Pile-up Contribution Research Articles

Pileup density estimate independent on jet multiplicity

The hard-scatter processes in hadronic collisions are often largely contaminated with soft background coming from pileup in proton-proton collisions, or underlying event in heavy-ion collisions. There are multiple methods to remove the effect of pileup for jets. Two such methods, Area Subtraction and Constituent Subtraction, use the pileup density as the main ingredient to estimate the magnitude of pileup contribution on an event-by-event basis. The state-of-the-art approaches to estimating pileup density are sensitive to the number of hard-scatter jets in the event. This paper presents a new pileup-density estimation method that minimizes the sensitivity on the presence of hard-scatter jets in the event. Using a detector-level simulation, we provide a comparison of the new method with the state-of-the-art estimation methods. We observe a significantly lower bias for the estimated pileup density when using the new method. We conclude that the new method has the potential to significantly improve pileup mitigation in proton-proton collisions or the underlying event subtraction in heavy-ion collisions.

Status of the HOLMES Experiment

The assessment of the absolute \(\nu\) mass scale is a crucial challenge in today’s particle physics and cosmology. The only experimental method which can provide a model-independent measurement is the investigation of endpoint distortion in beta/electron capture spectra. \(^{163}\)Ho is a good choice thanks to its low electron capture Q value (about 2.8 keV), the proximity of the end-point to resonance M1 and its half-life (4570 years). The HOLMES experiment will exploit a calorimetric measurement of \(^{163}\)Ho decay spectrum deploying a large set of cryogenic micro-calorimeters containing implanted \(^{163}\)Ho. In order to get the best experimental sensitivity, it is crucial to combine high activity with very small undetected pileup contribution. Therefore, the main tasks of the experiment consist of: the development of about 1000 fast (3 \(\mu\)s time resolution) cryogenic micro-calorimeters characterized by extraordinary energy resolution (down to few eV); the embedding of \(^{163}\)Ho source inside the calorimeters, avoiding to spoil detectors’ thermodynamical properties (mainly heat capacity) and preventing pileup issues. Moreover, it is also necessary to avoid contamination from other radionuclides, mainly \(^{166m}\)Ho. Finally, an efficient high-bandwidth multiplexed readout has to be developed. The commissioning of the first implanted array is currently ongoing; the first data acquisition is expected to start in fall 2022. Here, the status of the experiment and the first results of detector commissioning will be discussed.

Pair production of charged IDM scalars at high energy CLIC

The Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) was proposed as the next energy-frontier infrastructure at CERN, to study e^++e^-− collisions at three centre-of-mass energy stages: 380,GeV, 1.5,TeV and 3,TeV. The main goal of its high-energy stages is to search for the new physics beyond the Standard Model (SM). The Inert Doublet Model (IDM) is one of the simplest SM extensions and introduces four new scalar particles: H^\pm±, A and H; the lightest, H, is stable and hence a natural dark matter (DM) candidate. A set of benchmark points is considered, which are consistent with current theoretical and experimental constraints and promise detectable signals at future colliders.Prospects for observing pair-production of the IDM scalars at CLIC were previously studied using signatures with two leptons in the final state. In the current study, discovery reach for the IDM charged scalar pair-production is considered for the semi-leptonic final state at the two high-energy CLIC stages. Full simulation analysis, based on the current CLIC detector model, is presented for five selected IDM scenarios. Results are then extended to the larger set of benchmarks using the Delphes fast simulation framework. The CLIC detector model for Delphes has been modified to take pile-up contribution from the beam-induced \gamma\gammaγγ interactions into account, which is crucial for the presented analysis. Results of the study indicate that heavy, charged IDM scalars can be discovered at CLIC for most of the proposed benchmark scenarios, with very high statistical significance.

Status of the HOLMES Experiment

The absolute neutrino mass is still an unknown parameter in the modern landscape of particle physics. The HOLMES experiment aims at exploiting the calorimetric approach to directly measure the neutrino mass through the kinematic measurement of the decay products of the weak process decay of $$^{163}$$Ho. This low energy decaying isotope, in fact, undergoes electron capture emitting a neutrino and leaving the daughter atom, $$^{163}$$Dy$$^*$$, in an atomic excited state. This, in turn, relaxes by emitting electrons and, to a considerably lesser extent, photons. The high-energy portion of the calorimetric spectrum of this decay is affected by the non-vanishing neutrino mass value. Given the small fraction of events falling within the region of interest, to achieve a high experimental sensitivity on the neutrino mass, it is important to have a high activity combined with a very small undetected pileup contribution. To achieve these targets, the final configuration of HOLMES foresees the deployment of a large number of $$^{163}$$Ho ion-implanted TESs characterized by an ambitiously high activity of 300 Hz each. In this paper, we outline the status of the major tasks that will bring HOLMES to achieve a statistical sensitivity on the neutrino mass as low as 2 eV/c$$^2$$.

Working principle and demonstrator of microwave-multiplexing for the HOLMES experiment microcalorimeters

The determination of the neutrino mass is an open issue in modern particle physics and astrophysics. The direct mass measurement is the only theory-unrelated experimental tool capable to probe such quantity. The HOLMES experiment aims to measure the end-point energy of the electron capture (EC) decay of 163Ho with a statistical sensitivity on the neutrino mass as low as ∼ 1 eV/c2. In order to acquire the large needed statistics, by keeping the pile-up contribution as low as possible, 1024 transition edge sensors (TESs) with high energy and time resolutions will be employed. Microcalorimeter and bolometer arrays based on transition edge sensor with thousands of pixels are under development for several space-based and ground-based applications, including astrophysics, nuclear and particle physics, and materials science. The common necessary challenge is to develop pratical multiplexing techniques in order to simplify the cryogenics and readout systems. Despite the various multiplexing variants which are being developed have been successful, new approaches are needed to enable scaling to larger pixel counts and faster sensors, as requested for HOLMES, reducing also the cost and complexity of readout. A very novel technique that meets all of these requirements is based on superconducting microwave resonators coupled to radio-frequency Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices, in which the changes in the TES input current is tranduced to a change in phase of a microwave signal. In this work we introduce the basics of this technique, the design and development of the first two-channel read out system and its performances with the first TES detectors specifically designed for HOLMES. In the last part we explain how to extend this approach scaling to 1024 pixels.

High-resolution high-speed microwave-multiplexed low temperature microcalorimeters for the HOLMES experiment

We present the first performance results obtained with microwave multiplexed Transition Edge Sensors prototypes specifically designed for the HOLMES experiment, a project aimed at directly measuring the electron neutrino mass through the calorimetric measurement of the ^{163}Ho electron capture spectrum. The detectors required for such an experiment feature a high energy resolution at the Q–value of the transition, around sim 2.8 keV, and a fast response time combined with the compatibility to be multiplexed in large arrays in order to collect a large statistics while keeping the pile-up contribution as small as possible. In addition, the design has to be suitable for future ion-implantation of ^{163}Ho. The results obtained in these tests allowed us to identify the optimal detector design among several prototypes. The chosen detector achieved an energy resolution of (4.5 ± 0.3) eV on the chlorine K_alpha line, at sim 2.6 keV, obtained with an exponential rise time of 14 upmu s. The achievements described in this paper pose a milestone for the HOLMES detectors, setting a baseline for the subsequent developments, aiming to the actual ion-implantation of the ^{163}Ho nuclei. In the first section the HOLMES experiment is outlined along with its physics goal, while in the second section the HOLMES detectors are described; the experimental set-up and the calibration source used for the measurements described in this paper are reported in Sects. 3 and 4, respectively; finally, the details of the data analysis and the results obtained are reported in Sect. 6.

Calibration of the CMS hadron calorimeter in Run 2

Various calibration techniques for the CMS Hadron calorimeter in Run 2 and the results of calibration using 2016 collision data are presented. The radiation damage corrections, intercalibration of different channels using the phi-symmetry technique for barrel, endcap and forward calorimeter regions are described, as well as the intercalibration with muons of the outer hadron calorimeter. The achieved intercalibration precision is within 3%. The in situ energy scale calibration is performed in the barrel and endcap regions using isolated charged hadrons and in the forward calorimeter using the Zarrow ee process. The impact of pileup and the developed technique of correction for pileup is also discussed. The achieved uncertainty of the response to hadrons is 3.4% in the barrel and 2.6% in the endcap region (at the pseudorapidity range |η|<2) and is dominated by the systematic uncertainty due to pileup contributions.

Employing X-ray absorption technique for better detector resolution and measurement of low cross-section events

Abstract The versatility of X-ray absorption technique is experimentally employed for enhancing the detector resolution and to rejuvenate the low probable transitions obscured in the pile-up region, during a beam-foil spectroscopy experiment. The multiple aluminum absorber layers (10 μm each) are used to suppress the pile-up contribution drastically and to restore a weak transition which is about 1.38 × 104 times weaker than a one-electron-one-photon transitions viz. Kα and Khα. The weak line is possibly originating from a two-electron-one-photon transition in He-like Ti. Further, the transitions, which were obscured in the spectra due to high intensity ratio, are revived by dissimilar line intensity attenuation using this technique. The measured lifetimes of Kα line with and without intensity attenuation match well within error bar. The present technique finds potential implications in understanding the structure of multiple-core-vacant ions and other low cross section processes in ion-solid collisions.

The HOLMES Experiment

The determination of the neutrino mass is an open issue in modern particle physics and astrophysics. The direct mass measurement is the only theory-unrelated experimental tool capable to probe such quantity. The HOLMES experiment will measure the end-point energy of the electron capture decay of \(^{163}\)Ho, aiming at a statistical sensitivity on the neutrino mass around 1 eV/c\(^2\). In order to acquire the large needed statistics by keeping the pile-up contribution as low as possible, 1000 transition edge sensors will be readout simultaneously with the frequency domain readout, a multiplexing technique where the multiplex factor is only limited by the bandwidth of the available commercial fast digitizers. We outline here the HOLMES project with its technical challenges, and its status and perspectives.

Search for Kaluza-Klein gravitons in extra dimension models via forward detectors at the LHC

We investigate contributions of Kaluza-Klein (KK) graviton in extra dimension models to the process $pp \to p\gamma p \to p\gamma j X$, where a proton emits a quasireal photon and is detected by using the very forward detectors planned at the LHC. In addition to the $\gamma q$ initial state as in the Compton scattering in the standard model, the $\gamma g$ scattering contributes through the $t$-channel exchange of KK gravitons. Taking account of pileup contributions to the background and examining viable kinematical cuts, constraints on the parameter space of both the ADD (Arkani-Hamed, Dimopoulos and Dvali) model and the RS (Randall and Sundrum) model are studied. With 200 fb$^{-1}$ data at a center-of-mass energy of 14 TeV, the expected lower bound on the cut-off scale for the ADD model is 6.3 TeV at 95% confidence level, while a lower limit of 2.0 (0.5) TeV is set on the mass of the first excited graviton with the coupling parameter $k/\overline{M}_{\rm Pl}=0.1$ (0.01) for the RS model.

Particle-level pileup subtraction for jets and jet shapes

We present an extension to the jet area-based pileup subtraction for both jet kinematics and jet shapes. A particle-level approach is explored whereby the jet constituents are corrected or removed using an extension of the methods currently being employed by the LHC experiments. Several jet shapes and nominal jet radii are used to assess the performance in simulated events with pileup levels equivalent to approximately 30 and 100 interactions per bunch crossing, which are characteristic of both the LHC Run I and Run II conditions. An improved performance in removing the pileup contributions is found when using the new subtraction method. The performance of the new procedure is also compared to other existing methods.

Direct measurement of surface shape for validation of indentation deformation and plasticity length-scale effects: a comparison of methods

It is ironic that recent developments in instrumented indentation, such as the drive to obtain tensile properties from indentation data and to understand length-scale effects in plasticity, have seen a return to direct imaging of indentations. Significant uncertainties in contact size arise when using contact mechanics calculations that do not take into account the lateral dilation of elastic recovery (Hou et al 2008 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 41 074006) and important sink-in and pile-up contributions to the contact response (Lim and Chaudhri 1999 Phil. Mag. A 79 2979–3000). High resolution, direct measurement avoids these problems. Accurate wear volume and coating thickness measurements obtained by cap grinding methods also depend on high accuracy and low uncertainty direct measurement methods. The use of metrological atomic force microscopy to measure and certify the shape of indenters is well established (Aldrich-Smith et al 2005 Z. Metallk. 96 1267–71) and is essential for valid mechanical property measurement by instrumented indentation. In this paper, we consider indent measurement and compare three direct measurement techniques: optical microscopy, metrological atomic force microscopy (AFM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). We compare the relative merits and uncertainties of various 2D and 3D analysis methods with a new analysis method of differentiating 3D data obtained from AFM and CLSM. This new method has the lowest uncertainty (2.8% for a 50 µm diameter indent at the 95% confidence level). Better still, it enables objective measurements of indent size that avoid the issues caused by difficult-to-standardize parameters (such as illumination angle, contrast and brightness settings), which strongly affect manual estimates of the edge position of an indentation/crater (Gee et al 2002 NPL Measurement Good Practice Guide No 57).

Measurement of missing transverse energy with the CMS detector at the LHC

The performance of the Compact Muon Solenoid detector for measuring missing transverse energy is evaluated using fully simulated pp collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 14 TeV at the Large Hadron Collider. For minimum bias events without pileup, a resolution of 6.1 GeV is computed, corresponding to a stochastic contribution of $0.63\sqrt{\Sigma{}E_{\text{T}}} \mathrm{GeV^{1/2}}$ , where ΣET is the summed transverse energy in all calorimeter towers. When the contribution of pileup is included, the resolution degrades according to the overall deposited ΣET with the same stochastic coefficient. For QCD dijet events with event pileup corresponding to a luminosity $\mathcal{L}=2\times10^{33}\mathrm{cm^{-2}s^{-1}}$ , we compute $\sigma=[({3.8} \mathrm{GeV})^2+({0.97} \mathrm{GeV^{1/2}}\sqrt{\Sigma{}E_{\text{T}}})^2+(0.012\Sigma{}E_{\text{T}})^2]^{1/2}$ resulting in a resolution of 45 GeV for jet events with reconstructed transverse momentum of 800 GeV/c. Monte Carlo samples of tt and W+jet events with high-momentum (pT>20 GeV/c) lepton decays leading to true missing transverse energy were used to determine the azimuthal angle resolution to be 0.1 radians (0.2 radians) for a reconstructed missing transverse energy of 200 GeV (100 GeV).

Sum-up and pile-up contribution to cross-over peaks in coincidence γ spectroscopy

High-efficiency arrays for γ spectroscopy, now available in several Laboratories, make possible the measurement of very weak cross-over transitions of high potential interest. A limit to the measurement possibilities comes, however, from the simultaneous detection of two γ-rays of a stop-over cascade (or “sum-up”), which cannot be distinguished from the true detection of the cross-over transition. We propose a new method to measure (and correct for) the sum-up effect, which can be used with symmetric γ detector arrays (like GASP and GAMMASPHERE), and discuss the possible techniques for identifying and estimating quantitatively the contribution of random pile-up, which can be sizeable at high counting rate. These ideas have been experimented at GASP in a dedicated measurement with a radioactive source of 52 Mn . The results of this measurement are presented and discussed. Moreover, as a significant example, the method is applied to deduce the intensity of the E3 cross-over transition from the lowest 3 − state of 148 Gd .

PIXASE: A computer package for evaluation of PIXE spectrum series: Part I: Spectrum evaluation

The spectrum evaluation part of a programme package for PIXE spectrum analysis is discussed. Attention is focussed on the method used for the evaluation of the pileup contribution in the PIXE spectra. Different methods for the evaluation of series of the PIXE spectra measured on samples having identical matrix composition are described.

Apparatus for the measurement of total body nitrogen using prompt neutron activation analysis with Californium-252

Details of clinical apparatus designed for the measurement of total body nitrogen (as an indicator of body protein), suitable for the critically ill, intensive-care patient are presented. Californium-252 radio-isotopic neutron sources are used, enabling a nitrogen measurement by prompt neutron activation analysis to be made in 40 min with a precision of +/- 3.2% for a whole body dose equivalent of 0.145 mSv. The advantages of Californium-252 over alternative neutron sources are discussed. A comparison between two irradiation/detection geometries is made, leading to an explanation of the geometry adopted for the apparatus. The choice of construction and shielding materials to reduce the count rate at the detectors and consequently to reduce the pile-up contribution to the nitrogen background is discussed. Salient features of the gamma ray spectroscopy system to reduce spectral distortion from pulse pile-up are presented.