Contribution Of Demographic Variables Research Articles

Demographic Variables and Emotional Labor of Public Sector School Leaders

Emotional Labor theory of Hochschild, 1983 and Grandey, (2002, 2015 & 2017) provided as basis of current research that gives the regulation of emotions at workplace categorized the main two dimensions of EL as Surface Acting (SA) and Deep Acting level of the school leaders. Self developed Emotional Labor Measurement Scale for School Leaders (ELMS-SL) was used to measure the EL level of the public sector school leaders. Multi stage sampling technique was used to select the sample of 376 (male=194, 52% and females=182, 48%) school leaders working in public sector secondary schools of 19 district of Punjab province. The core objective of the research was to measure the EL level and contribution of demographic variables (gender, mode of job induction, marital status and work experience) towards the emotional regulation status through suppression of emotions and modification of feeling. To measure the EL level of public sector school leaders, data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics, as well as t-tests, and ANOVA tests. The results revealed that public sector school leaders are practicing emotional labor. EL practices between male and female were significant difference, whereas mode of induction, marital status and job experience were found non-significant differences on EL.Key words: Emotional Labor, Surface Acting, Deep Acting, School Leaders, Demographic variables

To be or not to be in a couple: Perfectionism as a predictor

The creation and maintenance of a stable and long-lasting relationship are crucial for adult individual well-being, with single people reporting poorer mental health when compared to those engaged in romantic relationships. Among the factors that may predict the quality of romantic dyads, scholars have addressed dyadic perfectionism. However, few is known about which of the perfectionism dimensions better predicts the status of being single or engaged in a romantic relationship. The present study aims to verify whether perfectionism is associated with the relationship status, and which perfectionism dimension is involved. More specifically, the interpersonal aspects of dyadic perfectionism were expected to be positively associated with the probability of belonging to the “single status”. Contributions of demographic variables as well as effects of mental health symptoms were controlled as they are relevant factors influencing romantic relationships. A hierarchical logistic regression analysis was conducted to evaluate the predictive utility of age and gender (controlled for at Step 1), depression and anxiety (entered at Step 2) and intra-and interpersonal perfectionism dimensions (controlled at Step 3) to predict the participants’ relationship status (0 = single, 1 = romantic partner). Results suggested that perfectionism focused on the perceived perfectionistic expectations from the partner is associated with the increased likelihood to be single, a result that confirmed the close association between maladaptive perfectionism and relevant aspects of romantic relationships.

Comparing Compassionate Love and Empathy as Predictors of Transgression-General and Transgression-Specific Forgiveness

For Christians, forgiveness is exhibiting Christlike love even when it seems impossible for the amount pain that the other has caused in the forgiver. However, empirical studies on the relationships between other-focused love and forgiveness are scarce. In this study, we explored the relationships between other-focused love, empathy, and forgiveness among Christian college students. Using the data from 263 students from a large private Christian university in Central Virginia, bivariate correlations between two types of forgiveness, compassionate love, and empathy were computed, and the contribution of demographic variables, compassionate love, and empathy to the prediction of transgression-general and transgression-specific forgiveness was examined using three-block multiple regression analyses. Compassionate love had significant positive associations with both transgression-general and transgression-specific forgiveness, and compassionate love predicted both types of forgiveness after controlling for age, gender, and empathy.

Internet literacy skills of community pharmacists in Lagos State, Nigeria

Purpose Community pharmacists need good retrieval skills and competencies for effective use of online information resources for professional practice. This study aims to ascertain the internet literacy skills of community pharmacists in Lagos State, Nigeria. Design/methodology/approach A survey research design was adopted for the study. Convenience sampling technique was used in selecting community pharmacists. Questionnaire was the instrument used for data collection, whereas descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analysis. Findings The study revealed that community pharmacists possess requisite internet literacy skills for effective use of online health information resources. There is a positive relationship between informational and operational internet literacy skills [r = 0.820, p(0.000) < 0.05], informational and strategic internet literacy skills [r = 0.838, p(0.000) < 0.05] and operational and strategic internet literacy skills [r = 0.810, p(0.000) < 0.05]. There is a statistically significant gender difference in the level of skillfulness in internet use based on self-reported skills. There is a significant relative contribution of demographic variables (gender, age, educational qualification and number of years in professional practice) to the level of skillfulness in internet use among community pharmacists. Practical implications To improve the use of online internet resources, the Association of Community Pharmacists of Nigeria, Lagos Chapter, should conduct training needs assessment regularly to offer the right levels of internet use skills. They must be proactive and incorporate training on computer and internet skills into their annual conferences and zonal meetings. They should also prepare and give internet use manuals to their members to read and understand how to use the internet more effectively. Community pharmacists, especially the female pharmacists, should also take advantage of free online training sessions called webinars to improve their internet literacy skills to cope with rapid changes in the e-environment, as well as to boost the quality of health-care services delivery. Pharmacists’ Council of Nigeria, the agency responsible for regulating and controlling the education, training and practice of pharmacy, should include an internet literacy skills module in the Mandatory Professional Continuing Education Programme. Originality/value The study investigated the internet literacy skills of community pharmacists in Lagos State and identified the gender gap in level of skillfulness. This study also explored the relationship between level of skillfulness and internet use, as well as the relationship between community pharmacists’ informational, operational and strategic internet literacy skills.

Beyond perceived ability: the contribution of psychosocial factors to academic performance.

In this study, we examined the contributions of grit, hope, and academic self-efficacy to academic achievement in a sample of 609 academically talented students ranging in age from 10 to 18 years. Our hypothesis was that these variables would predict academic achievement above and beyond the contributions of demographic variables and perceived ability. After establishing the reliability and structural validity of scores for the three constructs in this sample, regression analyses indicated that hope and academic self-efficacy were predictors of perceived ability and that academic self-efficacy was the most robust predictor of academic achievement. Grit was not a meaningful predictor of either perceived ability or academic achievement. We concluded that psychosocial variables can contribute to performance in talented students, but research is needed to establish which psychosocial variables are the most useful.

Between a rock and a hard place? Locus of control, religious problem-solving and psychological help-seeking

Drawing on a college and community sample, this study utilised hierarchical multiple regression to examine the relative contributions of demographic variables, psychological treatment experience, religious service attendance, locus of control, and religious problem-solving style in predicting attitudes towards psychological help-seeking. Women, those holding a graduate degree, and those with treatment experience held more positive attitudes towards psychological help-seeking. While neither the locus of control nor religious problem-solving scales alone were related to help-seeking, several significant interaction effects were observed. God-centred locus of control was a positive predictor of psychological help-seeking, but only for older participants. Chance locus of control was a negative predictor, but only for graduate degree holders. Last, self-directing religious problem-solving style was a negative predictor, especially for individuals also endorsing a deferring religious problem-solving style. Perhaps the composition of the sample – largely educated, religious African-American women – gives some insight into the complex nature of these results.

Evaluating the role of motor regulation in figural fluency: Partialing variance in the Ruff Figural Fluency Test

Figural fluency is often thought to assess the ability to “think fluently and flexibly in the visual-spatial mode” (Ruff, 1988). However, the contribution of motor regulation to the performance of this task has not been previously examined. The goal of this study was to evaluate the potential relationship between motor sequence fluency (without a visual-spatial component) and figural fluency. A total of 55 participants (ages 18 to 68 years) were administered (a) the Ruff Figural Fluency Task (RFFT), (b) the Trail Making Test Part B (TMT-B), which overlaps with the RFFT in visual tracking and graphomotor demands, (c) an electronically administered Motor Sequence Fluency Test (MSFT), which overlaps with the RFFT in generation of novel hand movements in the absence of visual stimuli, and (d) a Complex Motor Programming Task. Hierarchical regression analyses were used to determine whether complex motor programming uniquely contributes to RFFT performance above and beyond the processes that are traditionally assumed to be required, as well as to determine whether the ability to generate novel motor sequences uniquely contributes to RFFT performance. Age and education were also added to the regression models in order to determine the contribution of demographic variables to the current findings. Results indicated that age, specific components of motor programming, and nonvisual motor generative fluency represent the most prominent predictors of RFFT performance. Consequently, the role of motor regulation and motor flexibility may in fact be more important for RFFT performance than previously thought, whereas visual-spatial processing may play a lesser role.

De rol van aanvaarding bij jongeren met cystic fibrosis

There is a large variation in psychological functioning in adolescents with cystic fibrosis. Explaining this heterogeneity is a major challenge in research. This study explored the role of acceptance in accounting for psychological functioning. We expected that adolescents who reported more acceptance of their illness would be less anxious, depressed and disabled. Thirty-six adolescents completed a battery of questionnaires including the Illness Cognition Questionnaire, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Inventory and Functional Disability Inventory. Regression analyses showed that acceptance had a significant and unique contribution in explaining adolescents’ anxiety, depression and disability, beyond the contribution of demographic variables and disease severity. Disease severity also had a unique contribution in explaining disability. The results of this study provide evidence for the important role of acceptance in psychological functioning in adolescents with cystic fibrosis. This is in line with studies in other chronic conditions such as chronic pain and chronic fatigue syndrome. Results are discussed in the context of acceptance-based therapies that might prove useful in promoting well-being in adolescents with cystic fibrosis.

Did Growing Up in the 1960s Leave a Permanent Mark on Attitudes and Values?: Evidence from the General Social Survey

This paper explores the tree ring hypothesis that reaching young adulthood during certain historical periods raises or lowers attitudes above and beyond the contribution of demographic variables and long-term cohort trends. It examines the deviations from long-term, linear, cohort trends for twenty-eight National Opinion Research Center (NORC) General Social Survey (GSS) attitude items in birth cohorts reaching age 16 in the 1950s, 1960s, and post-1960s. Long-term cohort trends are estimated from regressions of attitudes on cohorts reaching age 16 from 1917 to 1950 (net of year and five demographics). Popular impressions are supported in that rings (residuals) are more liberal for Americans reaching age 16 in the 1960s. However, those reaching age 16 in the 1950s are more liberal than their immediate predecessors, not more conservative. Furthermore, the three periods are not strikingly distinctive as the items showing positive rings tend to be the same in each period.

A longitudinal study of mother–child interactions at school entry and social and academic outcomes in middle school

This study examines the association between quality of mother–child interaction assessed at kindergarten entry and children's social and academic outcomes in middle school. The relation between early mother–child interactions and later school performance was examined controlling for demographic variables (e.g., maternal education, family's ethnicity, estimated child IQ, and child's gender) often associated with school outcomes. Ratings of mother–child interaction were assessed for 122 mother–child dyads on the first day of kindergarten. Children's social and academic performance in school (e.g., discipline problems, classroom behavior, and grades) was assessed via teacher observation and grade reports through the eighth grade. Results indicate that positive quality of mother–child interaction accounted for unique variance in social and academic success in early adolescence over and above the contribution of demographic variables. Further, the relation between mother–child patterns and middle school social outcomes varied as a function of ethnicity. These findings support the exploration of process-oriented social variables for predicting later social and academic competence.

Effects of Psychopathology and Demographic Characteristics on MMPI-A Scale Scores

Using multiple linear regression analyses, we examined the effects of participant status for 3 demographic variables and the presence of psychopathology on variance in MMPI-A scale scores. The analyses were designed to measure the incremental contribution of demographic variables to scale variance beyond that explained by the presence of psychopathology. The validity and clinical scales were characterized by small amounts (< 10% incremental explained variance of influence by demographic variables. The F and BIZ scales were influenced most by demographic variables. With a single exception (BIZ scale), the set of demographic variables explained less than 10% of the variance in content-scale scores. No demographic variable influence was found for supplementary-scale scores. The results are discussed in light of other potential factors that might explain MMPI-A scale score variance.