Contradictory Rules Research Articles

He Jiankui’s unprecedented offense and worrying comeback: how the CRISPR-babies scandal reshaped the legal governance of scientific research in China

ABSTRACT Scientific scandals are catalysts for the evolution process of legal governance. The 2018 CRISPR-babies Incident has essentially triggered China's legal reforms of ethics governance in science and technology. This paper explores the institutional deficiency that led to such a scandal, analyzes its long-term implications for legal governance, and presents China's recent legal progress in response to such an issue. The rapid legislative response to the CRISPR-babies Incident is a double-edged sword, while promoting the improvement of the legal system, it can also cause issues like fragmentation of governance, contradictory rules, and conflict of interest. China should integrate departmental norms and upgrade its level of effectiveness. Strengthening legislation is the implementation path, and improving ethical review, supervision and scientific research integrity systems are the crucial means. In addition, it is necessary to bring the coordinating function of the Central Science and Technology Commission into full play and pay more attention to public engagement and international cooperation.

Arctic environmental governance: challenges of sustainable development

The Arctic is one of the key regions in relation to global climate change, experiencing radical transformations in environmental governance as well as challenges in terms of its ecological protection. The region is witnessing a number of irreversible climatic shifts, such as melting permafrost, rising sea levels, contamination of the Global Ocean, and changes in the lives of indigenous people. The Arctic is a global hot spot in climate change where international cooperation (scientific, environmental, diplomatic, etc.) should be a priority to overcome existing ecological challenges. This article provides detailed analysis of these issues from cross-disciplinary perspectives, bringing insights from economics, history, anthropology, international relations, and political science from the perspective of literature on environmental regionalism. The article analyzes a selection of heterogeneous actors, many of whom have contradictory rules, norms, and priorities. Analysis of the Arctic through the lens of regional environmental governance aspires to contribute to understanding of the complexity of existing challenges and their potential solutions. This article offers an analysis of the major findings in this topical collection. It contributes to the development of cross-disciplinary approach to the studies of the Artic and outlines a research agenda.

‘Hazardous on My Soul’: (Dis)compassion and Emotive Dissonance in Prison Work

Abstract A history of social research has aimed to illuminate consequences for the psyche of workers that carry out occupations in dehumanizing contexts. In criminology, scholarship has detailed concern over how carceral contexts produce detriment via emotional labour for workers. Although prison work has been shown to necessitate emotional suppression, studies also find workers can bear intimacy for the incarcerated. We contribute to the prison scholarship by illustrating these emotive paradoxes that represent dissonance for staff. We draw from 18 focus groups of staff, to examine how emotive dissonance manifests from contradictory feeling rules in prison work. We explore emotive disharmony among the workgroup that comes from opposing feeling rules, and, we explore how workers experience with emotive dissonance manifests as emotional estrangement. Our findings help contemplate the implications of navigating emotion within dehumanizing contexts and illustrate that how staff treat the incarcerated has implications for their own sense of humanity.

Sex Work Policy in Poland and Its Impact on the Lived Experience of Sex Workers

This article discusses the model of sex work regulation in Poland. Officially ‎being an abolitionist one, it criminalises directly third parties, while in practice the whole working environment is criminalised, pushing sex workers into ‎shadow economy and precarious working conditions, and exposing them to ‎heightened risks of violence. At the same time, the Polish state does not provide any support programmes for sex workers. As such, it misrecognises sex ‎workers, who are not seen as workers or victims. This article looks at the prostitution policy from the perspective of sex workers’ rights. It also shows how ‎complicated sex work policy is, since the law includes contradictory rules and ‎values, which all have a negative impact on sex workers’ lives, and how these ‎contradictory rules contribute to misrecognition of sex workers, as workers, ‎subjects of rights and citizens, and to their stigmatisation.

Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine: Domain Knowledge Graph Completion and Quality Evaluation.

Knowledge graphs (KGs) can integrate domain knowledge into a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) intelligent syndrome differentiation model. However, the quality of current KGs in the TCM domain varies greatly, related to the lack of knowledge graph completion (KGC) and evaluation methods. This study aims to investigate KGC and evaluation methods tailored for TCM domain knowledge. In the KGC phase, according to the characteristics of TCM domain knowledge, we proposed a 3-step "entity-ontology-path" completion approach. This approach uses path reasoning, ontology rule reasoning, and association rules. In the KGC quality evaluation phase, we proposed a 3-dimensional evaluation framework that encompasses completeness, accuracy, and usability, using quantitative metrics such as complex network analysis, ontology reasoning, and graph representation. Furthermore, we compared the impact of different graph representation models on KG usability. In the KGC phase, 52, 107, 27, and 479 triples were added by outlier analysis, rule-based reasoning, association rules, and path-based reasoning, respectively. In addition, rule-based reasoning identified 14 contradictory triples. In the KGC quality evaluation phase, in terms of completeness, KG had higher density and lower sparsity after completion, and there were no contradictory rules within the KG. In terms of accuracy, KG after completion was more consistent with prior knowledge. In terms of usability, the mean reciprocal ranking, mean rank, and hit rate of the first N tail entities predicted by the model (Hits@N) of the TransE, RotatE, DistMult, and ComplEx graph representation models all showed improvement after KGC. Among them, the RotatE model achieved the best representation. The 3-step completion approach can effectively improve the completeness, accuracy, and availability of KGs, and the 3-dimensional evaluation framework can be used for comprehensive KGC evaluation. In the TCM field, the RotatE model performed better at KG representation.

An Optimized Association Rules Mining Framework for Chinese Social Insurance Fund Data Auditing

Association rules mining with the Chinese social insurance fund dataset can effectively discover different kinds of errors, irregularities, and illegal acts by providing auditors with relationships among the items and therefore improve auditing quality and efficiency. However, traditional positive and negative association rules (PNARs) mining algorithms inevitably produce too many meaningless or contradictory rules when these two types of rules are mined simultaneously, which brings a huge challenge to auditors retrieving decision information. Aimed to reduce the quantity of low-reliability PNARs without missing interesting rules, this paper first proposes an improved PNARs mining algorithm with minimum correlation and triple confidence threshold to control the mined rules number by narrowing the range of confidence settings. Then, a novel pruning algorithm based on the inclusion relation of the rule’s antecedent and consequent is given to remove those redundant rules. After that, the proposed optimized PNARs mining approach is applied to the Chinese social insurance fund dataset starting with audit features influence factors mining using the Hash table. The experimental results with different datasets show that the proposed framework not only can ensure effective and interesting rules extraction but also has better performance than traditional approaches in both accuracy and efficiency, reducing the number of redundant PNARs by over 70.1% with experimental datasets and average 78.5% with auditing data mining, respectively.

Analisis Penerapan Pembatalan Sertipikat Hak Milik Demi Kepastian Hukum Pada Kantor Wilayah Badan Pertanahan Nasional Provinsi Sumatera Utara

The purpose of the study was to analyze the legal arrangements for cancellation of property rights certificates, analyze the legal consequences of cancellation of property rights certificates and analyze the application of cancellation of property rights certificates at the North Sumatra Provincial BPN Regional Office. The research method used is normative legal research, with a statutory and case approach, data collection techniques are interviews and documentation studies, while data analysis uses descriptive analysis. This research shows that the legal regulations regarding the cancellation of the Hak Milik certificate have undergone many changes. Currently, the regulation used is Permen ATR/BPN Number 21 of 2020 concerning Handling and Settlement of Land Cases. As a result of the cancellation of the certificate of ownership, the land status returns to land which is directly controlled by the state if the ownership status of the certificate is null and void by law. Meanwhile, if the ownership status of the rights requested for cancellation has been certified, the Land Office and the Provincial BPN Regional Office will issue a cancellation decree to revoke the status of rights to ownership of the Property Rights certificate. The application of the cancellation application process and considerations in issuing the Cancellation Decree which is the Authority of the Regional Office to cancel the certificates issued by the North Sumatran Regency/City Land Offices can be categorized into two types of cancellations. First, a decision whose ruling expressly states the void/illegitimate object of the case for which cancellation is being requested. Second, the decision whose ruling is not clear declares that the object of the case for which cancellation is being requested is null and void. The suggestion from this research is that there are contradictory rules between PP No. 18 of 2021 and Permen ATR No. 21 of 2020 regarding the cancellation of land rights due to administrative defects, which can only be done before a period of 5 years from the date of issuance so that it is synchronized with Permen ATR/BPN No. 21 of 2020 , so as not to create a gap to be able to file a counterclaim on the Cancellation Decree that has been issued.

English Loanwords in Tamil: Fix Illicit Consonant Clusters

Loanword adaptation has long proved field as an intriguing object of study. Loanword borrowing often takes place within languages to fill the glossary of the new terminology. The direction of borrowing is primarily linked to the sociolinguistic status of a language in a community. In the scenario of Malaysia, Malay as a national language and English as a global language plays an essential role in the process of loanword adaptation, technologically, culturally and politically. English and Tamil languages have two disparate grammatical elements. Some grammatical rules accepted in English is illicit in Tamil. In particular, consonant clusters in the English language are prohibited in Tamil. Therefore, words borrowed from English into Tamil are subject to choose one of these two contradictory rules, whether adapt the consonant cluster in its authenticity or repairing to satisfy the grammar of the recipient language. The study results show that some borrowed English loan words obey Tamil grammar, while others violate the rules. This raises questions about the adaptation process's possible representational versus phonetic underpinnings. This paper examines the phonetic adaptation of English loanwords in Tamil adaptation, focusing primarily on the process of vowel epenthesis. It finds that the place features of the epenthetic vowel overcome illegal consonant clusters. The paper concludes that the language-specific phonological phenomena are central to this process. Data for this research were obtained from Tamil short stories (2000-2016). Many studies have been conducted to examine loanword adaptation in Malaysian Tamil. However, this study explores the repairing process of phonetic variations in the adapted words.

Bureaucratic Indecision and Risk Aversion in India


 
 
 
 The Indian bureaucracy suffers from indecision and risk aversion, resulting in an inordinate focus on routine tasks, coordination failures, process overload, poor perception, motivational issues, and a deterioration in the quality of service delivery. We argue that bureaucratic indecision, in large part, is a form of rational self- preservation exercised by bureaucrats from the various legal and extra-legal risks to their person, careers and reputation. These risks originate from problems of organizational design, institutional norms, and other political factors. The research for this paper included a review of interdisciplinary literature on bureaucracy and policy decisions, combined with semi-structured interviews. We interviewed current and ex-bureaucrats from India and other Asian and African countries, political scientists, and other policy researchers. We also conducted a document analysis of historical and contemporary, administrative, and legal documents, including committee reports, acts and rules, annual reports, and other government publications. We summarise the evidence on factors such as penal transfers, overload, inadequate training, process accountability, contradictory rules, and political patronage.
 
 
 

On [formula omitted]-insensitive simplification of fuzzy rules for fetal distress assessment

Objective: The work introduces ε-insensitive distance based approach to simplification (by reducing the rules number) of the fuzzy classifier rule base. To obtain premises of the initial rules, a modified clustering with pairs of ε-hyperballs procedure is used. The goal of the presented solutions is to achieve high quality support for fetal distress assessment, based on cardiotocographic (CTG) signals classification with a reduced number of fuzzy rules.Methods: In the presented rule base simplification solution, two rules are considered similar (or contradictory) when the distances between their premises do not exceed the assumed value of ε. The proposed simplification process consists of two phases: the first with combining similar rules into representative rules, and the second (optional) with the removal of contradictory rules. In addition, two methods of determining conclusions for representative rules are considered: a representative rule retains the original (unchanged) conclusion, or from the conclusions of similar rules the one with the highest absolute value is chosen. In the introduced clustering with pairs of ε-hyperballs the sizes of object classes are taken into account, to reduce the potential adverse impact of the unbalanced classes in the considered research material. In experiments, two reference assessments for CTG signals based on the retrospective fetal state evaluation were considered.Results and conclusions: In the two-stage classification, the modified clustering outperformed the original procedure in terms of classification sensitivity and the QI index being the geometric mean of sensitivity and specificity. Among the examined rule base simplification methods, we consider the best to be the one based only on combining similar rules, with the unchanged value of conclusion for a representative rule. With the smallest number of rules (after simplification), an increased sensitivity, and in the case of pH-based reference assessment also increased QI value is obtained. Moreover, the achieved sensitivity and QI are higher in comparison to the reference methods and values reported in literature.Significance and main impact: The results confirmed the effectiveness of the ε-insensitive distance rule base simplification. The proposed methods can be applied to any fuzzy rules with premise membership functions with a defined center. Therefore, we believe that this work may have a positive impact on other studies concerning fuzzy rule-based systems.

DDLV: A System for rational preferential reasoning for datalog

Datalog is a powerful language that can be used to represent explicit knowledge and compute inferences in knowledge bases. Datalog cannot, however, represent or reason about contradictory rules. This is a limitation as contradictions are often present in domains that contain exceptions. In this paper, we extend Datalog to represent contradictory and defeasible information. We define an approach to efficiently reason about contradictory information in Datalog and show that it satisfies the KLM requirements for a rational consequence relation. We introduce DDLV, a defeasible Datalog reasoning system that implements this approach. Finally, we evaluate the performance of DDLV.

No Worse off? The governance impacts of compensating for land takings in China

ABSTRACT We examine the impacts of compensation not only on land-losers' subsequent livelihoods, but also on distributions, governance and organisational capacity, social positioning, and ability to live the sorts of lives farmers value. The power of this encompassing perspective to reveal complex, far reaching consequences of different compensation arrangements is illustrated by qualitative research in three wealthy jurisdictions that trialled China's new ‘models' of land compensation: Guangdong, Shanghai, and Zhejiang. The analysis demonstrates that the emphasis on ‘models’ of compensation obscures incoherence, contradictory rules and processes, and reversals in compensation arrangements; and that rather than providing corrective justice or well-being, compensation has left many communities, households, and individuals worse off.

Task Force Raptor: Failure of Military Justice

Criminal Law Practitioner, American University Washington College of Law, Vol. XI, Issue II, January 27th, 2021. From 2012 to 2017, the U.S. Army carried out what is reputed to have been the largest criminal investigation it ever conducted: Army Criminal Investigation Divisions inquiry into the Guard Recruiting Assistance Program (G-RAP), a recruiting referral program under which Army National Guard Soldiers, working as independent subcontractors under the auspices of prime contractor Docupak, could be paid for identifying recruits from among the people they encountered in their daily lives. Management errors and reports of fraud marred what was otherwise a smashingly successful program. Unfortunately, the Army’s effort to root out fraud within the program, carried out by a provisional entity known as Task Force Raptor, would itself prove to be as inept and destructive as the G-RAP program itself. Due to vague and contradictory program rules; investigatory prejudice and tunnel vision; and most of all, Unlawful Command Influence in the form of extreme political pressure upon the Army to find and punish G-RAP participants allegedly guilty of “fraud,” Task Force Raptor’s investigation unjustly saddled innocent, loyal and well intentioned Soldiers with the stigma of fraud, severely disrupting the lives and careers of many.

The hidden costs of urban and territorial planning

Approaching the urban and territorial planning process two main facts need to be considered. First, this activity, as a decision-making process oriented to define and introduce specific policies, is generally influenced by the actions of pressure groups. Second, urban and territorial planning, via the conditionings and limits imposed upon the ways in which land can be used, may affect many social dynamics in ways where there is not always a clear distinction between the costs and the benefits. The contribution highlights these issues using the economic analysis tools and aim to consider in particular the hidden costs of the urban and territorial planning, namely: transaction, operational and assessment costs. The results of the analysis highlights how the planning process allows to protect public goods, such as environmental health and safety, as well as to ensure competitive markets. But an excessive or misusing of the planning instrument is harmful, produces unnecessary costs for businesses, citizens and public institutions, fuels corruption, improves injustice, paralyzes economic activities and loads the action of government. Too many rules or confusing and contradictory rules are equivalent to no rules. The normative proliferation feeds the uncertainty and asymmetric information, increases the possibilities of interpretation encouraging elusory behaviors that constitute the first step towards the illegality. Improving the planning system is therefore an essential prerequisite to modernize the countries, but taking actions to correct, from time to time, individual dysfunctions caused by wrong, outdated, unnecessary invasive and rigid rules it’s not enough. It is necessary to change the decision-making process, from hierarchical systems to a more complex system that involves participation, monitoring and evaluation and is able to help decision makers to better understand the outcomes of their choices (minimizing the cost for the public institution), to limit (if it is not possible to eliminate) the opportunistic behavior and, if verified, to punish it immediately.

When Teacher Becomes Student: Unveiling Contradictions within Australian Social Work Education

Social work education in Australia is bound by a range of rules and assumptions supported by both higher education institutions and the Australian Association of Social Workers (AASW). This autoethnography explores a range of contradictions within social work education from the unique perspective of someone who was simultaneously a student and academic in social work. This experience occurred because, although PhD qualified in social work, rulings set down by the AASW lead to me being excluded from consideration in permanent roles. The position led me to becoming an online Master of Social Work (MSW) student whilst still being a social work educator allowing me to explore a range of contradictory rules and processes within social work education. Analysis of my reflections, journals, assignments and conversations with colleagues unveiled a range of mixed messages in relation to social inclusion, technical rationalism, self-care and field placement supervision. My findings contribute to current debates about how neoliberalism currently impacts on inclusion in social work education and development of a professional identity. In exploring my dual roles, this autoethnography unveils contradictions within social work education and accreditation that question the social justice mission of the profession.

Return of individual genomic research results: are laws and policies keeping step?

Efforts are underway to harmonise the return of individual results and incidental findings from whole genome sequencing (WGS) across research contexts and countries. We reviewed international, regional and national laws and policies applying to return across 20 countries to identify areas of convergence and divergence. Discrepancies between laws and policies are most problematic where they cannot be reconciled through harmonisation of project-level governance. Rules for the return of results apply at different levels in different jurisdictions (e.g., human subjects research, biobanks, clinical trials, genomic sequencing, and genetic/personal data), complicating comparison. A particular concern for harmonisation are the (often contradictory) rules about when results must, should, may, or must not be returned. Adding confusion are different thresholds for utility (medical, familial, reproductive, and/or personal). The importance of respecting individual choices to know or not know is widely recognised, though some norms emphasise respect for personal preferences. Another troubling observation is that requirements for data quality, variant assessment, and the effective communication of results are evolving in uneven ways. There is a growing gap between researchers with the expertise, infrastructure, and resources to meet these requirements and those without, threatening international collaboration. Best practices for the return of individual genomic results are sorely needed to inform not only the ethical return of results, but also future legislative and policy efforts.

‘Yes, but all responsible Finns want to stop living on credit’: Feeling rules in the Finnish politics of austerity

ABSTRACTIn 2015, the newly elected government of Finland introduced austerity measures designed to improve the public economy, which had not recovered from the financial crisis of 2007–2008. The article examines how the government sought to secure acceptance for austerity by appealing to citizens’ emotions. We analyse how the measures were emotionally motivated and how, according to the parties in power, citizens should and should not have felt about them. The article shows how the politics of austerity produces various and contradictory feeling rules. These seek to temper citizens’ negative emotions towards austerity, such as dissatisfaction over unfair sharing of pain and distrust towards political authority. Interestingly, the rules evoke hope that a better future lies ahead if citizens follow the proposed measures, yet prompt fears of what will happen if they do not. The government also emphasised its transparency and honesty to prompt empathy and trust from the population.

Effectiveness Of Administrative Sanctions Enforcement In Code Of Notary (A Studi In Cirebon)

In running position, besides bound by the Law Notary, the Notary is also bound by the Notary Code, created by the organization Indonesian Notary Association (INI). Notary supervision carried out by the Minister of Law and Human Rights by establishing a Notary Supervisory Council, and the Organization of Indonesian Notary Association established the Honorary Board of the Notary. The purpose of this study is to analyze the type of Code violations that occurred in Cirebon, analyze the types of sanctions that are applied, and analyze the effectiveness of administrative sanctions were applied in establishing the Notary Code. The results showed of some types of provisions Notary Code, violations that occurred in the district of Cirebon include price competition, and the use of intermediaries in getting clients. Based on the results of this study concluded that several factors causing these violations such as contradictory rules with conditions on the ground, a notary referred to as public official, but are forbidden to promote themselves, as officials, but not paid by the State as public officials more, while the number of Notaries every year increases, there is competition between them, caused intentionally or not unethical Notary. In addition, the sanctions only administratively, causing frequent violations and lack of deterrent effect,Keywords: Code of Notary; Effectiveness; Sanctions.

ЕС и БРИКС: стратегическое партнерство или структурное расхождение?

The international system is characterized by increasingly interdependent and asymmetrical relations between the constellations of actors that compose it. While the state remains a central reference in international relations, multilevel and multidimensional relationships make the system very complex. The state, international organizations, non-state actors, club diplomacy and groups of states (e.g., the Group of 20 [G20] and the BRICS grouping of Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) all contribute to this complexity and make the global governance system increasingly multifaceted. In this context, this article examines the relationship between the European Union and the BRICS - two very different actors, pursuing formal and informal integration processes, respectively - and assesses the possibilities and limits of cooperation. This article seeks to understand whether the EU-BRICS relationship reflects a strategic partnership or a structural disjuncture. It starts by discussing multilateralism as a cooperation-oriented but sometimes interest-driven tool in a diverse and multilevel governance system. It then analyses EU-BRICS relations, identifying the main drivers and highlighting how complex context both facilitates and hinders the constitution of this relationship. The article concludes that the EU-BRICS relationship is informed by asymmetries and ambivalence that reflect their different sizes, capacities and approaches. Moreover, although there is a shared understanding that cooperation might be beneficial, contradictory rules and perspectives on international order mean this potentially positive relationship is nevertheless embedded in fundamental structural constraints.

Hung Parliaments and the Need for Clearer Rules of Government Formation

AbstractThe general elections of 2017 and 2010 produced hung parliaments in which no single party could command an overall majority; in May 2015 the UK only narrowly avoided that outcome. When a parliament is hung, more than one potential government can be viable, and the constitutional rules that determine who has the first right to form the government can thus have a decisive influence on which government forms. In the past, the UK has applied several potentially contradictory rules (based on conventions and principles), which do not all follow an equally democratic logic. This status quo is problematic because it can generate political controversy and uncertainty, in addition to jeopardising the Monarch's role in the government formation process. A reform that enables parliament to elect the leader who will be tasked with the formation of the next government would resolve these problems and provide constitutional clarity.