Contradictory Norms Research Articles

Tanzanian adolescents’ attitudes toward abortion: innovating video vignettes in survey research on health topics

BackgroundThe purpose of this study was to pilot an innovative cartoon video vignette survey methodology to learn about young people’s perspectives on abortion and sexual relationships in Tanzania. The Animating Children’s Views methodology used videos shown on tablets to engage young people in conversations. Such conversations are complicated because abortion is highly stigmatized, inaccessible, and illegal in Tanzania.MethodsThe cartoon video vignette methodology was conducted as a part of a quantitative survey using tablet computers. Hypothetical situations and euphemistic expressions were tested in order to engage adolescents on sensitive topics in low-risk ways. Qualitative interviews and focus groups validated and further explored the perspectives of the young respondents.ResultsResults indicate that 12–17 year-olds usually understand euphemistic expressions for abortion and are aware of social stigma and contradictory norms surrounding abortion from as young as age twelve. Despite the risks involved with abortion, this study finds adolescents sometimes view abortion as a reasonable solution to allow a girl to remain in school. Additional findings show that as adolescents wrestle with how to respond to a schoolgirl’s pregnancy, they are considering both the (un)affordability of healthcare services and also expectations for gender roles.ConclusionsDigital data collection, such as the Animating Children’s Views cartoon video vignettes used in this study, allows researchers to better understand girls’ and boys’ own perspectives on their experiences and reproductive health.

Peculiarities of conducting economic activity under martial law: Business and human rights

The relevance of the topic of scientific research lies in creating conditions for the necessary level of legal regulation of economic activity, which is the basis for forming national defence interests. The purpose of the research in this article is to establish the features of conducting economic activities during the special regime, namely the regime of martial law, analyse the newly created regulatory legal documents in this area, and provide proposals for improving legislation in the named field. The article utilises a system of methods including systemic analysis, deduction method, inductive method, abstraction method, and formal-logical method. During the writing of the article, an analysis of the valid Ukrainian legislation regarding the peculiarities of conducting economic activities during the martial law regime was conducted. It was established in the article that during the conduct of economic activities under special regimes, it is necessary to consider the features defined in special legislation. Therefore, the articles of the Economic Code of Ukraine and Law of Ukraine No. 389-VIII were analysed. Changes introduced by the Law of Ukraine No. 3219-IX regarding taxation regimes and reporting by economic entities after the introduction of martial law were identified and analysed. An analysis was conducted regarding the fact that Ukrainian legislation contains certain contradictory norms regarding the regulation of economic activity during martial law. These contradictions are the main factor in revealing the weakness of the state in the face of actual challenges. Among the measures aimed at protecting workers’ rights, termination of employment contracts and ensuring the civil defence of workers during the working day were identified. Ways for necessary reform of the regulatory legal framework for conducting economic activities during martial law were proposed. To ensure the rights of workers in conditions of air raid alert, it is important to develop a new regulatory legal act. It should clearly establish the right of workers not to go to their workplace during such a situation, as well as determine the employer’s responsibility for forced labour during this period. The research has practical value since this topic began to be explored only with the start of a full-scale war in Ukraine. The results of the research can be used during the study of the discipline “Commercial Law” and during the conduct of comprehensive research on the peculiarities of state regulation of economic activity after the end of martial law

To Share or Not: Navigating Contradictory Norms about Sharing Maternity Photos on Social Media in Ghana

To Share or Not: Navigating Contradictory Norms about Sharing Maternity Photos on Social Media in Ghana

« Éloigne cette honte de moi! »: une étude qualitative des normes sociales entourant les expériences d’avortement chez les adolescentes et jeunes femmes au Bénin

Résumé En Afrique, les droits des adolescentes et des jeunes femmes en matière de santé sexuelle et reproductive sont fortement influencés par les normes sociales. Cet article se penche sur le rôle crucial que jouent ces normes dans les décisions et les parcours d’avortement des jeunes femmes âgées de 15 à 24 ans au Bénin. Une approche ethnographique a été adoptée pour la collecte des données auprès des jeunes femmes ayant eu recours à l’avortement, de leurs proches, ainsi que d’autres membres de la communauté. Les résultats révèlent que ces jeunes femmes se retrouvent confrontées à une triple charge normative dans leur environnement social. Elles doivent jongler avec des normes contradictoires qui stigmatisent à la fois les grossesses précoces, entravent une éducation sexuelle adéquate, et condamnent fermement l’avortement. Ces pressions normatives sont souvent le moteur de leur recours à des avortements, généralement effectués dans des conditions précaires. L’étude met également en évidence le rôle majeur des parents dans les décisions et les démarches d’avortement des adolescentes de moins de 20 ans. Lorsque les hommes sont impliqués dans la recherche de soins pour l’avortement, les adolescentes et les jeunes femmes ont généralement accès à des procédures sécurisées. Cependant, leur accès aux soins de suivi et à la contraception après un avortement est entravé par les normes sociales des professionnels de la santé. En plus de l’élargissement des conditions d’accès à l’avortement au Bénin en octobre 2021, il est impératif de mettre en œuvre des interventions axées sur la clarification des valeurs, la sensibilisation aux droits des adolescentes, la lutte contre les violences obstétricales et la stigmatisation sociale. Ces mesures sont essentielles pour alléger le poids des normes sociales qui pèsent sur ces jeunes femmes.

Conflicting Norms—How Norms of Disconnection and Availability Correlate With Digital Media Use Across Generations

Digital disconnection has emerged as a response to constant connectivity and the perceived harms to well-being that technology overuse may cause in a digital society. Despite the apparent conflict with expectations of constant availability, there has been limited research on the role of social norms in individuals’ regulation of their digital media use. The present study applied a nuanced conceptualization of social norms—by differentiating referent groups (i.e., family, friends, and everyday contacts) as well as injunctive and descriptive norms—and examined the associations of disconnection and availability norms with disconnection behavior across two generations of digital media users. Drawing on an online survey based on a stratified population sample ( N = 1163), we found perceptions of injunctive disconnection norms to differ across generations, with younger digital media users perceiving digital disconnection but also availability to be more important to their social environment. This conflict of contradictory norms was also reflected in an interactional effect on own disconnection behavior in this group, where positive correlations between disconnections norms and behavior were countered by availability norms. Overall, our findings demonstrate the social complexity of the individual decision to (dis)connect and, on the societal level, that social norms of disconnection are in transition with disconnection behavior becoming and being perceived as more and more important.

Public control over the activities of the State Bureau of Investigation: A comparative analysis

The purpose of this work was to analyze the adequate level of legal support for the implementation of public control over the activities of the State Investigation Bureau through the activities of the Public Control Council. To achieve the objective, general scientific and special scientific methods of cognition were used simultaneously, in particular dialectical, logical-formal, analysis and synthesis, systemic-structural, legal-comparative, legal-formal and prognostic. On the basis of a comparative analysis of the legal regulation of the issues of formation and activity of the Public Control Councils in a number of newly created law enforcement bodies, a system of blocks was highlighted, which were the subject of analysis, namely: 1) control over the activity of the body; 2) powers of the Public Control Council; 3) the name of the main area of activity of the Public Council; 4) the object of approval of the Regulations of the Public Council. Everything allowed to conclude which are the "bad" normative constructions, the contradictory norms in the related normative acts and to locate the need for unification of approaches according to the identified structural blocks, which were the object of analysis. In addition, attention is focused on those directions that require further scientific analysis and regulatory optimization.

Inter-religious Marriage in Indonesia: Pros and Cons in the Administrative and Constitutional Law

Based on the explanation above, it can be seen clearly that the regulation regarding interfaith marriage has not received the main attention to form an arrangement so that there is clarity on the norms governing it. The government and lawmakers have not enacted regulations that clarify the legal position of marriage between different religions, whether it is really prohibited in Indonesia or permitted by obtaining special arrangements. So that there are several policies that can be carried out by the government, the first is to make strict policies and clear arrangements for people who want to apply for interfaith marriages in court. For example, by removing ambiguous and contradictory norms in Law Number 1 Year 1974 concerning Marriage and revised the Law. Second, the government makes clear regulations regarding the rules governing so that the identity of the person proposing an interfaith marriage is disguised along with the documents submitted by the party.According to the author, there are several recommendations that can be made by the government as a policy maker, the first is to establish a policy to revise existing laws, namely Law number 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage and Law number 23 of 2006 concerning Population Administration . The next recommendation that can be made by the government is to disseminate comprehensively the rigid rules to clarify provisions regarding interfaith marriages in Indonesia.The recommendation mentioned earlier is to inform Indonesian citizens that in order to marry people of different religions, they must meet these requirements.

Digital currency and associated categories in the legislation of the Russian Federation: problems of distinction.

The article discusses the correlation and differentiation of the concept of "digital currency" with such legal categories as "digital financial assets", "digital rights", "electronic money", "cash", "money surrogate" and "information". At the same time, the study described in the article focused on two aspects: the legal definition of digital currency, and the concept formulated by the author. In particular, a legal conflict in Russian legislation was disclosed in the form of two mutually contradictory norms: the rule on the possibility of using digital currency as a means of payment and (or) investment, and the rule of prohibition of the issuance and circulation of money substitutes on the territory of the Russian Federation. The results of the study showed the advantage of the author's approach to the definition of digital currency for solving issues of differentiation with related legal categories.

Deciding Between Contradicting Norms: Rights-Based Law vs. Duty-Based Law and Their Social Ramifications

Abstract The concept of rights stands at the very center of our legal universe. An imaginary alternative legal universe might have similar legal norms to ours, except that they are centered on the concept of duty. Is there any significant difference between these two legal universes? The Hohfeldian assumption of complete correlativity between rights and duties might imply that the difference between these two universes is merely a matter of rhetoric. This Article, however, argues that a rights-based legal world would presumably be significantly different from a legal world based upon duties. For this purpose, the Article examines the way in which contradictory norms are resolved. A rights-based system decides cases of contradictory norms according to a process that is different from that used by a duty-based system. The Article is devoted to examining the roots of this difference, its significance and its social implications. Alongside the discussion of the classical and modern legal sources from the Western legal tradition, the Article contains a comparative discussion of Jewish law sources, which demonstrates a typical example of a duty-based legal system.

Managing Tensions Between Agility and Bureaucracy in Organizational Risk Management Procedures

The Bank’s working conditions are changing very fast and the regulatory environment is characterized by contradictory norms. Accordingly, the bank needs to adapt and to ensure compliance. The underlying hypothesis is that an innovative Management Consulting (MC) approach ensures the integration of the control departments and improves the management of norms: How does the Bank manage the proliferation of complex norms and move from a fragmented internal control system to an integrated and efficient system? In this paper, change management will be assessed and implemented in a bank. At the theoretical level, the study is based on the risk, control, Tetranormalization and the Socio-Economic Approach to Management theories. At the empirical level, it mobilizes an Intervention Research (IR) project carried out within a Bank in the Middle East. The results indicate that an agile and integrated control system is based on the principles of simulation, synchronization, decentralization and vigilance.

TERGOV SUDYASI JINOYAT PROTSESSINING SUDGACHA BО‘LGAN BOSQICHIDA SHAXS HUQUQLARINING KAFOLATI SIFATIDA

In our country, measures are being taken on raising to a new level of improvement in the human rights protection system, protecting the rights and interests of the individual, increasing the prestige and procedural status of a lawyer at all stages of criminal proceedings, ensuring guarantees for protecting the interests of citizens, providing rights and interests of citizens in court and law enforcement, and building confidence for the system. Despite the reforms, the analysis shows that the defender does not have full rights to carry out his professional activities, the mechanism for their implementation is not sufficiently developed, and there are certain obstacles, including participation in the process of proving and contradictory norms in the implementation of proving, the existence indicates the need to study in these areas. The results of the analysis of judicial practice show that the mechanisms for ensuring the protection of the rights and freedoms of the individual in criminal proceedings are not fully implemented, and there are also gaps in the legislation that make it possible to clearly define the powers of law enforcement agencies to conduct an investigation. This article analyzes the issue of protecting the rights of lawyers.

Exploring a circular business model: Insights from the institutional theory perspective and the business model lens

Circular entrepreneurship is becoming a new, promising reality, in the manner of needed radical paradigmatic change in the era of Anthropocene. Circular entrepreneurs intend to create social and environmental value while they build financially viable businesses. They are embedded in multiple institutionalised value systems that they are expected to adhere to. Those institutionalised systems provide circular entrepreneurs with different, in many cases, contradictory norms, values and guiding principles. Substantial amount of research has been done to date to examine the impact of institutions on entrepreneurial endeavours. And yet, research lacks sufficient insights into how circular entrepreneurs engage with the institutional structures in designing business models on a financially feasible ground while creating social and environmental value. To address this, this paper investigates how circular entrepreneurs respond to the value systems of surrounding institutions in business modelling and how two fundamental aspects of embeddedness, namely resource integration and value cocreation, are achieved within a circular business model that is coherent in itself and with the entrepreneur's ambitions. Both the institutional context and the institutional logics surrounding entrepreneurs are examined to comprehend the surrounding institutional systems more in-depth and extensively. By analysing a longitudinal in-depth case study, this article aims to develop better insights into circular business modelling and underlying mechanisms of embeddedness. The case is a born-circular small cidermaker in Cornwall (UK), namely Wasted Apple. The findings show that the circular entrepreneur is surrounded by dominant normative institutions forming the principles of business model design. circular entrepreneurs mark fidelity to the institutional norms to obtain a range of microcompetencies and to manage integrated hybrid tensions within the value creation system. And therefore, a circular business model is a more holistic and inclusive structure as compared to a typical conventional linear business model. And yet, paradoxically embeddedness facilitates business survival but hinders strategic business planning as well as business profitability and growth.

Overcoming Key Barriers for Secondary Cloud Forest Management in Mexico

Secondary cloud forests (SCFs), those that regenerate naturally following abandonment of human activities in previously deforested land, are of great value as refuges of high species diversity and for their critical role in hydrological regulation. This opinion paper analyzes the main environmental, socio-economic, and regulatory aspects that currently hamper the sustainable use and conservation of SCFs in Mexico for the provision of timber and ecosystem services. The main constraints identified include contradictory norms and policies and the marginalization of smallholders in timber production activities. Developing economic incentives for forest product harvesting and provision of ecosystem services derived from SCFs, while also addressing legal and normative aspects related to their sustainable use, is paramount. Given the high heterogeneity in floristic composition and stand structure of SCFs among localities, technical and social norms for sustainable use should be sufficiently flexible to allow adaptive management approaches. Future research areas should be focused on monitoring the response of SCFs to silvicultural interventions, documenting existing traditional practices as well as conducting socio-economic analyses of timber production and associated ecosystem services. This is essential for developing sound policies and approaches for the sustainable use and long-term management of SCFs in Mexico.

Pragmatic, pious and pissed off: young Muslims girls managing conflicting sexual norms and social control

ABSTRACT In this study, we explore how ethnic minority Muslim girls in Norway manage social control as an everyday experience within a political context where minority communities are portrayed as performing excessive control. Theoretically, our analysis draws on perspectives on social control, interactionist perspectives on identity, and Hage’s (2010. “The Affective Politics of Racial Mis-interpellation.” Theory, Culture & Society 27 (7-8): 112–129. doi:10.1177/0263276410383713) concept of vacillation. Based on interviews with 17 girls self-identifying as Muslim, we identify two strategic positions from which the girls manage and respond to social control. From what we label a pragmatic position, they oppose categorisation as victims as well as certain gendered norms in minority as well as majority contexts. From what we label a pious position, the girls employ religious norms as a rationale when they define themselves as moral subjects rising above social control. We also find that negotiating contradictory norms and expectations may be perceived as double-bind situations (Bateson, G. 2000 [1972]. Steps to an Ecology of Mind: Collected Essays in Anthropology, Psychiatry, Evolution, and Epistemology. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press), leaving the girls in an affective state that we label ‘pissed off’. Our analysis contributes to the literature by connecting the concept of vacillation to youth’s identity work in a minority position, and more specifically to the strategic positionings Muslim girls speak from as they manage social control.

Navigating Emotion Work by Using Community Cultural Wealth: Student Teaching Experiences of Teacher Candidates of Color

ABSTRACT When teacher candidates learn to teach for equity and social justice during their practicum, they must learn to deal with the emotional conflict and tension that arise from fraught racial dynamics. Because limited research has focused on teacher candidates of Color during their practicum, little is known about how they agentively navigate conflicting emotions vis-à-vis the racial power dynamics at their field placement. Informed by critical race theory and its conceptualization of emotion work and capital, in this study, I examined what types of emotional tensions one Latinx and two African American teacher candidates experienced during their practicum. I drew on counter-narrative methodology and used written reflection, interview, and field note data for the analysis. The participants often drew on their community cultural wealth—the knowledge, skills, abilities, and contacts possessed and utilized by communities of Color to survive and resist macroscale and microscale forms of oppression—to navigate conflicting and contradictory emotional norms that governed how participants ought to behave and feel at their field placement. In this article, I argue for explicit attention to the power-laden emotion work of teacher candidates of Color in their access to and embodiment of community cultural wealth during teacher education.

Public sex, private intimacy and sexual exclusivity in men’s formalized same-sex relationships

This article revisits the personal stories that younger male civil partners told about their sexual practices, in what most termed their ‘marriage’, to generate insights into the extent to which they succumbed to the dangers that critics of same-sex marriage foretold. It provides a baseline analysis against which the findings of future studies of both heterosexual and same-sex marriages and civil partnerships can be compared. The data we discuss are comprised of joint ( n = 25) and individual ( n = 50) interviews with couples. Participants’ stories about ‘public’, ‘private’ and ‘exclusive’ sex can appear to support the predictions of some key critics. Participants tended to make commitments to sexual monogamy and link their sexual practices to deepening couple intimacy. However, viewed as stories of socioculturally shaped and biographically embedded sexual practices, they offer insights into the more complex relationships between civil partnership, marriage, sexual exclusivity and intimacy. On closer examination, they suggest it is not simply the case that civil partnership or same-sex marriage (and marriage more generally) ‘imposes’ heteronormative sexual conventions but that relational biographies are significant in shaping simultaneously conventional and deconstructive approaches to married sexuality. Partners in formalized same-sex relationships do not simply follow heterosexual norms. Rather, they juggle the often contradictory norms of mainstream and queer sexual cultures. Understanding the implications for marriage as an institution requires approaches to analysis that do not pose heterosexual marriage as the ‘straw man’ of queer analysis.

Gosudarstvennaya sistema upravleniya finansami i reformy v Rossii

Much attention was paid to the implementation of financial reforms in the Russian Empire. The most significant works include works on the history of finance. It is particularly important to emphasize the importance of research on the formation of the Ministry of Finance, which was an integral part of the financial and legal reform in the empire of the first half of the XIX century. Archaic, contradictory legal norms, lagging behind public relations, the constant growth of public debt, the absence of a single state budget, high inflation rates and a chronic budget deficit are features that characterize the financial system of the Russian Empire at the turn of the XVIII-XIX centuries.

Nuclear proliferation treaty weapons in the aspect of contemporary problems international relations

Problem setting. The article clarifies some of the features of the international legal regime for the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons, outlines the related problems associated with the category of «extraordinary events» to which a state party to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (hereinafter - NPT) is considered the basis for termination of its participation in the Treaty. The purpose of this work is a general study and analysis of the specific features of the NPT. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks: 1) conduct an legal analysis of the norms enshrined in the NPT; 2) study the controversial theoretical aspects of understanding the category of «extraordinary events» 3) reveal the essence and analyze the constituent elements of the NPT. Analysis of recent research. Given the high relevance of nuclear non-proliferation in the context of supporting international security, this topic attracts the attention of many domestic and foreign scientists. At the dissertation level the issues of nuclear non-proliferation in world politics (Galka S. P.), international regulation of nuclear material transfers (Lvovin A. V.) were studied. As one of the factors in the formation of international relations, nuclear weapons were considered in the works of Bobro D. G., Telenko O. M., Sinovets P. A., Akhtamazyan I. A., and others. Among the foreign doctrine of the legal status of nuclear-weapon states, the role of the United Nations in nuclear disarmament, the conditions of nuclear stability are reflected in the works of Harsh V. P., Perkovich J., Buchanan J. M. and others. Article’s main body. The article presents a detailed analysis of international law and the views of scholars and specialists in this field, discusses current theoretical and applied issues of the NPT. In particular, attention is paid to the analysis of the category of extraordinary events as a basis for withdrawal from the NPT. Conclusions. Due to the peculiarities of the international nuclear non-proliferation regime, we can state that its regulatory framework, which is based on the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, contains many contradictory norms and shortcomings. The main imperfection is the existence in the norms of the NPT of the assessment category of «extraordinary events», which is the basis for withdrawal from the Treaty. It threatens the very essence of nuclear non-proliferation as an international regime in general. The category of «extraordinary events» as a basis for withdrawal, the NPT does not exempt any levers of restraint of the state party in the Treaty, and when recording the facts of breach of contract, the latter may unreasonably withdraw from it by pointing to the concept of extraordinary events, which are usually interpreted and do not require any evidence to substantiate their authenticity.

The Mediation Dilemma of (Not) Talking to Terrorists

AbstractNot long ago, it was accepted practice to ‘talk to whomever you need to talk to for peace’. Then the idea that you cannot talk to ‘terrorists’ took hold. The article explores norm contestation, what happens when hard norms interact with softer norm even when they are settled and central to mediation practice. The article traces the emergence, development and interaction of these two contradictory norms in key United Nations documents and discussions since 1945. It also triangulates this content analysis with personal interviews with UN mediators and perspectives from international non‐governmental mediators. The article argues that over the last 20 years the embedding of proscription regimes in the multilateral system has deeply re‐shaped fundamental norms underlying mediation such as impartiality, inclusivity and the idea that mediators should be able to speak to everyone to protect human lives.

Social dignity for marginalized people in public healthcare: an interpretive review and building blocks for a non-ideal theory

Jacobson (Social Science & Medicine 64:292–302, 2007) finds two distinct meanings of “dignity” in the literature on dignity and health: (1) intrinsic human dignity and (2) social dignity constituted through interactions with caregivers. Especially the latter has been central in empirical health research and warrants further exploration. This article focuses on the social dignity of people marginalized by mental illness, substance abuse and comparable conditions in extramural settings. 35 studies published between 2007 and 2017 have addressed this issue, most of them identifying norms for social dignity: civilized interactions, non-stigmatizing treatment, treatment as unique individuals, being taken seriously, maintaining a positive identity, experiencing independence, relating to others, and participating in daily life. We argue that these norms belong to ideal theory, whereas we agree with Robeyns (Social Theory and Practice 34:341–362, 2008) and others that improving practice is better served by non-ideal theory. Towards this end, we derive from the literature four building blocks for a non-ideal theory of dignity: (1) avoid violations of dignity rather than seeking to promote it; (2) dignity is not a goal to be reached; it requires ongoing effort; (3) promoting dignity is a balancing act; contradictory norms can make it impossible to realize; and (4) dignity can be undermined by organizational and discursive constraints.