Linguistic Contributions Research Articles

Orientalismos americanistas: Vicente Fidel López, Francisco Adolfo de Varnhagen y los indígenas

Este artículo examina las teorías acerca de los orígenes de los indígenas tupís, de Francisco Adolfo de Varnhagen, y de los indígenas peruanos, de Vicente Fidel López. Se propone que la deriva historicista de esas teorías se debía a los aportes lingüísticos del orientalismo. El objetivo de este trabajo es arrojar luz sobre las relaciones, en ambos autores, entre indigenismo, lingüística, historiografía y proyectos políticos para Argentina y Brasil.

Padrões tipológicos da função interpessoal modalidade em artigos científicos de ciências agrárias: diferenças e similitudes entre português e inglês

Pautando-se pelo propósito de subsidiar o ensino de inglês para fins acadêmicos para pós-graduandos de ciências agrárias, as autoras identificam padrões tipológicos de modalidade entre o inglês e o português brasileiro, especificamente em artigos científicos de ciências agrárias. Os artigos são processados no software AntConc 3.2.1w para identificação de estruturas modalizadas. Em seguida, categoriza-se os itens foco para que, então, se contraste o uso e frequência em uma língua e outra. Os resultados mostram uma grande convergência de uso, o que indica a possibilidade de abordagens de ensino baseadas em familiaridade com o gênero. Concluindo, as autoras refletem sobre a contribuição da Linguística Sistêmico-Funcional ao ensino-aprendizagem de inglês como língua estrangeira no contexto acadêmico.

The Contribution of Cognitive Linguistics to Comics Studies

The Contribution of Cognitive Linguistics to Comics Studies

DİLBİLİMSEL İNCELEME YÖNTEMLERİ ve KLÂSİK TÜRK EDEBİYATI

From antiquity to 20th century the classical language studies redounded to text analysis techniques methods of literary analysis as Stylistic analysis, grammatical characteristics, origins, science of lexicon and stylistic.In 20th century, with Saussure linguistics sudies were separated from classical studies . This has brought new understanding of techniques in a very short time was reflected in the literature review and critiques. After Saussure; Sapir, Bloomfield, Trubetskoy, Guillaume, Tesniere, Hjelmslev, Jakobson, Martinet, Harris, Chomsky linguistics scholars have developed this discipline.Linguistics sees language as a system and believes the unit is significant in this system. The most important contribution of linguistics on the studies of language is the development of operational research. The aim of classical languages studies fromAristotle and Yaska to the present day to explain the not undurstanding languages in ancient text, generally. Until 20th century the studies of language researched as a branch of philosophy. From the twentieth century the studies of language began to be studied as a separate discipline. This understanding has led to the nascensy of linguistic studies. This article will focus on the general characteristics of the methods of linguistic analysis and these tecniques’ reflections to Classical literature will research.

Urbain le Mescongneu Filz de l’Empereur Federic Barberousse by Claudine Scève, Janine Incardona, and Pascale Mounier (review)

Reviewed by: Urbain le Mescongneu Filz de l’Empereur Federic Barberousse by Claudine Scève, Janine Incardona, and Pascale Mounier Sarah E. Mosher Scève, Claudine, Janine Incardona, and Pascale Mounier. Urbain le Mescongneu Filz de l’Empereur Federic Barberousse. Genève : Droz, 2013. Pp 332. ISBN: 9782600016100. $50.40 (Paper). Edited by Janine Incardona and Pascale Mounier, this bilingual edition of Urbain le Mescongneu filz de l’Empereur Federic Barberousse features Claudine Scève’s original French translation from 1533 as well as the 1526 version by Da Sabbio-Garanta which served as the Italian textual base for Scève’s translation. The structure of this edited volume allows for clear linguistic and literary comparison since the Italian manuscript appears on the left-hand side while Scève’s version is situated on the opposite page. In addition to the translation, pages 7-136 contain a detailed critical introduction and analysis of the work as well as a discussion of Scève’s contributions to French literary history and to the literary traditions of Lyon. Following the critical introduction, pages 137-279 feature the bilingual text followed by appendices that comprise pages 282-296. A glossary of the sixteenth century French version appears on pages 297-322, while pages 323-332 include an index of proper names. The work contains extensive footnotes that further enhance the scope and attention to detail of this study. The Urbain/Urbano narratives tell the story of Frédéric Barberousse, the Emperor of Rome and his illegitimate son who was conceived during the rape of the young peasant Sylvestre. While Sylvestre takes up residence with an innkeeper and gives birth to Frédéric’s son, named Urbain, Frédéric’s wife, Emeraude, dies while giving birth to a son named Spéculo. Years later, three Florentine merchants notice the striking resemblance between Urbain and Spéculo. Aware of the longstanding political rivalry between the Sultan of Cairo and the Emperor Frédéric, the merchants persuade Urbain to serve as an imposter in order to marry Lucrèce, the Sultan’s daughter. Once married, Lucrèce, while in Rome, reveals her identity to the Emperor who is troubled by the physical resemblance between Urbain and the deceased Spéculo. After recognizing Sylvestre, the emperor marries her in order to correct his past transgression. The Florentines are punished and Frédéric, Sylvestre, Lucrèce, and Urbain live the rest of their days in happiness. Completed by Claudine Scève in Lyon around 1533, Urbain is particularly unique in that it is only the second text translated into French by a woman in the sixteenth century. In their study, Incardona and Mounier consider the quality of Scève’s translation as well as Scève’s literary and linguistic contributions to the text. In order to better understand Scève’s text, the editors examine several key elements that provide insight into the genesis and trajectory of the Urbano narrative, among them: intertextuality, lexicography, onomatology, and paratextual influences. The work also cites the five remaining original manuscripts as a point of departure for comparison. From a linguistic [End Page 107] perspective, the work compares Scève’s translation to the Da Sabbio-Garanta Italian text in order to show how the French text is similar to and different from the Italian version. The comparative analysis of multiple versions of Urbano includes discussions of syntax, punctuation, morphology, and orthography in order to trace the origins, authorship, and trajectory of the Urbano legend. When discussing the literary genre, Incardona and Mounier argue that as a result of the structure and content of the Urbain/Urbano text, the work can be considered as a roman. Among the strengths of the edited volume is the detailed discussion of the mystery surrounding the inspiration behind the creation of the Urbano narrative. The original Urbano text was published at the end of the fifteenth century by an unknown author who deliberately signed the text with the name Giovanni Boccaccio to mislead the public of readers. Specialists in Italian literature believe that Urbano was inspired by hagiography since the work shares a striking resemblance to the legends of...

Aspectos descritivos do espaço em “A hora e a vez de Augusto Matraga", de Guimarães Rosa: uma jornada iniciática

This paper focuses on some textual and discursive aspects of the Guimarães Rosa´s story “A hora e vez de Augusto Matraga”, concerning to description sequences and its role in the configuration of the fictional space. We discuss a narrative matrix whose spatial and temporal structures reveal a trajectory towards the human being redemption – a kind of initiation journey, marked by the mystic of an ascetic life. The analyses also points to the recurrent themes of violence and religiousness that support the narrative tension, straightly related to the protagonist conflicts. Violence and religiousness express the initiation journey paradoxes. Our methodology adopts theoretical contributions of the Pragmatic Linguistics and the Textual Analysis of the Discourses.

Sensorimotor and linguistic information attenuate emotional word processing benefits: An eye-movement study.

Recent studies have reported that emotional words are processed faster than neutral words, though emotional benefits may not depend solely on words' emotionality. Drawing on an embodied approach to representation, we examined interactions between emotional, sensorimotor, and linguistic sources of information for target words embedded in sentential contexts. Using eye-movement measures for 43 native English speakers, we observed emotional benefits for negative and positive words and sensorimotor benefits for words high in concreteness, but only when target words were low in frequency. Moreover, emotional words were maximally faster than neutral words when words were low in concreteness (i.e., highly abstract), and sensorimotor benefits occurred only when words were not emotionally charged (i.e., emotionally neutral). Furthermore, emotional and concreteness benefits were attenuated by individual differences that attenuate and amplify emotional and sensorimotor information, respectively. Our results suggest that behavior is functionally modulated by embodied information (i.e., emotional and sensorimotor) when linguistic contributions to representation are not enhanced by high frequency. Furthermore, emotional benefits are maximal when words are not already embodied by sensorimotor contributions to representation (and vice versa). Our work is consistent with recent studies that have suggested that abstract words are grounded in emotional experiences, analogous to how concrete words are grounded in sensorimotor experiences.

Interface metáfora e metonímia inscritas nas concepções de violência entre estudantes brasileiros e franceses

A metáfora e a metonímia são recursos eminentemente humanos, presentes na linguagem da vida cotidiana, ambas consideradas estruturas de pensamento. No entanto, muitas vezes, essas manifestações misturam-se a ponto de não conseguirmos estabelecer de fato as fronteiras entre elas. Por isso objetivamos analisar a construção de metáforas e de metonímias e suas inter-relações nas concepções de violência de jovens com idade média de 11-13 anos, estudantes de duas escolas situadas nas cidades de Fortaleza, Ceará e Libourne, França. O trabalho foi realizado com base na pesquisa qualitativa, tendo como eixo um estudo comparativo que possibilitou-nos analisar a complexidade da construção de sentidos da categoria VIOLÊNCIA em termos sociocognitivos e culturais. O corpus analítico é constituído de trechos de entrevistas realizadas com 24 estudantes, divididos em 06 grupos de 04 integrantes (12 brasileiros, 12 franceses). A leitura e a análise dos dados basearam-se nos aportes teóricos da Linguística Cognitiva, em especial, a Teoria Cognitiva da Metáfora e da Metonímia – TCMM. A inter-relação metáfora/metonímia mostrou-se evidente quando os dois grupos discorreram sobre os sentimentos decorrentes de ações violentas, como a dor e a tristeza e quando usaram partes do corpo para comunicar esses sentimentos. Os dois grupos, ao conceptualizarem a violência, utilizaram-se de processos metafóricos e metonímicos o que nos permite sugerir uma universalidade parcial dos esquemas cognitivos de base corpórea para comunicar e expressar sentimentos.

Prison language: A psychoanalytic approach to the language of British young offenders in the twenty-first century

I present and analyse here the phenomenon of a specific language that was spoken within the walls of a maximum security prison in the south-east of England between 2006 and 2007. In doing so, I look at the adolescent who becomes an offender, and how his language is thereby altered, here exploring language in groups and drawing on Freud and Bion, as well as the sociological contributions of Emery, Goffman and Messerschmidt, and the linguistic contribution of Teresa Labov. Examining the social structures that the language enforced, I examine my own role within and outside the prisoners' language, and explore what the prisoners learned from me and my language, and vice versa. I explore the nature of learning a language inside a prison, and examine the need for a homogeneity of language and the social adhesive in the language used. I look at my experience of one-to-one teaching versus group teaching: specifically, the differences in language used by the prisoners in these different scenarios, and try to determine to what extent language comes from outside influences and what to extent it forms and permutates inside. Using actual examples, I argue that despite the exuberance and inventiveness of the language, its usage follows Freud's “Beyond the pleasure principle,” in that there is an attempt to reduce excitation. Finally, I regard prison language as a psychic retreat, drawing on the work of Steiner, Meltzer, Emanuel, and Leader (among others); and I ask questions not only about the prisoners, but also about the function of learning inside a prison itself, while regarding the language used as a depressive defence. No identifying reference to any single prisoner, or any specific crime, has been included in these pages. The people and the place that are alluded to throughout have been rendered anonymous.

Prophetic Rhetoric: Case Studies in Text Analysis and Translation : Ernst Wendland, Xulon Press, 2009

This work by Ernst R. Wendland has attempted to make a discourse analysis of nine books from the prophetic books, one from the Major Prophets and eight from the Minor Prophets, for the purpose of providing Bible translators with some insights as to how to communicate the rhetorical impacts of the text to the audiences of modern day. The main arguments of this work are based on the assumption that “literary structure and form are inherent parts of meaning,” as Dr. Lynell Zogbo notes.<BR> With the contributions of text linguistics in mind, this work has explored the ways that a text has its textual cohesion and semantic coherence in order to impact its audiences. In this regard, the chief attention of this work has been devoted to the literary forms and structures of prophetic discourses. This work successfully demonstrates how the literary structures and forms of the text facilitate our understanding of its major themes. In particular, it is convincingly argued that diverse rhetorical devices for demarcation and bonding help the reader to distinguish the constituent parts of the text, and then to uncover its thematic peaks and evocative climaxes.<BR> What is noteworthy in this regard is that this work provides a detailed explanation of the rhetorical devices such as aperture and closing signals, metaphor, verbal shift, direct speech, rhetorical question, and so on. Wendland focuses his special attention on the rhetorical features of recursion and variation, with the result of arguing that those devices enable the author to demarcate the text and to bring the attention of the audience to the central content of the text. He goes on to make a case that the sound effects of a text has an important rhetorical function because they add excitement and emphasis to the text when it impacts the audience.<BR> On the basis of the above insightful observations, this work has come up with several suggestions that have to do with Bible translation. The main suggestion is that Bible translators should make every effort to transfer all the rhetorical effects of the text into their target languages by means of contextualizing the original text. To borrow the words of Wendland, this way of translating produces a “literary-oratorial version” which is relevant to the audience of today.<BR> In my view, there are some areas in which this work should be improved. First, this work does not provide sufficient explanation of some key terms like thematic peak, thematic nucleus, and climax. As a result, the line between those terms is blurred in such a way that we cannot see the criteria by which the terms are defined. Second, due to its preoccupation with the forms of the text, it seems to me that this work focuses too much on textual cohesion so that it displays little interest in the way meanings of words form a thematic network (or semantic coherence) within the whole text in an effort to persuade the audience. <BR> Despite these limitations, it is true that this work contributes much to drawing out the operations and functions of rhetorical devices of the text, and more importantly, it presents a vivid picture of how Bible translators should communicate the rhetorical effects of the original text in their target languages.

The Romance Component in Yiddish: A Reassessment

AbstractThe presence of a lexical stock of Romance origin in Yiddish has been interpreted differently by various authors. For D. S. Blondheim they represent a direct continuation of Judeo-Latin. For Max Weinreich, those Romance components go back to specifically Jewish languages, which he called southern and western Loez (a variation on the terms “Italkic” and “Zarphatic” once used by Salomon Birnbaum). This study reconsiders the history of those Yiddish words of Romance origin, focusing on the phonetic development they underwent as they integrated into Yiddish. The contribution of Romance historical linguistics confirms the huge importance of the Italo-Romance connection in this lexical stock, which may reflect the phase when Jews from Byzantine Italy began to settle beyond the Alps. A pinpointed examination of the morphophonemic shape of the loanwords may even hint at specific places of origin on the Italo-Romance dialectal maps. In spite of the dominance of Italo-Romance dialects in the Romance-borrowed lexical stock of Yiddish, some terms attested in both Western and Eastern Yiddish obviously have an Old French origin.

The Elaboration of human anatomy terminology for the Basque language : the contribution of translators, linguists and experts

En aquest article comparem la traduccio d'un atles d'anatomia amb la revisio que es va encarregar a experts i linguistes. L'objectiu es avaluar la mena de contribucio que poden fer traductors, linguistes i experts en l'elaboracio de la terminologia de l'anatomia humana en basc. Analitzem les oracions que mostren discordances entre la traduccio i la revisio respecte de les unitats lexiques i les regles de formacio usades. Hem observat que les correccions fetes pels experts i linguistes tendeixen a substituir prestecs i calcs de regles de formacio per unitats i estructures genuines. Arribem a la conclusio que les politiques de planificacio linguistica que pretenen proporcionar recursos terminologics propis en detriment de solucions dependents d'altres llengues no han estat assumides pels traductors per l'opacitat semantica de la terminologia de l'anatomia i per la morfologia transparent del basc en comparacio amb la del castella.

Davidson, Dualism, and Truth

Davidson, Dualism, and Truth

Naturalia : the history of natural history and medicine in the seventeenth century

In 1712 the poet Elkanah Settle (1648–1724) published a funeral poem, Threnodia Apollinaris , dedicated to the memory of Dr Martin Lister.[1][1] Settle had a good deal of material to draw upon, because Lister had been Vice-President of the Royal Society, a physician to Queen Anne, and the first

Mathematical meaning-making in whole-class conversation

This paper focuses on a brief whole-group conversation captured in a sixth grade classroom taught by an experienced teacher. Drawing upon systemic functional linguistics, we treat the conversation as a multi-semiotic text of the genre of teacher-guided mathematics problem framing. After describing the generic structure of the text and its context of situation, we analyze the ideational, interpersonal, and textual meanings students and teacher contributed to its conjoined making. Our analysis shows how the text means as it does and, in so doing, underlines those features that make it a paradigmatic instantiation of its genre. We conclude by highlighting the contribution of systemic functional linguistics to current conversations about thought and language, dialogue and representation, and context and text.

How does linguistic knowledge contribute to short-term memory? Contrasting effects of impaired semantic knowledge and executive control

Background: Linguistic knowledge makes an important contribution to verbal STM. Some theories, including Baddeley's original conception of the episodic buffer, hold that harnessing linguistic knowledge to support STM is executively demanding. However, some recent evidence suggests that the linguistic contribution does not depend on executive resources. Aims: In this study we tested the hypothesis that activation of language representations is automatic and that executive control is most important when the material to be remembered is incompatible with this automatic activation. Methods & Procedures: Word list recall was tested in three patients with transcortical sensory aphasia (TSA) following stroke. All had preserved word repetition and digit span but poor comprehension associated with impaired executive control. They were compared with two semantic dementia (SD) patients with degraded semantic representations but intact executive control. Patients repeated word lists that varied in their semantic and syntactic resemblance to meaningful sentences. Outcomes & Results: The executively impaired TSA patients showed large benefits of semantic and syntactic structure, indicating that their executive deficits did not interfere with the normal linguistic contribution to STM. Instead they showed severe deficits in repetition of scrambled word lists that did not follow usual syntactic rules. On these, the patients changed the word order to better fit their existing knowledge of syntactic structure. In contrast, the SD patients had no problems repeating words in unusual sequences but their semantic knowledge degradation led to frequent phonological errors due to a loss of “semantic binding”, the process by which semantic knowledge of words helps to constrain their phonological representation. Conclusions: These findings suggest that linguistic support for STM consists of (a) automatic activation of semantic and syntactic knowledge and (b) executive processes that inhibit this activation when it is incompatible with the material to be remembered.

Linguistic contributions to speech-on-speech masking for native and non-native listeners: Language familiarity and semantic content

This study examined whether speech-on-speech masking is sensitive to variation in the degree of similarity between the target and the masker speech. Three experiments investigated whether speech-in-speech recognition varies across different background speech languages (English vs Dutch) for both English and Dutch targets, as well as across variation in the semantic content of the background speech (meaningful vs semantically anomalous sentences), and across variation in listener status vis-à-vis the target and masker languages (native, non-native, or unfamiliar). The results showed that the more similar the target speech is to the masker speech (e.g., same vs different language, same vs different levels of semantic content), the greater the interference on speech recognition accuracy. Moreover, the listener's knowledge of the target and the background language modulate the size of the release from masking. These factors had an especially strong effect on masking effectiveness in highly unfavorable listening conditions. Overall this research provided evidence that that the degree of target-masker similarity plays a significant role in speech-in-speech recognition. The results also give insight into how listeners assign their resources differently depending on whether they are listening to their first or second language.

El Esquema Cruzado como forma de Análisis Cualitativo en Ciencias Sociales

This article analyses the epistemological and methodological bases of crossed diagram in the field of social sciences and especially in qualitative research, considering that the origin of this diagram is located in the Cartesian coordinate system. Such coordinates provide elements that are at the bases of analytic geometry and from it, we highlight three aspects that have been ‘exported' in the use of this diagram by the social sciences: the logic of the opposites; ‘spacialisation'; and conceptual fecundity. From these three aspects, we analyse the contribution of structural linguistics and anthropological structuralism to this diagram, particularly regarding the goal of formalization in the social sciences. The article shows some of the uses given to this diagram by different contemporary authors, to end classifying those authors according to their analytical integration of epistemic and methodological aspects implicit in the Cartesian coordinate system.

Dual diathesis-stressor model of emotional and linguistic contributions to developmental stuttering.

This study assessed emotional and speech-language contributions to childhood stuttering. A dual diathesis-stressor framework guided this study, in which both linguistic requirements and skills, and emotion and its regulation, are hypothesized to contribute to stuttering. The language diathesis consists of expressive and receptive language skills. The emotion diathesis consists of proclivities to emotional reactivity and regulation of emotion, and the emotion stressor consists of experimentally manipulated emotional inductions prior to narrative speaking tasks. Preschool-age children who do and do not stutter were exposed to three emotion-producing overheard conversations-neutral, positive, and angry. Emotion and emotion-regulatory behaviors were coded while participants listened to each conversation and while telling a story after each overheard conversation. Instances of stuttering during each story were counted. Although there was no main effect of conversation type, results indicated that stuttering in preschool-age children is influenced by emotion and language diatheses, as well as coping strategies and situational emotional stressors. Findings support the dual diathesis-stressor model of stuttering.

Time perspective in Aboriginal Australian culture: two approaches to the origin of subsections

The contribution of linguistics in Australian Aboriginal culture, particularly in terms of the origin and diffusion of a type of social classification called subsections, is discussed. It is asserted that von Brandenstein's theory on the origin of subsections is incorrect while Sapir's theory based on the chronological order of events is authentic.