, and dimensional aspect ratios that 1-D methods do not address. The differences between the methods that are currently being used to evaluate the R-value and the advantages of the advanced method for evaluation of reflective insulation applications are discussed.

Diagnosis of Atmospheric Drivers of High-Latitude Evapotranspiration Using Structural Equation Modeling

Evapotranspiration (ET) is a relevant component of the surface moisture budget and is associated with different drivers. The interrelated drivers cause variations at daily to interannual timescales. This study uses structural equation modeling to diagnose the drivers over an ensemble of 45 high-latitude sites, each of which provides at least several years of in situ measurements, including latent heat fluxes derived from eddy covariance flux towers. The sites are grouped by vegetation type (tundra, forest) and the presence or absence of permafrost to determine how the relative importance of different drivers depends on land surface characteristics. Factor analysis is used to quantify the common variance among the variables, while a path analysis procedure is used to assess the independent contributions of different variables. The variability of ET at forest sites generally shows a stronger dependence on relative humidity, while ET at tundra sites is more temperature-limited than moisture-limited. The path analysis shows that ET has a stronger direct correlation with solar radiation than with any other measured variable. Wind speed has the largest independent contribution to ET variability. The independent contribution of solar radiation is smaller because solar radiation also affects ET through various other drivers. The independent contribution of wind speed is especially apparent at forest wetland sites. For both tundra and forest vegetation, temperature loads higher on the first factor when permafrost is present, implying that ET will become less sensitive to temperature as permafrost thaws.

Radiative contributions to gravitational scattering

The linear-order effects of radiation-reaction on the classical scattering of two point masses, in General Relativity, are derived by a variation-of-constants method. Explicit expressions for the radiation-reaction contributions to the changes of 4-momentum during scattering are given to linear order in the radiative losses of energy, linear-momentum and angular momentum. The polynomial dependence on the masses of the 4-momentum changes is shown to lead to non-trivial identities relating the various radiative losses. At order $G^3$ our results lead to a streamlined classical derivation of results recently derived within a quantum approach. At order $G^4$ we compute the needed radiative losses to next-to-next-to-leading-order in the post-Newtonian expansion, thereby reaching the absolute fourth and a half post-Newtonian level of accuracy in the 4-momentum changes. We also provide explicit expressions, at the absolute sixth post-Newtonian accuracy, for the radiation-graviton contribution to {\it conservative} $O(G^4)$ scattering. At orders $G^5$ and $G^6$ we derive explicit theoretical expressions for the last two hitherto undetermined parameters describing the fifth-post-Newtonian dynamics. Our results at the fifth-post-Newtonian level confirm results of [Nucl. Phys. B \textbf{965}, 115352 (2021)] but exhibit some disagreements with results of [Phys. Rev. D \textbf{101}, 064033 (2020)].

P40.07 Immunotherapy Toxicity in Lung Cancer & the Impact of Thoracic Radiation Therapy

Immunotherapy is increasingly utilized either alone or in combination with chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy (RT) with improved survival. Immunotherapy related toxicity can appear similar to radiation induced toxicity. The contribution of concurrent or sequential thoracic radiation to immunotherapy related cardiopulmonary toxicity is not well understood. Current literature suggests that combination of immunotherapy and thoracic radiation does not result in an increase in high-grade toxicities, however clinicians continue to approach this combination with caution. All patients that received immunotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) between 2011 and 2020 were included in the analysis. The electronic medical records were used to collect demographic, treatment, and toxicity data. RTOG toxicity scale was used to grade pneumonitis and CTCAE was used for all other toxicities. The first course of radiation therapy was used for analysis if patients received more than one course. The relationship between thoracic RT and the incidence of cardiopulmonary toxicities was evaluated through pairwise comparisons using Barnard’s exact test of three groups including: patients who received thoracic RT ³ 45 Gy, thoracic RT < 45 Gy, and those who did not receive thoracic RT. To account for the three pairwise comparisons for each toxicity class, Bonferroni adjusted p-values were utilized. Additionally, the impact of RT type (thoracic vs. nonthoracic) and total dose (³ 45 Gy vs. < 45 Gy) over multiple courses of treatment was examined. The cause specific hazard ratios for toxicity outcomes were modeled using the Cox proportional hazards model, with time of treatment initiation designated as the time of origin. Candidate variables for inclusion included: receipt of any thoracic vs. non-thoracic RT, thoracic vs. nonthoracic RT received as most recent therapy relative to time of toxicity, total thoracic RT dose (³ 45 Gy or < 45 Gy), and total non-thoracic RT dose. The toxicity outcomes (all grade occurrences and grade 3-5 events) evaluated included cardiopulmonary toxicities of any type, pleural effusions, and pneumonitis events. 251 patients met the inclusion criteria and were included in the analysis. The majority of patients were locally advanced or metastatic at presentation; 33.5% stage III & 56.6% stage IV. RT was given in 83.3% of patients and 63.7% of patients received thoracic RT. An elevated risk of grade 3-5 pleural effusions was found in patients who received thoracic RT and cumulative dose < 45 Gy, however, the group that received ³ 45 Gy did not reveal an increased risk of grade 3-5 pleural effusions. Overall, the remaining candidate variables were not found to significantly impact the evaluated toxicity outcomes (p > 0.05). An increased risk of pleural effusions was found in patients who received a prior cumulative RT dose of <45 Gy. However, overall, the results of this large single-institution retrospective review do not show an association with thoracic RT and increased risk of cardiopulmonary toxicity in patients receiving immunotherapy for NSCLC. Further dosimetric analysis will be conducted to better characterize cardiopulmonary toxicity outcomes relative to radiation dose to the heart and lung.

Radiative and Aerodynamic Contribution to Evaporation: Eddy‐Covariance Comparison Between a Plain and a Plateau Lake

AbstractWater surface‐atmosphere interactions play an important role in the climate system on regional and even global scale. Yet, it remains unclear whether radiative or aerodynamic forces contribute more to water surface evaporation, which may lead to different strategies in model parameterization. This study compared the eddy covariance observations taken at two contrasting lakes in China: Poyang Lake (subtropical, plain, and warm) in 2018 and Yamzhog Yum Co (alpine, plateau, and cold) in 2016. Both lakes of similar latitude have similar solar radiation, and Yamzhog Yum Co has a lower atmospheric pressure and air density and a larger temperature difference between water surface and air. Poyang Lake had a total evaporation of 741 mm from 6 May to 31 December 2018, relatively higher than that of Yamzhog Yum Co (677 mm) for the same season in 2016. Evaporation peaked in August for Poyang Lake but in October for Yamzhog Yum Co. The Penman equation disclosed that radiative forces contributed more than aerodynamic forces in both lakes. Evaporation was found to be most sensitive to air temperature in Poyang Lake but to surface net radiation in Yamzhog Yum Co, attributable to their sensitivity differences in iso‐radiative and isothermal conditions. Higher elevation reduced the aerodynamic contribution with lower air temperature and atmospheric pressure in Yamzhog Yum Co. The findings should be useful for understanding different behaviors of lake evaporation under common mechanisms.

The Interference of Gamma Rays With Bone Mineral Density Measurements in 177Lu-PSMA and DOTATATE Therapy

The main purpose was to describe the interference of gamma radiation emitted by 177Lu with simultaneous bone mineral density BMD measures for patients undergoing 177Lu-PSMA and 177Lu DOTATATE therapy. A cohort of 9 patients underwent 177Lu-PSMA therapy were randomly selected to speculate the activity in the abdominopelvic region. So that, SPECT/CT scan at 24 h was used with attenuation and scatter correction. The activities were derived from the delineated ROIs over the abdominopelvic zone showing a range of 34−274 MBq. Next, a water path was placed under spine phantom mimicking L1-L4 vertebrae and followed by consecutive DEXA scans made by Hologic 4500 W and GE-Lunar DPX-NT systems. Five scans were performed without/and with different Lu-177 activities 37, 185, 370 and 555 MBq under the same geometric conditions. The obtained BMD readings of L1-L4 by the Hologic device were 1.027, 1.024, 1.021, 1.013, and 1.006 g/cm2 with presence of 0, 37, 185, 370, and 555 MBq 177Lu activity, respectively. Whereas, in Lunar device, it was found as higher as 1.163, 1.121, 1.09, 1.072, and 1.043, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between both devices (pvalue ≥ 0.05). The fluctuation ranges in the L1-L4 BMD readings at the presence of 37−555 MBq were 0.3%−2%, and 3.6%−10.3% for Hologic and Lunar systems, respectively. It was emphasized that gamma radiation emitted by 177Lu relatively influence DEXA scans and the yielded BMD measures. Postponing DEXA scans as early as 8 d after 177Lu-PMSA and 11 d after 177Lu-DOTATATE therapies is recommended to avoid the erroneous contribution of gamma radiation and provide precise bone assessment.

Invariant jet mass measurements in pp collisions at s=200 GeV at RHIC

We present the first inclusive measurements of the invariant and SoftDrop jet mass in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}=200$ GeV at STAR. The measurements are fully corrected for detector effects, and reported differentially in both the jet transverse momentum and jet radius parameter. We compare the measurements to established leading-order Monte Carlo event generators and find that STAR-tuned PYTHIA-6 reproduces the data, while LHC tunes of PYTHIA-8 and HERWIG-7 do not agree with the data, providing further constraints on parameter tuning. Finally, we observe that SoftDrop grooming, for which the contribution of wide-angle non-perturbative radiation is suppressed, shifts the jet mass distributions into closer agreement with the partonic jet mass as determined by both PYTHIA-8 and a next-to-leading-logarithmic accuracy perturbative QCD calculation. These measurements complement recent LHC measurements in a different kinematic region, as well as establish a baseline for future jet mass measurements in heavy-ion collisions at RHIC.

Development and Evaluation of a New Method for AMSU-A Cloud Detection over Land

Satellite data are the main source of information for operational data assimilation systems, and Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-A (AMSU-A) data are one of the types of satellite data that contribute most to the reduction of numerical forecast errors. However, the assimilation of AMSU-A data over land lags behind that over the ocean. In this respect, the accuracy of cloud detection over land is one of the factors affecting the assimilation of AMSU-A data, especially for the window and low-peaking channel (23–53.59 GHz and 89 GHz) data. Strong surface emissivity and high spatial and temporal variability make it difficult to distinguish between the radiative contributions of clouds and the atmosphere. Based on the differences in the response characteristics of different channels to clouds, five AMSU-A window and low-peaking channels (channels 1–4 and 15) were selected to develop a new index for cloud detection over land. Case studies showed that the AMSU-A cloud index can detect most of the convective clouds; additionally, by further matching the MHS (Microwave Humidity Sounder) cloud detection index, we can effectively distinguish between cloudy and clear-sky observations. Batch test results also verified the accuracy and stability of the new cloud detection method. By referring to the MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) cloud product, the POD (probability of detection) of the cloud fields of view with the new method was nearly 84%. By using the new cloud detection method to remove the cloudy data, the bias and standard deviation of the observation-minus-simulated brightness temperature (O−B) were significantly reduced, with the bias of O−B for channels 2–4 being below 1.0 K and the standard deviation of channels 5 and 6 being nearly 1.0 K.

Revisit prompt J/ψ production in associated with Higgs boson via gluon fusion at the LHC

The production of charmonium associated with Higgs boson via gluon fusion has been investigated by Kniehl, Palisoc, and Zwirner [Phys. Rev. D 66, 114002 (2002)] in which they considered the contribution of the final Higgs boson radiation off the charm quark at tree level and found that this process is far too rare to be observable in any of the considered experiments. In this paper, the production of prompt $J/\ensuremath{\psi}$ associated with the Higgs boson via gluon fusion at the 14 TeV LHC within the factorization formalism of nonrelativistic quantum chromodynamics is revisited. After considering the contribution from the final Higgs boson radiation off the top quark in the loop, which is more than 3 orders of magnitudes higher than the charm quark at tree level, the production of prompt $J/\ensuremath{\psi}$ associated with the Higgs boson has great potential to be detected. The prompt $J/\ensuremath{\psi}$ production includes the direct production and indirect production via radiative or hadronic decays of high excited charmonium states. For the direct $J/\ensuremath{\psi}+H$ production via loop-induced gluon fusion, the ${^{3}S}_{1}^{(8)}$ Fock state gives the dominant contribution to the cross section, which is about 95% of the total direct production. The indirect loop-induced contribution is appreciable, since the summation of $\ensuremath{\psi}(2S)+H$, ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{c1}+H$ and ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{c2}+H$ is about 34% of the total cross section of prompt $J/\ensuremath{\psi}+H$. The indirect contribution from ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{c0}+H$ is tiny and can be neglected. With great potential to be detected, prompt $J/\ensuremath{\psi}$ production associated with the Higgs boson can help us to further understand the mechanism of the color octet, as well as being useful to further investigate the coupling of the Higgs boson and fermions.