Contract Model Research Articles

Blockchain-Based Smart Contract Model for Securing Healthcare Transactions by Using Consumer Electronics and Mobile-Edge Computing

Blockchain-Based Smart Contract Model for Securing Healthcare Transactions by Using Consumer Electronics and Mobile-Edge Computing

Investment Uncertainties and Economic Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa

Abstract This study investigated the effect of uncertainties, segmented into macroeconomic and political components, on investment in sub-Saharan Africa, with thirty-one countries represented. The analyses were further nuanced to trace the investment-growth link within this set of countries. Two investment types—private and foreign direct—were covered in separate analyses. The sample of countries was chosen through stratified sampling to include oil-exporting, other resource-intensive, and nonresource-endowed countries. The Jorgenson investment model, which explicitly incorporates uncertainty into the investment decision-making process using adaptive and extrapolative approaches, was adopted for the study, and augmented with the partial adjustment model to address the assumption that the user cost of capital adjusts instantaneously. For the two investment types considered, the impartial contract and foreign investment model and the country risk and private investment model were adopted, respectively. The two-way system generalized method of moments technique was employed for estimation. The results showed that foreign direct investment (FDI) in oil-exporting and other resource-intensive countries was only sensitive to macroeconomic uncertainty, while FDI in nonresource-intensive countries was vulnerable to both macroeconomic and political uncertainties. This finding strengthens the belief that, regardless of political instability, natural resources are a major attraction for foreign investors in sub-Saharan Africa. Finally, the study revealed that private investment in the resource-intensive region was primarily affected by macroeconomic uncertainty, whereas its political vulnerability was mainly observed in the oil-exporting and nonresource-intensive regions. To mitigate investment uncertainties in sub-Saharan Africa, it is crucial to focus on minimizing the volatility of interconnected price variables, requiring collaborative efforts.

Dispute Resolution Mechanism by Dispute Resolution Board According to FIDIC Contract Model and Experience for Vietnam

The article “Dispute resolution mechanism by the Dispute Board according to the FIDIC contract form and experience for Vietnam” researches the theoretical issues related to the FIDIC Contract and the Dispute Settlement Board of the FIDIC. In addition, the article also focuses on researching and analyzing the practice of applying dispute settlement mechanisms by Dispute Settlement Boards in various nations throughout the world. The article's usefulness stems from the knowledge gained while researching this dispute resolution mechanism in countries throughout the world, as well as the present situation of Vietnamese law, which provides solutions and recommendations based on Vietnamese law.

Dispute resolution mechanism by dispute resolution board according to FIDIC contract model and experience for Vietnam

The article “Dispute resolution mechanism by the Dispute Board according to the FIDIC contract form and experience for Vietnam” researches the theoretical issues related to the FIDIC Contract and the Dispute Settlement Board of the FIDIC. In addition, the article also focuses on researching and analyzing the practice of applying dispute settlement mechanisms by Dispute Settlement Boards in various nations throughout the world. The article's usefulness stems from the knowledge gained while researching this dispute resolution mechanism in countries throughout the world, as well as the present situation of Vietnamese law, which provides solutions and recommendations based on Vietnamese law.

Expectational equilibria in many-to-one matching models with contracts

We introduce the notion of expectational equilibrium in a general specification of the many-to-one matching with contracts model. The endogenous variables in an expectational equilibrium are expectations about tradable contracts. Expectational equilibrium outcomes are equivalent to stable outcomes. Expectational equilibrium unifies all the other approaches used in the literature so far, in particular Walrasian equilibrium, Drèze equilibrium, and market clearing cutoffs. It also applies to cases where contracts do not involve money as well as cases where there is a smallest monetary unit of account.

Oxygen absorption/desorption behaviors of Sr0.72Ca0.28Fe1-xAlxO3-δ perovskite oxygen sorbents for air separation

Perovskite-type oxides are extensively studied as oxygen sorbents in pressure swing adsorption (PSA) for air separation at elevated temperatures. However, quantitative analysis of desorption kinetics and the basis of material optimization are rarely reached on a fixed bed. In this study, the effects of Al doping on the oxygen absorption/desorption behaviors of Sr0.72Ca0.28Fe1-xAlxO3-δ (SCFA, x = 0, 0.03, 0.05, 0.07, 0.1) were investigated by temperature programmed desorption (TPD) and fixed bed absorption/desorption experiments. The desorption kinetics were analyzed by a Geometrical contraction model. O2-TPD results show that Al doping reduces the total absorption amount of Sr0.72Ca0.28FeO3-δ (SCF). Through the peak-differentiation-imitating analysis, it was found that the SCFA series materials have three different oxygen desorption sites, and the desorption peak area and temperature corresponding to each site are different. CO2-TPD results reveal that Al doping improves the CO2 resistance of the perovskite oxides. Compared with SCF, Al doped materials show enhanced equilibrium oxygen absorption capacity at temperature higher than 550 °C. The oxygen desorption rates of SCFA series were calculated by fitting the desorption curves with Geometrical contraction model (R2). Both initial oxygen desorption concentration and oxygen desorption rate constants increase with temperature but decrease with the Al doping amount. The similar apparent activation energies of the desorption rate constant of the SCFA series reveal that the desorption mechanism not changes with Al doping. Ideal oxygen production rate, equaling to the multiplication of equilibrium oxygen absorption capacity and the desorption rate constant, is suggested to evaluate the performance of an oxygen sorbent. The x = 0.03 sample shows the highest ideal oxygen production rate among the SCFA series.

Model-based control of skeletal muscle using muscle-contraction models

Model-based control of skeletal muscle using muscle-contraction models

Contract selection for collaborative innovation in the new energy vehicle supply chain under the dual credit policy: Cost sharing and benefit sharing

The dual point policy is an important policy in the field of China's new energy vehicle industry, various factors such as point trading prices and technological innovation costs were included in the profit game model to explore the effects of cost contract model and revenue contract model on the optimal profit of new energy vehicle supply entities after collaborative decision-making. Research has found that the dual credit policy for China's new energy industry has a promoting effect on collaborative innovation among entities in the new energy vehicle supply chain; Compared with decentralized decision-making situations, the integration of cost sharing contracts or revenue sharing contracts can more effectively stimulate the innovation vitality of new energy battery suppliers and enhance their technological innovation level; Under the cost sharing contract and the benefit sharing contract, the optimal profit after collaborative decision-making between new energy vehicle manufacturers and new energy battery suppliers is greater than the optimal profit during decentralized decision-making, while the optimal profit of new energy vehicle supply chain entities under the benefit sharing contract is slightly higher than the optimal profit of new energy vehicle supply chain entities under the cost sharing contract.

EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF TWO-PHASE FLOW DISTRIBUTION IN UNBALANCED FLOW NETWORKS

This study investigates the two-phase flow distribution of R-1234yf into two-branched channels. The effect of unbalanced pressure drop and tube diameter on the flow distribution was especially characterized and modeled. The experiments were conducted for a mass flux ranging from 393 kg/m<sup>2</sup>s to 1179 kg/ m<sup>2</sup>s, and the inlet quality was fixed at 0.2. The flow distribution was mainly governed by the pressure drop ratio between two branched channels. The mal-distribution under the unbalanced pressure drop condition was mitigated by increasing mass flux, whereas sustained mal-distribution was observed under unbalanced tube diameter conditions. Correspondingly, a theoretical representation of the phenomenon based on the principle of minimum entropy production was developed and adopted to predict two-phase flow distribution in an unbalanced flow network. The characteristics of the experimental data were clearly and quantitatively reflected in the prediction results. Under the unbalanced pressure drop condition, the predictions agreed well with the experimental data, maintaining the maximum deviation within ± 30%, whereas it exceeded ± 30% under the unbalanced tube diameter condition. The analysis of such theoretical formulation suggests the necessity of appropriate pressure drop models of flow impact, contraction, and merging at the outlet channel, which are compatible with the extremization of entropy production for further improving the prediction accuracy without compromising its generality.

Contractual Chains

This paper develops a model of private bilateral contracting, in which an exogenous network determines the pairs of players who can communicate and contract with each other. After contracting, the players interact in an underlying game with globally verifiable productive actions and externally enforced transfers. The paper investigates whether such decentralized contracting can internalize externalities that arise due to parties being unable to contract directly with others whose productive actions affect their payoffs. The contract‐formation protocol, called the “contracting institution,” is treated as a design element. The main result is positive: There is a contracting institution that supports efficient equilibria for any underlying game and connected network. A critical property is that the institution allows for sequential contract formation or revision. The equilibrium construction features assurance contracts and cancellation penalties.

Auction-Based Single-Sided Bidding Electricity Market: An Alternative to the Bilateral Contractual Energy Trading Model in a Grid-Tied Microgrid

Auction-Based Single-Sided Bidding Electricity Market: An Alternative to the Bilateral Contractual Energy Trading Model in a Grid-Tied Microgrid

TokenDoc: Source Authentication With a Hybrid Approach of Smart Contract and RNN-Based Models With AES Encryption

TokenDoc: Source Authentication With a Hybrid Approach of Smart Contract and RNN-Based Models With AES Encryption

Exploring the use of incentive mechanisms in designer contracts within the construction industry

Complex infrastructure projects need sustainable contract models where all in the chain are paid for the value they deliver.The Norwegian construction industry faces challenges since the most common contracts used provide unfavorable incentives.The purpose of this study is to examine which contracts are used in the industry today, what mechanisms can be implemented to better facilitate the distribution of financial gain and at the same time encourage all stakeholders to work for the greater good of the project. Literature and document studies were performed, and seven interviews were conducted. Findings show that current standard contracts for designers are outdated and not well-suited for modern design practices. The findings show also that incentives related to target price with collaboration elements /partnering, performance, progress, and energy consumption, are most effective in promoting fair financial distribution and encouraging actors to work for the project‘s benefit.

Application of Digital RMB Smart Contracts in Grid Smart Payment Settlement

Abstract The use of smart contract technology for contract execution and real-time payment can ensure the timely availability of funds, thus ensuring the security and authenticity of data in power grid transactions. In this paper, we design a digital RMB smart contract model based on blockchain technology and use the hexadecimal model to create, deploy, and execute smart contract functions. And through the DTSC algorithm, smart contracts can be applied to the grid smart payment settlement. At the same time, a privacy protection algorithm for transaction data is proposed, and finally, the grid smart payment settlement system is designed based on smart contracts and privacy protection algorithms. Simulation test results show that the cost required for the digital RMB smart contract proposed in this paper is lower than the existing schemes in terms of invocation and deployment costs. The average chain code invocation delay in smart contract technology decreases when the transaction sending rate increases from 250TPS to 300TPS. Moreover, the on-chain operation time of this system is only 2.69 seconds, which meets the demand of practical power grid smart payment settlement applications. This paper sets the foundation for the efficient operation of the grid smart payment and settlement system and provides a guarantee for payment and settlement security.

AI -Driven Data Aggregation Level Smart Contracts for Blockchain Healthcare Insurance Claims Adjudication

The current model of healthcare insurance claim adjudication faces significant challenges, in particular fraudulent claims which significantly strain the economy. This paper introduces a novel approach that integrates Data Aggregation, Artificial Intelligence (AI), and Blockchain technologies to enhance the efficiency of healthcare claim adjudication. We present in this study an initial framework that integrates an AI-enhanced smart contract at the data aggregation level. A new concept that enhances the existing smart contract models commonly discussed in blockchain-related insurance literature. Our primary goal is to improve fraud detection and maximize the use of extensive data generated within the insurance ecosystem for prediction, learning, and strategic planning. The concept of an AI-data aggregation-level smart contract, introduced here, holds promise for broad application across various blockchain platforms, not limited to our discussion on healthcare claims insurance adjudication.

A Note on Doctrinal Basis of Transfer Pricing Rules: From a Contract Model to a Fiduciary Model

A Note on Doctrinal Basis of Transfer Pricing Rules: From a Contract Model to a Fiduciary Model

Kinetics of hydrogen absorption/desorption in the Zr-2.5Nb alloy.

The Zr-2.5Nb alloy is a typical pressure tube material in heavy water nuclear reactors, and an increase of hydrogen isotope content in the alloy during service can pose major safety risks; hot vacuum extraction-mass spectrometry is an efficient method for evaluating hydrogen isotope concentrations in the Zr-2.5Nb alloy. This work investigates the kinetics and thermodynamic properties of deuterium (D) absorption and desorption of the Zr-2.5Nb alloy using the constant volume adsorption method and the hot vacuum extraction method. In addition to the previously reported volume contraction model, it was observed that at 600 °C and above, the reaction between D2 and Zr-2.5Nb is dominated by diffusion, while the reaction is predominantly influenced by surface adsorption and dissociation below 600 °C. Phase transition sequence of Zr-2.5Nb deuterides during non-isothermal desorption was established using quantitatively calibrated thermal desorption spectra combined with the phase transition process of deuteride decomposition. These results can provide important references for optimizing the process parameters of the hot vacuum extraction-mass spectrometry method.

The Legal Effect and Application of Smart Contracts under the Administrative Law System

Abstract As an important cornerstone of future digital civilization, smart contracts are being increasingly used in blockchain finance in innovative practice, and whether smart contracts have legal effect has become a question that academia must answer. This paper discusses the legal impact and application of smart contracts under the contract layer in the blockchain architecture, with a vision of an administrative legal system. Based on the operation principle of smart contracts, a method for detecting smart contract vulnerabilities that combines Glove word embedding and the Shapelet-Transform algorithm is proposed to improve data security during the fulfillment process. Finally, the smart contract model constructed in this paper is applied to the supply chain of agricultural products, and the legal effects of the smart contract are analyzed using practical examples. The transaction volume of unqualified agricultural products decreased from 19.4545 to 13.4655, which is lower than the production volume. The credit index of the smart contract model has increased, resulting in a shortened node performance time from 0.25s to 0.2s.

Cost-Benefit Modeling of Smart Contracts Applied to the Accounting and Auditing Field

Abstract Blockchain technology is increasingly pervasive in social production and life, and its influence on the accounting and auditing industry is undeniable. The article extensively researches blockchain technology and smart contracts, and it constructs a blockchain-based cloud data auditing model. Combining it with the evolutionary game model completes the construction of the blockchain-based cloud data auditing system. The running cost of the auditing model is analyzed in terms of communication and computation overhead, smart contract cost, time cost, etc., and how it affects the strategies of auditing clients and auditors is studied from the aspects of cost and benefit, respectively. In this paper, the audit model’s average communication overhead and computation overhead are 9.86 KB and 0.82 seconds, respectively. The cost of the smart contract model is relatively low and shows a steady trend. The average query time of this paper’s auditing model is 0.78ms, and none of the validation times on the validator exceeds 5ms, while the average validation times on the blockchain and cloud servers are 11.01ms and 534.35ms, respectively. The auditing client and the auditor tend to adopt the blockchain technology strategy when the cost reduces, or the benefit increases, with a probability of adoption approaching 1 after numerous games.

A Study of the Impact of Smart Contract Technology on the Understanding and Application of Contract Law from the Perspective of the Legal Profession

Abstract This paper constructs the logical framework of the smart contract model based on the sale and purchase contract transaction, integrating the legal framework and the smart contract. The smart contract model merges blockchain technology’s decentralized features with smart contracts to create a decentralized service mode for sale and purchase transactions. The classification of transaction attributes optimizes and adjusts the matching degree calculation method to meet the needs of both buyers and sellers. The matching degree determines the total satisfaction of both buyers and sellers. The simulation experiment model is designed to analyze the matching results, and the experimental results indicate that the overall utility value range is between 0.1 and 0.5, resulting in a higher level of satisfaction for both parties involved. Applying the model to actual purchase and sale transaction contracts, the expected profit of transaction users after using smart contracts is 26,300 yuan higher than that without using smart contracts. The accuracy and confidence scores of experienced users are 0,8886 and 4.0493, respectively, when evaluating their perceptions of the use of smart contracts. Smart contracts can help participants identify sales and purchase problems and provide innovative perspectives on the application of contract law.