Contradictory States Research Articles

Complementarity of subjective and objective realities: An experimental investigation of variations of subjective self-reported intelligence data when objective data are erased or not-erased

The Complementarity Principle (CP), introduced by Nils Bohr, described the wave-particle duality of quantum phenomena and its dependence on the measurement setup exploring the quantum states. In general, this principle summarized the fact that two mutually exclusive and contradictory states of quantum events can be reconciled as a measurement-dependent occurrence of these states. Originally, the CP was postulated only for the realm of quantum mechanics, but recently the Generalized Quantum Theory (GQT) extended its area of applicability to the macroscopic domain. According to GQT complementarity relations are also hypothesized to exist between macroscopic objective and subjective measurements of the same concept. This implies objective measurement-dependent variations of subjective experience. To test this hypothesis, seven studies were conducted in which individual variations in subjective intelligence ratings were tested in relation to the availability or non-availability of corresponding objective individual intelligence data. Only one pre-registered study (Study 2) showed strong Bayesian evidence for H1 (BF10 > 10), indicating, as predicted, higher subjective intelligence ratings when objective data were erased compared to a condition in which objective data were available within a male sample. This effect could not be replicated in direct replication attempts, nor did a moderator search in subsequent studies find any robust systematic variation in the data. The results seem to question the validity of the macroscopic complementarity conjecture derived from the GQT. On the other hand, they could also be interpreted as the “effect and decline” data pattern that the Model of Pragmatic Information would predict when conducting empirical confirmations of macroscopic complementarity relations. Possible future research strategies to clarify these different interpretations are discussed.

DETERMINANTS AND OUTCOMES OF URBAN LAND USE SUCCESSION - CASE STUDY OF UPPER HILL, NAIROBI

This paper is based on a PHD research carried out to explore Urban Land Use Succession (ULUS) that is driven by private actors financed by local or global capital, referred to as property-led urban redevelopment. ULUS is manifested in indicators like land values, height of buildings, and migration. Its motive is profit taking contrasting it from ULUS that is driven by public and public-private partnerships (PPPs). ULUS has helped reimage cities, but in some cases, it has resulted in negative consequences such as pressure on existing infrastructure and patchwork land use patterns. A case study of Upper Hill is used to identify the determinants of the phenomenon with a view to mirroring findings to the rest of Nairobi. Simple random sampling has been used to identify a sample of plots whose landowners have been interviewed using semi-structured interview schedules. Data collected was processed and analysed using Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS). The findings show that ULUS is being determined by spatial policy (planning controls on property, land tenure, and public investment in infrastructure) which is largely controlled by the state. The county government’s laissez faire approach demonstrated in failure to prepare comprehensive policy and to adhere to policy standards has put pressure on existing infrastructure and resulted in unsustainable outcomes. In addition, the presence of both public and private land has implied ease of redevelopment on privately owned land as opposed to state land resulting in a dichotomy of contradictory states.

The Meaning of Home in the Process of Change: Home in the Transfiguration of the Ordinary

The concept of home, which can be discussed in many disciplines, is one of the important elements in the representation of shelter, belonging, asylum, security, peace, identity or it has become a phenomenon that is constantly traced in different disciplines over time, with the negative and contradictory states and phenomena of all these situations. The audience has become a powerful language and a mode of production within the object-space relations. Man attributes different meanings to the house that contains his own existence in his world. The house is not only a concrete building, a phenomenon that includes the usual housing function, but in this study, it is aimed to reveal the meanings in the phenomenological perspective of different disciplines that ascribe different meanings to the house. In this context, the objectification of the house by transforming into a mass communication tool with modernity, and the concept of the house during the research, first of all, briefly discussed with its phenomenological dimension, various thoughts on the house and space are included. To position the house, which has become an object of modernity, as an object space in contemporary art; It has been tried to reveal the perception methods that artists such as Petrit Halilaj, Louis Bourgeois, Gordon Matta-Clark Nevin Aladağ and Maider Lopez brought their own phenomenological approaches to home.

Turturica ‒ the Bird of Existential Predestination in the Short-Story Epic

This article analyzes the ballad Amărâta turturică (The Embittered Dove) in accordance with the symbolism of this bird in folk environments, being presented in different situations and existential hypostases, in accordance with the allegory of human destiny. The image-symbol "embtittered dove" is put at the service of remedying different contradictory states and feelings, depicting the drama of an existential destiny, marked by falls and inner collapses. The ballad about the widowed dove is related to a series of motifs and renders a "synthesis of symbols", tangent to the archetypal significance of some bird topos in our ritual folklore, to foreshadow the culmination of serious existential feelings. As metaphors of predestination, both the hunter and the dove express some tragic entities of human life, outline the meaning of a polarized destiny, marked by inner contradictions, deepen the idea of nostalgic loneliness in the face of irreversible passage.

Organizational costs of compensating for mind-body dissonance through conspiracies and superstitions

Maintaining physical expressions that contradict one’s internal states creates stress and burnout. Surprisingly, little is known about whether such incongruence affects organizationally relevant cognitive consequences. We propose that mind-body dissonance (MBD), a control-diminishing experience wherein the mind and body undergo contradictory states, increases compensatory illusory pattern perception (IPP) and jeopardizes decisions and trusting behavior. Experiments 1 and 2 found that being induced to display bodily expressions that contradict one’s emotions in a mental-physical coordination or customer service context, increased IPP in the form of conspiratorial and superstitious thinking. Experiment 3 found that MBD reduced trusting behavior through feelings of lacking control and conspiratorial thinking in serial. Finally, examining the mechanism through a moderation design, Experiment 4 found that misattributing feelings of lacking control to an external stimulus eliminated MBD’s effect on a superstition-related managerial decision. We discuss the value of this motivational approach in understanding MBD’s organizational implications.

Triz Methodology and Applications

Explanation of Innovative products, processes and services is a complex process which is possessed of strategies that have modern designs and systems. Nowadays, companies want to be more productive and more efficient. However, rapid and large changes are happened in competitive conditions. To exist competitive in the world of competitive, rapidly changing and flourishing, scientific developments had to be followed. To gain competitiveness, the companies need to procreate new products or eliminating the existing contradictory states. In this case, TRIZ (Theory And Innovative Problem Solving) the most effective scientific method, used by managers or inventors. In this study, TRIZ method was described in detail. However creativity and innovation concepts were explained. In addtion, TRIZ method was presente d in comparison with other creative techniques. In the last part, sam pling was expressed about TRIZ method by explaining the application, accomplished by using TRIZ method.

Two Criticisms against Mathematical Realism

Mathematical realism asserts that mathematical objects exist in the abstract world, and that a mathematical sentence is true or false, depending on whether the abstract world is as the mathematical sentence says it is. I raise two objections against mathematical realism. First, the abstract world is queer in that it allows for contradictory states of affairs. Second, mathematical realism does not have a theoretical resource to explain why a sentence about a tricle is true or false. A tricle is an object that changes its shape from a triangle to a circle, and then back to a triangle with every second.

On Getting over Oneself and Creating Space for All Voices in Group Work with Adolescents

ABSTRACTAs social group workers we may come to value all the trappings associated with becoming credentialed professionals, however there will always be moments in our groups when we cannot help but feeling like helpless amateurs. It is never easy to accept and hold on to these two contradictory states at the same time. Nevertheless, we must remain present and get over ourselves to create a space for all voices. This plenary discusses these and related ideas for hanging in there with our groups and illustrates groups that are struggling with issues including bias, bullying, grief, and trauma from individual change and social goals perspectives. Although adolescent groups are used as illustrations, the lessons herein are universal.

Statutory Protection for Renters: Classification of State Landlord–Tenant Policy Approaches

There are many federal, state, and local laws governing the landlord–tenant relationship. Yet scholars know little about their variety and what impact differences among jurisdictions have on renters and rental housing markets. This article examines state-level landlord–tenant policy approaches to determine whether there is significant policy variation and whether states illustrate identifiable policy types. Using cluster and discriminant analysis, this research creates a typology of landlord–tenant policy approaches, finding three distinctive approaches: protectionist, probusiness, and contradictory. This research indicates there is significant variation among state landlord–tenant statutory policies, although states’ laws generally reflect one of three philosophies. These results are important for future studies on rental housing because treating all state rental environments the same masks important differences in rental experiences across states. As an illustration, this article finds that renters in protectionist and contradictory states move significantly more than renters in probusiness states do. Furthermore, understanding where renters have more or less legal protection allows policymakers and advocates to focus their efforts on areas where assistance is most needed.

Triz Methodology and an Application Example for Product Development

Explanation of innovative products, processes and services is a complex process which is possessed of strategies that have modern designs and systems. Nowadays, companies want to be more productive and more efficient. However, rapid and big changes are happened in competitive conditions and to exist in this competitive and rapidly changing and flourishing world, scientific developments had to be followed. To gain competitiveness, the companies need to procreate new products or eliminating the existing contradictory states. In this case, TRIZ (Theory And Innovative Problem Solving) methodolgy is one of the most effective scientific method, used by managers or inventors. In this study, TRIZ methodolgy was described in detail with creativity and innovation concepts and TRIZ was presented in comparison with other creative techniques. In the last part, a sample about TRIZ application has been expressed.

Slave Revolt, Deflated Self-deception

The problem of self-deception lies at the heart of Nietzsche's account of the slave revolt in morality in the first essay of On the Genealogy of Morals. The viability of Nietzsche's genealogy of morality is thus crucially dependent on a successful explanation of the self-deception the slaves of the first essay are caught in. But the phenomenon of self-deception is notoriously puzzling. In this paper, after critically examining existing interpretations of the slaves’ self-deception, I provide, by drawing on Alfred Mele's work on self-deception, a deflationary account of the slaves’ self-deception; an account which explains the slaves’ self-deceived predicament but without either the attribution of contradictory mental states or an intention to produce or to facilitate the production of the belief the self-deceived subjects end up holding. In light of my account of self-deception, I interpret Nietzsche's intriguing claim that the slaves’ revaluation of ressentiment amounts to their ‘most mendacious artistic stroke’.

Fora de cena: a loucura, o obsceno e o senso comum

Throughout European history, madness has been associated with two states: movement and confinement. These apparently contradictory states converge in an obscene state, in the etymological sense of the word: offstage. In this article, based on data from ethnographic work in the Barcelona mental health care network, it is argued that "being ob-scene" results when madness challenges hegemonic social processes of inculcation and persuasion that induce acceptance of behavioral patterns considered appropriate, and lead patients to identify with the interests of therapists. Madness defies not reason, as it is widely supposed, but common sense understood as a cultural system. Its refractory nature leads to the stigmatizing management of madness in expert systems that seeks to subsume the experience of affected persons in predictable nosological categories.

Future Contradictions

A common and much-explored thought is Łukasiewicz's idea that the future is ‘indeterminate’—i.e., ‘gappy’ with respect to some claims—and that such indeterminacy bleeds back into the present in the form of gappy ‘future contingent’ claims. What is uncommon, and to my knowledge unexplored, is the dual idea of an overdeterminate future—one which is ‘glutty’ with respect to some claims. While the direct dual, with future gluts bleeding back into the present, is worth noting, my central aim is simply to sketch and briefly explore an alternative glutty-future view, one that is conservative—indeed, entirely classical—with respect to the present. The structure of the paper runs as follows. §1 briefly sketches the target gap picture of an indeterminate future yielding gappy claims at the present. §2 presents the direct dual idea—a glut picture of an overdeterminate future yielding glutty claims at present. §3 sketches the central idea, a more interesting glut picture in which the future contains contradictory states but the present remains entirely classical. §4 contains a general defence of the idea, leaving it open as to whether the gappy-future view enjoys substantive virtues over the proposed glutty-future view of §3.

THE LANDSCAPE OF FICTION: The Naive and the Sentimental Novelist: The Charles Eliot Norton Lectures 2009. By ORHAN PAMUK

In Orhan Pamuk's most recent novel, The Museum of Innocence (2009), the narrator comes to believe that ‘for most people life was not a joy to be embraced with a full heart but a miserable charade to be endured with a false smile’. The book is set in 1970s Istanbul, where the rich middle classes must play out their illicit passions in secret, guarded from the moral codes of a Westernising but still religious society. Lionel Trilling, in his own Charles Eliot Norton lectures (published as Sincerity and Authenticity, 1972), argued that the great nineteenth century novelists demonstrated the ‘social inauthenticity’ of society. The Museum of Innocence similarly shows up the gap between illusion and reality in 1970s Turkey. Since Pamuk read all the major nineteenth century French novelists during his formative years as an aspiring writer (as he recalls in these lectures), their influence on him is hardly surprising. (There was little tradition of novel-writing in Turkey.) Pamuk's critical thinking on fiction, both in these lectures and in his earlier book, Other Colours (2007), is directed in great part by his early immersion in those realist writers. Pamuk believes that when a novel is successful ‘we feel that the fictional world we encounter and enjoy is more real than the real world itself’, and that ‘the real measure’ of the novel's value is its ‘power to evoke the sense that life is indeed exactly like this’. Pamuk has also explored this idea in his fiction. In My Name is Red (2001) the Sultan is ‘seized by a kind of panic’ when he suspects that the book he is reading recounts not merely a story ‘but what was most unbefitting a book: reality itself’. And it is here that the terms ‘naïve’ and ‘sentimental’ – taken from Schiller's essay ‘On Naïve and Sentimental Poetry’ (1795-6) – have their part in the argument. No good reader, according to Pamuk, is wholly carried away by the force of the novel's reality. While the ‘naïve’ element in the reader delights in the illusion cast by the authenticity of detail and character, the ‘sentimental’ part (which Schiller and Pamuk hold to be the reflective part) is at the same time ‘fascinated by the artificiality of the text and its failure to attain reality’. Reading well, then, ‘involves a continual oscillation between these two mindsets’, just as ‘the art of the novel relies on our ability to believe simultaneously in contradictory states’ (that is, in its authenticity and in its illusory side). Pamuk here uses ‘the art of the novel’ to mean both the art of reading and the art of writing novels. He contends that novelists should be naive in their playfulness and in their capacity to identify with other people, but that they should also be sentimental in their absorption in novelistic techniques of representation.

Primary Maternal Preoccupation Disrupted by Trauma and Loss: Early Years of the Project

Working in the Project for Mothers, Infants, and Young Children of September 11, 2001, I focus in this article on some of the ways in which normal states of mind essential to “good enough mothering” were significantly disrupted and altered by the effects of trauma and loss following the events of September 11th. Themes mothers talked about and patterns of mother-infant/mother-child interaction observed during the first two years of the group are discussed in the contexts of pregnancy and Winnicott's concepts of primary maternal preoccupation and holding. Pregnancy, childbirth, new motherhood, loss, and trauma are all life-transforming events, each having particular states of mind, psychic tasks, and challenges associated with them. Although the mothers in our Project were heroic in their attempts to simultaneously experience and process these highly contradictory states, we found the work of mourning largely incompatible with the work of primary maternal preoccupation. It did not seem possible for the psyche to be consumed with the lost object in mourning and at the same time to be consumed with the infant in primary maternal preoccupation. This article also touches on the mothers' ongoing difficult task of telling their babies, now children approaching 10 years old, about their fathers and their fathers' deaths.

The Self in Pain.

The self is not a unitary concept but has different facets, encompassing potentially contradictory states, intentions or desires.The ensuing contradictory facets of the self lead to internal discrepancies which can have both motivational and emotional consequences.Self-Discrepancy Theory (SDT) explains emotional consequences by considering discrepancies between the actual, ideal or ought self.Depression can be part predicted by considering the extent an individual regards their self as enmeshed with their pain.Individuals who place a high value on independence or social interaction are more likely to experience a high anxious state in the presence of the "mere threat" of pain enmeshment.Consequently pain can rapidly come to infiltrate and affect a person's sense of self.

A complexity view of organisational reputation

This paper looks at the concept of reputation from four angles: cost-benefit, semiotics, quality and complexity. The complexity outlook may include all the other approaches in certain conditions but is in comparison wider, deeper, evolutionary and more fickle. It can embrace apparently contradictory states that evolve through interaction. The focus is on ambiguity, one of the less-known principles of complexity and is argued that it can act as a stem cell to build sustainable reputation. Two cases from industry are reviewed.

Psychodramatische Aufstellungsarbeit und Beziehungsklärung in chaotisierenden therapeutischen Beziehungen

Patients with disorders of self-regulation (psychosis, trauma, addiction, dissociative disorder, borderline organization) tend to act out different contradictory ego states. Therefore, even during the first sessions they often disturb the therapeutic relationship severely. Patient and therapist are able to find their way in their chaotic relationship with the help of psychodramatic positioning. Using empty chairs they can concretize and realize their alternating parts of the self (thinking, feeling, acting) on stage. This positioning in the course of a therapeutic relationship gives necessary support to patient and therapist. It facilitates the clarification of the therapeutic relationship. Also the positioning of the parts of the self is a foundation to work creatively on the central pathology of these patients, precisely the unconscious switches between different contradictory ego states.

Japanese Noh and Kyōgen Plays: Staging Dichotomy

The Noh and Kyogen forms of Japanese theater were perfected during the Muromachi period (1336-1568) and (combined as Nogaku) they comprise the Japanese traditional aristocratic theater still being performed today. Although they evolved alongside each other, sharing various theatrical elements and being performed together on the same stage, they are separate forms. Their actors' training programs, which usually pass from generation to generation within a family, are different, and actors of one form do not perform the other. Noh (literally, skill or ability), the lyrical traditional Japanese theater, draws its material from many sources and its form from ritual and folk dances. It is essentially a poetic, quasi-religious musical drama, usually without dramatic conflict. Generally, only the main actor wears a mask. The performance is accompanied by a chorus (ji utai) of six to ten actors and a musical band (hayashi) comprised of a flautist and two or three drummers. The chorus plays a narrative role or may even chant the lines of the main character. The rhythm of the drums and the tension suggested by the flute add an important element of the performance. The play is acted with very few props, on a raised, resonant, and empty stage. The second form, Kyogen (literally, ecstatic speech) comprises relatively short comic plays that serve as interludes between the serious Noh plays. The plots are based in the present, and the texts express a stylized form of the vernacular of the Muromachi period. Kyogen can evoke modes of farce, satire, tragicomedy, or various other genres that deal with the daily life of the lower and middle classes. Relationships between an ordinary man and his wife or lover, or between a master and his servant, are the most common themes in Kyogen, contrasting with the more serious appearances of ghosts, gods, and demons in Noh. An exploration of the full dramatic meaning and structure of Nogaku as the combination of Noh and Kyogen reveals these as two dichotomous forms that complement each other, with the various dramatic elements of each molded in a harmony of contrasts that create balance and dynamism. This harmony of contrasts, which I consider as one of the most important concepts of the traditional Japanese theater, originated in Chinese philosophy, which teaches that change is the main factor in cosmic existence. This notion of change taking place between two poles led to the concept that seeks to fuse contradictory elements into a unified harmony. The Chinese philosophers termed the two poles of each contrast yin and yang (in and yo in Japanese). While yang represents activity, positivity, masculinity, heat, brightness, and so forth, yin represents the opposite--passivity, negativity, femininity, coldness, darkness, and so forth. Through the interaction of these opposing principles, all phenomena of the universe are produced. Each contrast possesses two contradictory states: static and dynamic. At all times there is a harmonic balance between the two poles of each contrast, which exist side by side, creating a dynamic interaction that replaces and regenerates the other; and each of them contains a minor manifestation of the other. The Chinese concept of harmony of contrasts, adopted by the Japanese in the seventh century, was already well established by the eighth century. (1) The way of life derived from this concept is still evident today in many areas in Japan. As was the case in other areas of life, Japanese classical theater too was greatly influenced by this concept, employing not only one pair of Chinese philosophical contrasts but two. In addition to the contrast of in/yo that relates in particular to formative contrasts (dark/light, quiescence/movement, feminine/masculine, weak/strong, bent/straight, and so forth), there is the contrast of kyo (fiction, false, abstract, and empty) and jitsu (reality, real, concrete, and full). The kyo and jitsu relate to the essence of the material, and form the basis of the theatrical medium--the coexistence and dynamic interaction of two alternate worlds, fiction and reality. …

Updike: fiction and the writer's access to contradictory ego states.

Updike: fiction and the writer's access to contradictory ego states.