Contradictory Situation Research Articles

St’andart’uli ena da kartuli enis ortograpiuli leksik’onebi /სტანდარტული ენა და ქართული ენის ორთოგრაფიული ლექსიკონები [Standard Language and Orthographic Dictionaries of Georgian Language

The article examines two main factors causing modern language disorders in modern Georgian written and spoken language, such as: A. Contradiction between the norms of the modern Georgian literary language and living speech; B. Contradiction in the norms of the modern Georgian literary language itself. We aim to show the contradictory situation caused by these two factors in the resources that should be used to maintain the standard of this or that word form. We mean orthographic dictionaries of the Georgian language, including such a fundamental dictionary as V. Topuria and Iv. Gigineishvili’s “orthographic dictionary of the Georgian language” (1968; 1998), as well as electronic dictionaries and other publications (collections). In the lexical material, the qualitative difference in the standard language resources makes some norms controversial, which contributes to the emergence of language form variants, incorrect forms next to the correct ones, and, moreover, hinders the updating of the norm, and the development of a new linguistic standard. This problem became even more acute when the project of a young specialist, data scientist and programmer Vakhtang Elerdashvili called “Incorrect-Print-Finder” – a morphological checker of errors in the text – appeared on the social network (Facebook). The aim of the project is to create a perfect text analyzer in Georgian. The paper analyzes the relevant material reflecting the contradictory situation in the standard language resources, outlines the ways to solve the problem, concludes that the material in the standard language resources should be united (processed) and a united orthographic database, an extensive orthographic electronic dictionary with the function of constantly updating the norms of the Georgian literary language should be created. საკვანძო სიტყვები: სალიტერატურო ენა, ნორმა, ენობრივი წინააღმდეგობა. Keywords: literary language,, norm, linguistic contradiction.

Ontological struggle over new product category: Transition potential of meat alternatives

In recent sustainability transitions research, more attention has been called to dynamic relations between regimes and niches in complex processes of systemic change. In this paper, we provide the case of meat alternative markets, which have been expanding rapidly in Europe and in Northern America. During this expansion, animal-free alternatives are in a contradictory situation. In aiming to carve out market space for these products the aim is to be as similar to meat as possible. In this paper we study how, in Finland, the niche actors have situated themselves within the regime by detaching from the first generation of plant-based foods and attaching to shared rules, materialities and cultural meanings in the meat regime. We discuss how the concepts of detachment and attachment can help in understanding further the transitional pathways created as niches aim to fit-and-transform the rules of the market, and the regime.

Environmental issues on covid-19 medical waste: review from policy perspective

The Covid-19 pandemic brings two sides to the environment. On one side, it reduces air pollution due to travel and work limitations but on the other hand, medical waste increases. This contradictory situation on the environment has been studied by research all around the world. This study is trying to map the concern of experts on environmental issues during Covid-19. This paper conducts a systematic literature review from prominent databases to portray the environmental issues that emerged during the Covid-19 Pandemic from a policy perspective. Unique keywords that combine environment, covid-19, and policy filtered the literature available in the research database. No less than 152 literature were collected and extracted using PRISMA approach. The result indicates very limited policy issued by the government to protect the environment for the post-covid era.

Towards a Multiple Language Shift in Cameroon

This paper examines Cameroonians’ use / attitudes to French, English, Cameroon home languages, and other variables to better project the future of those languages in Cameroon. The data analysed were collected through a questionnaire administered to 349 secondary school learners of three regions of Cameroon and 943 students of the Universities of Dschang, Douala, Buea and Maroua (N=1292). The findings show that a few young Cameroonians speak their mother tongues, but would like their future children to speak them and to be multilingual. This is a quite contradictory situation as those children will have nobody to acquire those languages from. An important number of young French-speaking Cameroonians would prefer English as language of instruction and would like to abandon French in future.

Rasionalitas Masyarakat Desa Sidorejo Terhadap Aktivitas Remaja Karang Taruna dalam Pembentukan Akhlak di Masa Pandemi

During this pandemic, the morality of teenagers in Sidorejo Village is concerning. That is, their morality is getting worse. At the same time, many organizations in Sidorejo Village are not developing well. Adolescence is a period where individuals seek a way of life, accept moral (ethical) norms as well as religious and aesthetic norms. Many have limitations, however, thereby making their external activities depend on others. This contradictory situation goes hand in hand, and constitute the background of this study. The present study aims to figure out how people living in Sidorejo Village react to the behavior of the youth group in forming their morality during the pandemic. This study is informed by the theory of social action proposed by Max Weber. The study is a case study using a qualitative approach with data collection techniques involving interviews. The results showed that only some of the youth who were participants in the youth organization were willing to take part in these activities due to being member activities held in schools or others. The role of the community is to guide the holding of religious activities such as reading the Qur'an and memorizing via virtual means. The results showed that the formation of adolescent morals have both good and not so good characters, which means that many teenagers participate in those activities but also spend their times doing things that are not useful.

Update Treatment HPV-16-positive Oropharyngeal Carcinoma

Oropharynx carcinoma (OPSCC) is a genetically heterogeneous tumor group with high prognostic diversity due to its worldwide increase in incidence and the association with the human papillomavirus HPV 16, but also chronic tobacco/alcohol consumption. The review attempts to present the current view on therapy and prevention of OPSCC with respect to association with HPV 16. The overview is based on the current relevant literature as well as current studies. The OPSCC presents itself as a very complex, genetically heterogeneous group of head and neck tumors, which should therefore be considered in detail. The currently contradictory trial situation of retrospective studies versus prospective trials, the current TNM classification (8th edition) and the scarce prospective data arguing for non-inferiority of therapy de-intensification attempts currently admonish to encourage a more conservative treatment.

Prerequisites for self-determination and the sovereignty of Tuva (Russia) in 1921

The article analyzes the prerequisites of self-determination and sovereignty of Tuva in 1921. Briefly, the general context of events is revealed, the main episodes and key personalities are listed. Using historical-genetic, comparative-historical and problem-chronological methods, the positions of Mongolia and Soviet Russia and their relationship on the status of Tuva, the organization and convocation of the All-Tuva Constituent Khural, which proclaimed the independence of Tuva, as well as the consequences of the declaration of independence of Tuva, were reconstructed. The role of the authorized representative of the Sibrevkom in Uryanhai I.G. Safyanov in this process is shown. In conclusion, the authors conclude that the emergence of a sovereign Tuva state was made possible both due to the contradictory political situation in Asia and due to the role of I.G. Safyanov in history. Since 1921, Tuva began to live and develop in the political and economic conditions created by the Constituent Khural.

Механізми подолання соціальної ексклюзії осіб похилого віку

Based on a theoretical analysis of the older generation’s problems and a longitudinal sociological study conducted by the author, the article proposes effective mechanisms of social practice to overcome the social exclusion of the elderly. It is emphasized that scientific research of the social problems of the elderly in Ukraine is caused by the rapid growth of this part of the population over the past fifty years, the need to overcome their social exclusion in current historical conditions and the view of older people as independent subjects of social and historical action. Based on the modern areas of scientific reflection on the changing social roles of older people (the theory of active ageing, the theory of separation and the theory of successful ageing), an attempt is made to build a model of overcoming social exclusion of the elderly in the theory of successful ageing. The author describes the contradictory situation in the Ukrainian society under the influence of public opinion and mass media. On the one hand, there is the uncertainty of social and personal identification of older people, because of which a significant proportion of this social group considers itself quite active to perform various economic and social functions. On the other hand, members of the 60+ generation increasingly feel limited in rights, unclaimed and devalued, state the presence of low self-esteem due to latent or overt ageism on the part of society. The conducted sociological research revealed the vectors of effective inclusive social practice for the elderly people in the public organization “Gardeners’ Club” in Kharkiv, which unites people following their vital interests, values, and behaviour patterns. The study results confirmed the hypothesis of the possibility of building a model for overcoming the social exclusion of the elderly on the positions of the theory of success, included in society ageing.

Kemiskinan Nelayan Tradisional Bermula Dari Wilayah Penangkapan Ikan

This research is motivated by a contradictory reality about the life of traditional fishermen. Traditional fishermen have “sacred” zones for fishing activities which are protected by law due to their highest biodiversity and cultural importance to local fishing communities. On the other hand, 76 percent of the traditional fishermen are classified as poor; the level of poverty headcount index (PHI) reaches 32.4 percent. Based on this contradictory situation, 2 (two) important questions arise: what happens in the fishing area of traditional fishermen and whether the poverty experienced by traditional fishermen starst from this fishing ground. This research took place in Bagan Kuala, a village where the majority of the population are traditional fishermen. This study used an ethnographic approach with two data collection tools, which are interviews and observations. It was found that each traditional fisherman in this village has its own fishing grounds and boundaries. The boundary is marked by fish aggregating device (FAD), which also serve its purpose as fish catcher. Some of the FADs have been owned by fishermen for many generations. Outsiders often trespass this fishing ground, particularly at night where they use modern tools like trawl, destroying the fishermen’s FADs. As a result, there are conflicts and also negotiations involving the locals and outsiders who asked for their permission; the catch was divided depending on the agreement. From these findings, it can be concluded that poverty can start from the fishing ground.

Outdoor Physical Activity During the First Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic. A Comparative Analysis of Government Restrictions in Italy, France, and Germany.

Introduction: Mandated restrictions on outdoor physical activity (PA) during the coronavirus pandemic disrupted the lifeworld of millions of people and led to a contradictory situation. On the one hand, PA was perceived as risky behaviour, as it might facilitate transmission of the virus. On the other hand, while taking precautions, regular PA was an important tool to promote the population's health during the lockdown.Methods: This paper examines the differences in government restrictions on PA in France, Germany, and Italy during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. We draw on techniques of qualitative content analysis and apply a critical theoretical framework to assess the countries' restrictions on PA.Results: Our analysis shows that the restrictions on PA varied in the three countries, in all three countries. This variance is attributed both to differences in the timing and severity of the pandemic in the countries analysed, as well as to the divergence in the relationships between the countries' sport and health systems.Conclusion: At the national level, the variance in restrictions on PA reflect the differences in the spread of the coronavirus and in the health systems' understanding of and approach to PA. The global scientific discourse on the pandemic represents a further key influencing factor. The management of the coronavirus pandemic has demonstrated that the extreme complexity of societies in terms of public health, politics, and the economy pose challenges and unsolvable contradictions.

Overcoming ambiguity in assessing the financial sustainability of Crimean hospitality companies for anti-crisis management

The subject of the research is the system of methods of financial management of a company, in which a contradictory situation of conflict of goals of its development has developed, with the obligatory occurrence of systemic crises on the one hand, and the rule of constant preservation of a low risk of financial destabilization, on the other. The relevance of the study is due to the significant distance of system analysis in its categories from strategic financial analysis. Systemic destabilization of active investment outwardly looks the same as the end-of-life bankruptcy crisis, which significantly distorts the perception of potential investors in the industry in general. The scientific novelty lies in the substantiation of a method that makes it moving from a simple identification of the transitional (crisis) development stages of an unstable system (company) to the substantiation of the parameters of a strategic program, including within the framework of anti-crisis management. The aim of the research is to adapt analysis methods of the system’s crisis states to the provisions of the most system-oriented financial analysis techniques have being applied to disclose the unstable states of the “system-enterprise”. The system analysis has been chosen as the research method in various areas of its manifestation: from a general philosophical description of unstable system with characteristics of a company’s life cycle to a model for assessing the company’s financial stability for strategic purposes. The result of modeling the financial condition of such unstable companies taking into account provisions of the system analysis, was the formulation of a new category of strategic financial management — the Strategic zone for the financial stability transformation, which serves as the basis for a long-term program for the transformation of the financial condition. As a conclusion, it can be noted that applying of the financial analysis method for strategic purposes (“Fregat” model) in a single connection with the system analysis provides the possibility to identify the most dangerous crises from the standpoint of the identification complexity and consequences of the cochirid stage crises of the system development. Also, this allows to separate the investment (justified) destabilization from instability which could be the cause of wrong actions of the company’s management. All this makes it possible to objectively assess the macroeconomic indicators of the hospitality industry in general.

Colonial Exceptions: The International Labour Organization and Child Labour in British Africa, c.1919–40

From 1919, the International Labour Organization sought to improve protections for workers globally. Concurrently, the organization was dominated by colonial powers whose economies relied on the exploitation of colonized workers. This article explores how the International Labour Organization navigated this contradictory situation during the interwar period, focussing on its approach to child labour in British Africa. The introduction of a universal minimum employment age and the abolition of child labour were founding goals of the International Labour Organization. However, colonial powers wanted to maintain the extensive employment of children and the use of child labour in their colonies. Britain used its influence within the International Labour Organization to promote racialized constructions of childhood and to pluralize working children’s rights in International Labour Organization instruments. While the International Labour Organization’s tripartite structure did also provide a forum through which colonial labour practices could be challenged, Britain and its supporters ultimately succeeded in constructing a two-tier system of international labour law which rendered colonized children less protected than children in the industrialized West. In creating colonial exceptions, the International Labour Organization pursued and promoted a hierarchical and exclusionary form of internationalism. Overall, the article provides new insights into the development of the International Labour Organization and its legislation, as well as broader histories of childhood and of internationalism.

Parametric Optimization for Cutting Forces and Material Removal Rate in the Turning of AISI 5140

The present paper deals with the optimization of the three components of cutting forces and the Material Removal Rate (MRR) in the turning of AISI 5140 steel. The Harmonic Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm (H-ABC), which is an improved nature-inspired method, was compared with the Harmonic Bee Algorithm (HBA) and popular methods such as Taguchi’s S/N ratio and the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) in order to achieve the optimum parameters in machining applications. The experiments were performed under dry cutting conditions using three cutting speeds, three feed rates, and two depths of cuts. Quadratic regression equations were identified as the objective function for HBA to represent the relationship between the cutting parameters and responses, i.e., the cutting forces and MRR. According to the results, the RSM (72.1%) and H-ABC (64%) algorithms provide better composite desirability compared to the other techniques, namely Taguchi (43.4%) and HBA (47.2%). While the optimum parameters found by the H-ABC algorithm are better when considering cutting forces, RSM has a higher success rate for MRR. It is worth remarking that H-ABC provides an effective solution in comparison with the frequently used methods, which is promising for the optimization of the parameters in the turning of new-generation materials in the industry. There is a contradictory situation in maximizing the MRR and minimizing the cutting power simultaneously, because the affecting parameters have a reverse effect on these two response parameters. Comparing different types of methods provides a perspective in the selection of the optimum parameter design for industrial applications of the turning processes. This study stands as the first paper representing the comparative optimization approach for cutting forces and MRR.

Language of instruction: Concerning its choice and social prestige in Burkina Faso

This article explores and discusses one of the main findings of the author’s recent dissertation, namely that parents’ and pupils’ choice of language of instruction in formal schooling depends on its social prestige. The author first reviews the latest research on language in education in sub-Saharan Africa, and asks why indigenous languages are so rarely used in formal schooling in this region, despite political demands for their greater use and ample scientific research showing their positive effects. Burkina Faso exemplifies this seemingly contradictory situation. Indigenous languages and French are complementary in formal and non-formal schooling as well as in areas of informal education; however, a closer look at the areas of application of each language reveals that indigenous languages have lower prestige than French, as well as lower expected and required outcomes. This is one possible explanation for the low usage rates of indigenous languages in formal schooling and reveals the extent to which the choice of language of instruction depends on its social prestige.

Glocal intimacies and the contradictions of mobile media access in the Philippines

This article looks at mobile media access in the Philippines and the kind of social intimacies that have emerged from it. To frame our discussion, we use the concept of ‘glocal intimacies’. This pertains to how mobile technologies have normalised and intensified the entanglement of people’s relationships of closeness with the ever-shifting and constantly negotiated flows between global modernity and local everyday life. We show that the uneven access that Filipinos have has led to equally uneven ways in which they imagine and enact intimate relationships. Drawing on case studies emblematic of the country’s key income clusters, we point out the emergence of a contradictory situation, wherein those with relatively high-quality access are those who are least dependent on mobile media for their glocal intimacies. Meanwhile, those with relatively low-quality access are those who are actually most dependent on mobile-mediated communication for such intimacies.

THE XINJIANG SINO-ANGLO-RUSSIAN ILI CRISIS OF 1871–1881 RESOLUTION ACCORDING TO SOME RUSSIAN ARCHIVAL SOURCES

Second half of the 19th century was characterized by a complex and contradictory situation within the states related to Central Asia; it was a period of very sharp political clashes between several interested countries on its territory. The Dungan and Uighur uprisings in Dzungaria and East Turkestan (1864–1877) and the subsequent unification of most of Xinjiang under the auspices of the Yettishaar state (1863–1875) could not leave the powers adjacent to the region indifferent observers of events. Xinjiang has become a place of undisguised confrontation between Russia, England (from the borders of British India), China and the Muslim rebels themselves. The interests of China and Russia in Xinjiang intertwined in the 1860s and 1880s into the Gordian knot, which, fortunately, was peacefully untied and not cut in 1881. The Period from the mid-1860s to the early 1880s was crucial for the named countries in their determination of their policy towards each other and towards the states and peoples of Central Asia. The history of China’s traditional foreign policy ties with the states and peoples of the northwestern territories shows that until the Qing period, China did not have long and significant control over this region. The article in an extremely concise form shows the main milestones in the emergence and resolution of the Ili (Ghulja) crisis, based on key evidence from documents from Russian archives.

Data and factors analysis of anti-corruption environment components of Russian public authorities

The paper is devoted to the examination of functional features of anti-corruption activities in Russian public government bodies and authorities using the cognitive modeling method . Currently, a contradictory situation is observed in corruption related assessment practice. At present, the leadership of public authorities reports on a decrease in acts of corruption whereas the statistics testify rather to the persistence of the previous level of corruption offenses than to the decline. Employees are concerned about the increasing requirements related to compliance with anti-corruption restrictions, as well as income, expenses and property obligations reporting. Citizens continue to express distrust in government bodies and state apparatus as a whole. These contradictions could be resolved if the interests of both employees of state bodies and citizens of the country are taken into account. It is assumed that when assessing anti-corruption environment effectiveness, it is advisable to take into account not only the risks of citizens, but also the risks of public officials and state authority’s employees. We applied cognitive modeling as it is difficult to formalize most stages of government bodies` activities, whereas we need to take into account many factors and conflicting goals that have complex weakly structured relationships. Fishbone Diagram or Cause-and-Effect-Diagram and the cognitive map were basic initial stage of cognitive modeling which allowed conducting the analysis of external and internal factors influence on the anti-corruption environment development in government bodies. The authors of the paper have shown benefits of expediency transferring of some personnel department functions into digital format.

Unnoticed Coup D’état

The article is devoted to the history of the emergence and development of the political crisis of the Interregnum. The central question of the article is examination of the reason why Nikolai, having received news of the death of Alexander, decided to swear allegiance to Konstantin. An analysis of historiography demonstrates that the most diametrical interpretations of this event are presented in the literature: Nikolai acted under pressure from M. A. Miloradovich and/or Maria Fedorovna, together with the Governor-General and/or Empress Mother. An important aspect of the work is the study of the normative component of the problem of succession. It is shown that by November 1825 a contradictory situation had developed: by law the heir was Konstantin, by family agreement — Nikolai. The article justifiably proves that the Manifesto of Alexander I on the transfer of the throne of Nicholas was a model of separate family law and was never supposed to be published. On the basis of a wide range of sources, the article reconstructs the course of meetings on November 25, describes the features of taking the oath on November 27, and reveals the development of the dynastic crisis arising from them. It is demonstrated that Nicholas had a complex plan to seize power, which implied unification with representatives of the generals and the highest bureaucracy, an oath in favor of Konstantin in violation of the established tradition, pressure on his older brother and, ultimately, the proclamation of emperor. The article presents the question of rumors spread in St. Petersburg society related to the secession of Poland and the hypothetical murder of Constantine.

An Integrated Supplier-Buyer Lots Sampling Plan With Quality Traceability Based on Process Loss Restricted Consideration

Supplier-buyer relationships have been the focus of considerable supply chain management and marketing research for decades. To validate the process capability of a supplier, practitioners usually operate the acceptance sampling plan (ASP). The most basic ASP is a single sampling plan (SSP) due to its straightforward lot-disposition mechanism. However, since the lot-disposition mechanism of SSP cannot accommodate the historical lot-quality levels information, it requires a large sample size for inspection to validate the submitted lot's process capability. To obtain these benefits from historical information, multiple-lot dependent state (MDS) sampling plans have been proposed. The MDS plans have manufacturing traceability of historical lot-quality levels information to sentence the submitted lot. However, the MDS plan's manufacturing traceability has a drawback that cost-efficiency decreases as more historical lot-quality levels information are considered, which contradicts its initial development goal. To overturn this contradictory situation, we proposed the adaptive MDS (AMDS) plans based on the process loss restricted consideration with combinatorial mathematical treatment that can correct the MDS plans manufacturing traceability of historical lot-quality levels information that help practitioners to adopt more historical information into lot-disposition freely without bearing the reduction of cost-efficiency. Meanwhile, their performances are superior to existing MDS plans in terms of cost-effectiveness and discriminatory power. Moreover, we further developed a web-based app for our proposed plans to improve the convenience of applying them in practice. By operating the web-based app, practitioners can quickly obtain the optimal plan criteria without bearing the burdens of table-checking or mathematical model solving. These improvements can genuinely help buyers distinguish reliable suppliers efficiently and build up a strong partnership with them. Finally, the applicability of the proposed plan is demonstrated in a real-world case study.

ОПЫТ С. А. РАЧИНСКОГО ПО ВОСПИТАНИЮ КРЕСТЬЯНСКИХ ДЕТЕЙ В КОНТЕКСТЕ РАЗРУШЕНИЯ КУЛЬТУРНО-ЗНАЧИМОЙ СОЦИАЛЬНОЙ СРЕДЫ КОНЦА XIX - НАЧАЛА XX ВЕКА

The article discusses certain measures for preventing juvenile delinquency in the Russian Empire in the late 19th - early 20th century. It was conditioned by the fact that the given social contradiction brought negative consequences for the country and demanded ultimate concentration of the government on finding the solution to the problem. There were scientists at that historical period who suggested effective ways out of this contradictory situation. S. A. Rachinsky, a science communicator, was one of such people. His efforts produced positive results and contributed to the prevention of crime among underagers. The experience of the Tatev school was used by other educational institutions. Thus, Storozhishchensky correctional and shelter facility founded in 1894 in Smolensk province for underage criminals followed the education system proposed by S. A. Rachinsky, which contributed to effective socialization and correction of pupils.