Color Contrast Research Articles

New method for cytological evaluation using direct nipple discharge without aspiration

Conventional smear cytology (CSC) is a specific method used for breast tumor diagnosis in patients with nipple discharge. However, CSC tends to miss diagnose or even misdiagnose due to contaminating blood cells and other impurities. Thus, it is critical to develop more accurate and sensitive methods for clinical evaluation. Using nipple discharge collected directly from patients without aspiration, we performed liquid-based cytology (LBC) to analyze 111 collected samples for cytological evaluation for the first time. Following centrifugation to remove blood cells and protein contaminants, the sample of each nipple discharge was analyzed by light microscopy. In parallel, CSC was performed for comparison. Our results showed LBC has better diagnostic sensitivity than CSC (40.00% vs. 22.22%, = 6.636, P = 0.01). The specificity was improved (LBC 100% vs. CSC 95.2%) and area under the curve was also enhanced (AUCLBC=0.700 vs. AUCCSC=0.587). Moreover, LBC images have a cleaner background, clearer field of view, uniform cell arrangement, and improved colour contrast, with an overall image quality significantly better than CSC. Therefore, LBC provides a new and better diagnostic method for early detection of breast tumors with nipple discharge.

Changes in illumination color induce powerful illusory rotations

We present a novel, to the best of our knowledge, interactive mechanism for inducing illusory rotations. Printed versions of Kitaoka’s rotating snakes illusion change effective color contrast depending on LED illumination color. This drives changes in the illusory rotations. In a psychophysical experiment, participants indicated by button press whether they perceived a given pattern to rotate as the color of illumination changed and in which direction this rotation occurred. Results could be predicted by an effective luminance contrast model, and we found high agreement between observers. This constitutes a novel manner of showing perceptual mechanisms, allowing for new applications and adding perceptual dynamics to static imagery.

Flower colour contrast, 'spectral purity' and a red herring.

Nature offers a bewildering diversity of flower colours. Understanding the ecology and evolution of this fantastic floral diversity requires knowledge about the visual systems of their natural observers, such as insect pollinators. The key question is how flower colour and pattern can be measured and represented to characterise the signals that are relevant to pollinators. A common way to interpret flower colours is using animal vision models that incorporate the spectral sensitivity of a focal observer (e.g. bees). These vision models provide a measure of colour contrast, which represents the perceived chromatic difference between two objects, such as a yellow flower against green leaves. Colour contrast is a behaviourally and physiologically validated proxy for relative conspicuousness of a stimulus. A growing number of studies attempt to interpret flower colouration through parameters that are grafted on to principles of human colour perception. A perpetuating measure to describe floral colours is via saturation, which is a metric in human perception describing a certain aspect of colourfulness and is, in pollination literature, often referred to as 'spectral purity'. We caution against the concept, calculation and biological interpretation of 'spectral purity' and similar measures that rest on an anthropocentric view, because it does not represent the diversity and complexity of animal visual systems that are the natural observers of flowers. We here discuss the strengths and weaknesses of common ways to interpret flower colouration and provide concrete suggestions for future colourful research.

Optimized Photochromic Performance of Spiropyran through Incorporation into Hydrogen-Bonded Organic Frameworks and Applications in Anticounterfeiting and Information Encryption.

Photostimulus-responsive fluorescent materials are promising for anticounterfeiting and UV printing due to rapid response and simple preparation. In this paper, we propose a novel strategy to prepare photostimulus-responsive materials SP@HOF-olefin by integrating the photochromic molecule spiropyran (SP) with postsynthetic modified hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOF-olefin). Compared to SP@HOF, the composites SP@HOF-olefin exhibit enhanced photochromic properties, such as a fast response speed, pronounced color contrast, and exceptional fatigue resistance. The improvements can be attributed to the reduction of residual carboxyl groups in the framework, which subsequently decreases the polarity of the framework. Besides, the SP loading content in SP@HOF-olefin was significantly enhanced. Furthermore, HOF-olefin can be transformed into HOF films via photopolymerization. These films demonstrated excellent flexibility, which can be folded and twisted at any angle ranging from 0 to 180°. By utilizing the photomask method, letters such as "Z", "T", "S", and "U", along with other patterns were successfully imprinted on the film. Besides, we investigated the utilization of these films in advanced anticounterfeiting applications. This work serves as a representative case demonstrating how functionalized HOFs improved the photochromic properties of SP, showcasing potential applications in anticounterfeiting and information encryption.

Stimuli-Chromic Oxazolidine Latex Nanoparticles for Dual-Responsive pH-Sensors and Rewritable Halochromic Papers: A Physicochemical Study on Colorimetric and Fluorimetric Signals.

Oxazolidine is a new category of stimuli-chromic compounds that has unique intelligent behaviors such as halochromism, hydrochromism, solvatochromism, and ionochromism, all of which have potential applications for designing and constructing chemosensors by using functionalized-polymer nanocarriers. Here, the poly(MMA-co-HEMA) based nanoparticles were synthesized by emulsion copolymerizing methyl methacrylate (MMA) and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) in different copolymer compositions. The poly(MMA-co-HEMA) based nanoparticles were modified physically with tertiary amine-functionalized oxazolidine (as an intelligent pH-responsive organic dye) to prepare halochromic latex nanoparticles. Investigation of optical properties including absorbance and emission by spectroscopic methods indicates that the halochromic behavior of the oxazolidine in nanoparticles is influenced significantly by the particle size, morphology, and concentration of hydroxyl groups. To develop optical chemosensors for the detection of pH, the pH-responsivity of halochromic latex nanoparticles in aqueous solutions with different pHs in the wide range of 1-14 were studied by UV-vis and fluorescence spectroscopies, and these results confirmed the successful photodetection of pH in a fast and facile manner. The investigation of the solid-state optical properties and pH-responsivity of halochromic nanoparticles by impregnation of latex-coated cellulosic papers with solutions having different pHs indicates the halochromic nanoparticles maintained their optical properties after incorporation to cellulose matrix and displayed notable colorimetric and fluorimetric pH-responsivity. Hence, the paper-based pH-sensors were prepared from halochromic papers and the investigation of their pH-responsivities showed the halochromic papers constructed from halochromic nanoparticles with HEMA concentration above 20 wt % have the best pH-responsivity with high resolution, high contrast, and high-intensity color change and fluorescence emission change. In addition, the halochromic papers were used as rewritable hydrochromic papers for hand-writing and stamp-printing by using acid and base solutions as inks, in which papers based on halochromic nanoparticles with a HEMA concentration above 20 wt % have maximum printability, resolution, and intensity. This study proposed the significant effects of polarity and concentration of functional groups on the halochromic properties of oxazolidine molecules and the unique role of functionalized polymer nanoparticles as a carrier of oxazolidine for its protection toward environmental degradations. These parameters should be considered in future studies on the development of halochromic papers for intelligent pH-sensor and rewritable papers.

Supermicrosurgical Vascular Anastomosis-A Comparative Study of Lumen-Enhancing Visibility Techniques.

Background: The development of microsurgical techniques has enabled reconstructive versatility in various clinical scenarios. Supermicrosurgery is an advanced microsurgical technique ensuring precise reconstructions by operating on small-caliber vessels and nerves, with applications in reconstructive surgeries. Objectives: This study aims to compare the effectiveness of four low-cost training models, thereby improving surgical precision and reducing the learning curve for novice surgeons. Materials and Methods: We conducted a prospective non-randomized study comparing the classic anastomosis technique, the intravascular stenting (IVaS) technique, the color contrast (CC) technique, and our newly introduced double-contrast (DC) technique, which combines IVaS with CC. We used a non-living experimental model represented by chicken wings, analyzing the vessel preparation and anastomosis time, anastomosis patency, and back wall biting through a standardized protocol. We performed 120 end-to-end anastomoses in total, with vessel diameters ranging from 0.5 to 0.8 mm. Results: CC demonstrated superior time efficiency and success rates, reaffirming it as a reliable option in supermicrosurgery, while DC showed slightly better time efficiency and patency compared to both IVaS alone and the classic method. CC outperformed the others in anastomosis time, patency, and back wall catching, reaffirming its reliability in supermicrosurgery. Conclusions: Although DC did not significantly improve patency, it reduced back wall engagement. This makes the DC technique beneficial for trainees working on vessels under 0.5 mm in diameter, where stenting is often required, improving surgical precision and reducing the learning curve, leading to better outcomes in supermicrosurgery.

Selective lead ion sensing via cotton pad-based Na2EDTA capped AuNPs: A smartphone-assisted colorimetric method.

Herein, Na2EDTA-capped AuNPs specifically designed for selective smartphone-assisted colorimetric detection are synthesized and characterized. Na2EDTA-capped AuNPs was synthesized and characterized by UV-Visible spectroscopy, ATR, Raman, XRD, SEM and EDX. The calculated activation energy of the produced nanoparticles was 0.2eV. Using XRD and SEM, the average crystallite size was found to be approximately 25nm. Only Pb2+ and Cd2+, among the following metal ions: Mg2+, K+, Ca2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Ba2+, Hg+, Bi2+, Pb2+, and Cd2+, caused the AuNa2EDTA solution's hue to shift from reddish in color to blue. Pb2+ and Cd2+ were distinguished using a Na2S solution. Cotton pad with AuNa2EDTA integrated served as the substrate for metal ion adsorption. The GIMP software-supported smartphone was used to implement the color contrast (R) method. In the 10-2000μM range, a straight line represented the relationship between 1/R and Pb2+ ion concentrations, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.28μM was revealed. Real water sample collected from Rupsa River, Khulna, Bangladesh was tested by the developed colorimetric method to be 80μM of Pb2+ ion. Combining the prevalence of smartphones and the potential of nanotechnology, a cotton-pad based platform functionalized with AuNa2EDTA may be a ground-breaking method for the detection of Pb2+ ions in various media.

Analysis Of The Opak Abang Dance As A Symbol Of Kendal Regency Identity Through Costume Design With Objective Aesthetics

Opak Abang dance is the identity art of the Kendal Regency community, as a local culture that has historical importance. The form of Opak Abang dance costume design includes, headband, long shirt, kolor pants, songket cloth, white socks, sampur, belt / slepe, ear fan, sash, sunglasses. The research focused on “analyzing opak abang dance as a symbol of the identity of kendal district through costume design with objective aesthetics” using a qualitative approach. Data analysis techniques used in this research are data reduction analysis, narrative analysis, and content analysis. Data collection in this study through observation, interviews, documentation and audio-visual materials. The results showed that the design in Opak Abang dance as a Symbol of Identity of Kendal Regency has meaning and is formed from different elements through the balance of design components, thus creating an aesthetic and attractive visual unity with a combination of harmonious patterns, terns, color contrast and texture. The results of costume design research in Opak Abang Dance which is a typical art of Kendal Regency have meaning and are formed from different elements through the balance of component design, which makes an aesthetic and attractive visual unity with a harmonious blend. Innovation in the process of making costumes for Opak Abang Dance Kendal Regency has a relatively simple and unique form. The design is formed as an illustration of the story of heroism and the spread of Islam in Kendal Regency .

Intelligent Remote Sensing Scene Classification Model for On-Board Training of Resource-Constrained Devices

Remote Sensing Scene Classification (RSSC) is the distinctive classification of remote sensing images into numerous classes of scene classifications based on the image content. RSSC plays a significant role in several domains, like land mapping, agriculture, and the classification of disaster-prone regions. The Internet of Things (IoT) is a dynamic global network of devices, for example, vehicles, sensors, actuators, surveillance cameras, etc. These interconnected objects were distinctively recognizable and they could separately transfer and obtain valuable data through the network. However, satellite images were frequently degraded and blurred owing to aerosol dispersion under haze, fog, and other weather circumstances, decreasing the color fidelity and contrast of the image. To use effectual RSSC in real-time, widespread researchers concentrate on creating aerospace image processing systems, like airborne or spaceborne systems. Recently, with the quick improvement of deep learning (DL) and Machine learning (ML) techniques, the performance of RSSC has significantly developed owing to the hierarchical feature representation learning. Both technique has greater achievement in the domain of image scene classification. This study presents a Leveraging Tiny Convolutional Neural Networks with a Water Cycle Algorithm for Remote Sensing Scene Classification (LTCNN-WCRSSC) model. The LTCNN-WCRSSC technique is designed for efficient RSS classification in resource-constrained devices with on-board training capabilities. At first, the LTCNN-WCRSSC model applies image processing using a median filter (MF) to eliminate the noise. Next, the feature extraction process can be exploited by the ConvNeXt-Tiny method. For the RSSC model, the spatiotemporal attention bidirectional long short-term memory (STA-BiLSTM) technique is performed. Eventually, the water cycle algorithm (WCA)-based hyperparameter choice process can be performed to optimize the classification results of the STA-BiLSTM algorithm. The experimental evaluation of the LTCNN-WCRSSC technique takes place using a benchmark image dataset. The stimulated results indicated the superior performances of the LTCNN-WCRSSC model over other approaches.

Dual-function applications of photochromic BiNbO4:Er3+ ceramics based on reversible upconversion luminescence modulation

This research introduces a photochromic luminescent BiNbO4:Er ceramic, showing good coloration contrast and efficient upconversion luminescence modulation rate. The dual-functional applications in security and fingerprint acquisition are developed.

Effect of blue cut glasses on color discrimination and contrast sensitivity in young emmetropes

Effect of blue cut glasses on color discrimination and contrast sensitivity in young emmetropes

Spatially Selective Imaging in Color: What You See is What You Want.

Spatially selective imaging (SSI) involves sampling a group of pixels from different positions on an encoded object to display a decoded image. Here, SSI is achieved by using off-axis cylindrical Fresnel lens arrays to decode multiple images from an encoded print of structural color pixels. Each image is optically retrieved by separately placing different "keys" (arrays of lenses in different pseudorandom configurations) over the same encoded print, and then each image is digitally reconstructed for visualization. In addition, a detailed analysis is presented on the designed lenses and pixels, which are all fabricated by two-photon polymerization lithography. Though Fresnel lenses are susceptible to chromatic aberrations, the results show that they can be used for imaging pixels that produce a wide range of colors at low numerical aperture (NA ≈0.2). The images have acceptable color contrast, corresponding to a simulated normalized modulation transfer function (MTF) of ≈0.6 averaged across wavelengths in the visible spectrum. This work can find applications in optical information security devices.

UTILIZATION OF THE IMAGEJ SOFTWARE CAPABILITIES IN DENTISTRY: A LITERATURE REVIEW

Introduction. The method of digital photometry is rapidly gaining widespread use when it comes to quantitative analysis of the color and structure of soft tissues, which is of particular importance in modern dental practice and research. Image J is one of the most widely used digital photometry tools, especially in medical and dental research. As an open source software developed by the US National Institutes of Health, it provides a wide range of image processing and analysis capabilities, including area, color intensity, texture, and the ability to apply various filters and settings. This allows researchers to analyze tissues in detail, track the dynamics of changes, and detect anomalies that are invisible to the naked eye. The purpose of the literature review is to study the potential of the Image J working tools for paraclinical research in the field of prosthetic dentistry. Methodology. A total of 21 literary sources were analyzed, of which 2 were domestic and 19 were foreign. The functionality of the application was studied on the basis of the software “Image J” 1.54g, by National Institutes of Health; USA. Results and discussion. One of the most important functions of the ImageJ program is the measurement of color indicators within the “Adjust” system, which allows for an objective determination of the color characteristics of enamel, dentin, and the oral mucosa. The “Adjust” function provides researchers with a comprehensive set of tools for modifying image parameters, enabling accurate and reliable analysis of both hard dental tissues and soft tissues of the oral cavity. Key tools within this function include brightness and contrast adjustment, threshold segmentation, and color balance, all of which are critical for high-quality dental tissue photometry. It is worth noting that existing literature does not provide information regarding the application of ImageJ functionality in the field of prosthetic dentistry, particularly for analyzing the surfaces of orthopedic structures. This gap highlights the need for further comprehensive research, which could significantly enhance the diagnostic capabilities for evaluating the condition of prosthetic beds and the surfaces of dental prostheses.

Microaneurysm Detection With Multiscale Attention and Trident RPN

ABSTRACTDiabetic retinopathy (DR) is the most serious and common complication of diabetes. Microaneurysm (MA) detection is of great importance for DR screening by providing the earliest indicator of presence of DR. Extremely small size of MAs, low color contrast in fundus images, and the interference from blood vessels and other lesions with similar characteristics make MA detection still challenging. In this paper, a novel two‐stage MA detector with multiscale attention and trident Region proposal network (RPN) is proposed. A scale selection pyramid network based on the attention mechanism is established to improve detection performance on the small objects by reducing the gradient inconsistency between low and high level features. Meanwhile, a trident RPN with three‐branch parallel feature enhance head is designed to promote more distinguishing learning, further reducing the misrecognition. The proposed method is validated on IDRiD, e‐ophtha, and ROC datasets with the average scores of 0.516, 0.646, and 0.245, respectively, achieving the best or nearly optimal performance compared to the state‐of‐the‐arts. Besides, the proposed MA detector illustrates a more balanced performance on the three datasets, showing strong generalization.

Kinetics‐Tunable Photochromism and Dual‐Mode Luminescence Modulation in BaTiO3‐Based Phosphors for Dynamic Anti‐Counterfeiting Application

AbstractThe security level of traditional optical anti‐counterfeiting agents is increasingly insufficient to meet the demands of a rapidly advancing society, resulting in significant losses for individuals and corporations. In this study, a series of pure and lanthanides‐doped BaTiO3 （BTO） phosphors are synthesized, exhibiting reversible photochromic and bleaching phenomenon through alternating UV light irradiation and thermal treatment. The maximum coloration contrast of the samples is influenced by the choice of dopants, primarily due to the variation in oxygen vacancy concentrations. Notably, lanthanide doping accelerates the photochromic response compared to the undoped sample, attributed to enhanced carrier mobility and concentration from the introduction of intermediate energy levels. Multi‐mode upconversion luminescence modulation (UCL) is achieved through the re‐absorption effect, yielding maximum green (λex = 980 nm) and red (λex = 1550 nm) UCL modulation rate of 67% and 59%, respectively. Furthermore, an application in temporal encryption is demonstrated, leveraging the kinetics‐tunable photochromism and multi‐mode UCL of BaTiO3‐based phosphors.

Efektivitas pintasan pemberian warna klasifikasi utama pada nomor panggil koleksi dalam mengoptimalkan kegiatan shelving

Introduction. Book shelving is considered challenging in libraries with a large physical collection without a clear auxiliary shortcut. This research aims to understand the effectiveness of the main classification color shortcut on the collection call number. Data Collection Methods. The research was conducted by adopting Descriptive Quantitative method through Unsequenced and Comparative approaches based on a case study at the Ministry of Education and Culture Library, Republic of Indonesia. Data Analysis. The data analysis used in this research was Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Results and Discussion. The results show that testing shelving details, the reference shelf collection scored 33%, while the fiction shelf collection scored less, showing 26.1%. In the shelving search test, twenty reference shelf collections were found in 1,333 seconds, while the fiction shelf collection took 1,669 seconds. Conclusion. Having the color of the classification number identifier is proven to support convenience in doing shelving detail activities, as well as searching for collections on the shelf even with a large number. Future research is expected to group the color numbers 0-9 based on the type and characteristics of color contrast as the identity of classification numbers for collection call numbers.

Green flowers need yellow to get noticed in a green world.

Flower colour is a key feature in plant-pollinator interactions that make the flowers visible amid the surrounding green vegetation. Green flowers are expected to be scarcely conspicuous to pollinators; however, many of them are visited by pollinators even in the absence of other traits that might attract pollinators (e.g., floral scents). In this study, we investigate how entomophilous species with green flowers are perceived by pollinators. We obtained reflectance spectra data of 30 European species that display green or green-yellow flowers to the human eye. These data were used to perform spectral analyses, calculate both chromatic (colour contrast against the background) and achromatic (colour contrast that relies on the signals from the green-sensitive photoreceptors) cues, and model colour perception by hymenopterans (bees) and dipterans (flies). The visibility of green flowers to bees and flies (i.e., their chromatic contrast values) was lower compared to other floral colours commonly pollinated by these insects, whereas green-yellow flowers were as conspicuous as the other flower colours. Green flowers with low chromatic contrast values exhibited higher achromatic contrasts, which is used to detect distant flowers at narrow visual angles, than green-yellow flowers. Additionally, the marker points (i.e., sharp transition in floral reflectance that aid pollinators in locating them) of green and green-yellow flowers aligned to some degree with the colour discrimination abilities of bees and flies. We found that many entomophilous green and green-yellow flowers are conspicuous to bees and flies through their chromatic or achromatic contrasts. While acquiring pigments like carotenoids, which impart a yellowish hue to flowers and enhances their visibility to pollinators, could increase their conspicuousness, the metabolic costs of pigment production, along with the use of alternative strategies to attract pollinators, may have constrained carotenoid emergence in certain lineages of green-flowered species.

Fast fusion-based underwater image enhancement with adaptive color correction and contrast enhancement

Fast fusion-based underwater image enhancement with adaptive color correction and contrast enhancement

Detailed Investigation of Dolomites in the Middle Jurassic Samana Suk Formation, Kahi Section, Nizampur Basin, North-Western Himalayas (Pakistan)

Abstract —Diagenetically modified carbonate rocks are more common in the rock record. Among these modifications, multiphase dolomitization is the most common process. The Middle Jurassic carbonates of the Samana Suk Formation are extensively altered by the dolomitization process in the Kahi section, Nizampur Basin. The primary objective of this study is to investigate this multiphase dolomitization and to elucidate its possible mechanism. Field investigation shows both host limestone (oolitic, fossiliferous, and massive) and dolomites. Dolomite bodies are of both beddings: parallel to and crosscutting the bedding planes. Different types of dolomites were recognized on the basis of color contrast as dark gray replacive dolomite, light gray dolomite, brownish dolomite, and yellowish dolomite. Along with the replacive phase, void- and fracture-filling cementing saddle dolomite and cementing calcites are recognized in the field. Petrographic studies show the complex diagenetic history of the Samana Suk Formation from near-surface diagenesis, including micritization, neomorphism, and several varieties of dolomites. These varieties are as follows: RD1 is very fine- to fine-grained dolomite; RD2 is medium- to coarse-grained and anhedral to subhedral dolomite; RD3 is coarse- to very coarse-grained and planar euhedral zoned dolomite; and RD4 is coarse-grained euhedral to subhedral ferroan dolomite. In addition, cementing saddle dolomite SD consists of large crystals with curved faces showing sweeping extinction. Cementing calcite phases are as follows: CC1 is granular mosaic; CC2 is twin; CC3 is fracture-filling; and CC4 is ferroan calcite. The stable isotope values of limestone (δ18O is –7.13 to –0.73‰ V-PDB, and δ13C is –0.05 to 1.32‰ V-PDB) show depletion with respect to the Jurassic marine signature. The values of multiphase dolomites RD1–RD4 and SD (δ18O is –8.65 to –3.16‰, and δ13C is –3.56 to 2.09‰) indicate multiphase dolomitization. The CC1–CC3 values (δ18O is –11.07 to –8.97‰, and δ13C is –2.14 to 0.76‰) indicate highly depleted values of δ18O, showing hydrothermal origin. From field, petrography, and geochemistry data, it is deduced that a possible source of Mg for hydrothermal dolomites is activation of faults and fractures during active tectonic regime in the area and might be related to activation and reactivation of the Kahi Thrust system.

Flood Inundation Distribution In Lamongan Regency Using Sentinel-1 SAR Data And Automatic Water-S1 Method

Abstract The study of SAR data in mapping distribution flood inundation has yielded relevant results. The ease of obtaining data has made development application of Sentinel-1 SAR, for flood mapping. A common method used in flood mapping is thresholding, mainly by determining the threshold generated through visual observation that presented color contrast histograms. However, surface conditions of surrounding terrain can create misinformation due to increased surface roughness, like double bounce on vegetation make it more challenging. Moreover, manual threshold methods are less-time effective in trial error process from visual image interpretation. The results tend to be subjective because distribution mapping heavily relies on the operator’s visual interpretation of threshold value. To address this challenge, distribution of flood inundation will be mapped with an automatic threshold method, called Water-S1 and expected to provide more objective results. The images divided into tiles with 10 km size, each selected tiles will be modeled with data probability parameters. Distribution modeling then iterated get probability model distribution that represents each selected tile. The result is probability map of the water surface during and after flood, then subtracts to get the distribution area of flood inundation. In this research the method was applied to Lamongan Regency. The result show that the method can identify flood inundation quite satisfactory. The spatial distribution of flood inundation are detected clustered in paddy fields center of Lamongan Regency with flood area around 19,680.75 hectares.