Form Of Contract Research Articles

COVID-19 and youth unemployment in MENA countries: a matching approach

ABSTRACT The present study uses a rich dataset containing more than 1900 individuals from three important MENA countries: Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia. The dataset is based on the Economic Research Forum (ERF) COVID-19 MENA Monitor, which consists of household and individual-level surveys during the COVID-19 period for these three MENA countries. The present study examines the effect of COVID-19 on youth unemployment in MENA countries in the post-COVID-19 period. Using a rich individual-level dataset, propensity score matching analysis is utilized. The propensity score matching analysis effectively controls unobservable differences across individuals during the pandemic. The propensity score matching analyses show that young employes were more likely to become unemployed than their older counterparts during the pandemic period. Furthermore, the results also show that young workers with formal contracts have a higher probability of becoming unemployed than their male and older counterparts with formal and informal contracts. The policymakers can design a policy framework to minimize this problem during external shocks.

Integrating Formal and Relational Contracting: The Link Between Network Structure and Contract Design in Interlocal Collaboration Agreements

ABSTRACTLocal governments increasingly rely on contractual relationships with third parties for public service delivery, blending formal agreements with relational mechanisms to reduce risks and uncertainties. While most research on these contracts has focused on relationships between two parties, this work adopts a network perspective to analyze how the structure of these networks—especially close‐knit connections—influences contract design. We analyzed 6576 agreements between local governments in Iowa related to public safety from 2007 to 2017 and selected 300 to qualitatively code for contractual provisions. Our findings show that when there are strong shared connections between third parties, contracts tend to be less formal. These results expand the typical focus on two‐party relationships, showing how larger networks can shape the balance between formal and relational contracts in public service management.

VIETNAMESE LAW ON ENTERPRISES’ RIGHT OF UNILATERAL TERMINATION OF LABOR CONTRACTS

Objective: The objective of this study is to investigate the law regulating labor relations in the above context need to be considered from all angles to ensure that the interests of employees are in harmony with the interests of enterprises, in accordance with the objective developments of the labor market, employment, and in accordance with international labor standards, with the aim of the scope of work and labor value will be more transparent and effective, avoiding abuses that violate the rights of employees. Theoretical Framework: In this topic, the main concepts and theories that underpin the research are presented contractual relationship are based on the principles of voluntariness, goodwill, equality, and cooperation; unilateral termination of labor contracts must comply with the agreement on the applicable conditions and be in accordance with the provisions of law stand out, providing a solid basis for understanding the context of the investigation. Method: The methodology adopted for this research comprises analysis and evaluation, clarifying the provisions of Vietnamese law, and simultaneously uses the problem of methodological research through trial practice in Court. Data collection was carried out through collecting legal provisions related to the topic, labor contracts transacted by businesses and dispute resolution decisions of competent Court agencies. Results and Discussion: The results obtained revealed The above studies are evidence that regulations under Vietnamese law have expanded the concept of labor relations and forms of labor contracts, contributing to strengthening labor responsibility for businesses. Actual law also demonstrates the strict binding of legal conditions for enterprises to unilaterally terminate labor contracts, especially procedures for notifying employees of labor contract termination. In the discussion section, these results are contextualized in light of the theoretical framework, highlighting the implications and relationships identified. Possible discrepancies and limitations of the study are also considered in this section. Research Implications: The practical and theoretical implications of this research are discussed, providing insights into how the results can be applied or influence practices in the field of industrial relation. These implications could encompass legitimate rights and interests of workers and businesses. Originality/Value: This study contributes to the literature by resolving the newly emerging labor relations, meeting the needs of the vibrant, diverse, and complex labor market. The relevance and value of this research are evidenced by the right to unilaterally terminate labor contracts of enterprises has been enhanced and tightened by lawmakers. However, the rights of laborers are still guaranteed in the direction of freely choosing jobs that are suitable for their profession and field.

Analysis of Procurement Routes and Contract Types for Housing Retrofit in the United Kingdom

The study focused on the procurement routes and the forms of contract, currently used in the UK housing retrofit industry. Importantly, the contracts between the clients and the contractors were investigated. This study used a qualitative approach with a critical literature review and semi-structured interview data collection for the methodology. The findings show that the housing retrofit industry does not use any standard form of contract in general. Most contractors use guarantees, warranties, and invoices instead of standard forms of contract. They usually use bespoke contracts if contract administration is required. This is because there is nothing wrong with the existing way of addressing contract administration in retrofit. As the UK needs to retrofit 30.1 million houses, there can be contractual disputes aggregating to 8.1 million properties or GBP 221.4 billion project value. The study recommends using standard forms of contract to avoid and reduce the detrimental effects of contractual disputes in housing retrofit in the future.

Hybrid Kontrak Perbankan Syariah di Indonesia: Analisis Pendekatan Rasionalisme

Contemporary Islamic economics requires innovation in contract implementation to address modern challenges. This research examines the fundamental reasoning and philosophical aspects of combined contracts (hybrid) through a descriptive-analytical approach, considering both normative and doctrinal aspects of Islamic law. The study reveals that hybrid contracts are the result of juristic reasoning (ijtihad) aimed at creating adaptive financial instruments while maintaining compliance with Shariah principles. The development of these hybrid formats is conducted rationally to maximize benefits for Islamic business practitioners. Several forms of hybrid contracts that have evolved include Mudharabah Musytarakah (partnership and profit-sharing), Musyarakah Mutanaqisah (asset ownership financing), al-Musyarakah al-Muntahiyah bi al-Tamlik (gradual partnership), and al-Ijarah al-Muntahiyah bi al-Tamlik/IMBT (lease with ownership option).

Provisions governing the formation of an individual employment contract in light of Palestinian law: Analytical study

Provisions governing the formation of an individual employment contract in light of Palestinian law: Analytical study

Analisis Hukum Ekonomi Syariah Terhadap Produk Simpanan Di BMT Kota Payakumbuh

This study is motivated by the importance of compliance with Islamic economic law principles in savings products offered by Islamic financial institutions, such as Baitul Maal wa Tamwil (BMT). Previous research has largely focused on marketing aspects and the impact of savings products on financial institution revenue, but has not specifically addressed the implementation of wadi’ah and mudharabah contracts and the implications of unclear contracts on Sharia compliance. This study aims to analyze the application of Islamic economic law in savings products at BMT in Payakumbuh City, focusing on wadi’ah and mudharabah contracts. This research adopts a qualitative approach with a case study method. The study was conducted at BMT in Payakumbuh City from June to August 2024. Data sources consist of primary data obtained through in-depth interviews with BMT managers and customers, and secondary data in the form of contract documents used by BMT. Data collection techniques include interviews and document analysis, while data analysis uses qualitative descriptive methods with a non-statistical approach. To ensure data validity, member checking and source triangulation techniques were employed. The results indicate that the implementation of wadi’ah and mudharabah contracts in savings products at BMT in Payakumbuh City generally complies with Sharia principles, although there are some challenges related to contract clarity and communication with customers. This study is expected to contribute to the development of understanding of Islamic economic law and the practice of savings products at BMT, as well as increase public awareness in choosing Sharia-compliant financial products.

“You don't need money to give alms”: The protective capacity of faith and spiritual kinship among domestic workers in Zanzibar

AbstractFew domestic workers on the semiautonomous Tanzanian archipelago of Zanzibar are registered union members, and most domestic workers neither receive nor demand their legal right to a formal contract. Relying on my yearlong engagement between 2017 and 2018 with a women's Islamic studies group and a life history interview with a domestic worker, this essay explores domestic workers' reliance on alternative protective mechanisms from unionization and formalization. The domestic workers I engaged with cultivated relationships with God, negotiated dignity, received affirmation of their spiritual equality, and developed spiritual kinship connections in faith‐based spaces. They also sought to ensure their physical and social well‐being through kin‐based connections and recruitment mechanisms. Kin‐based connections that were spiritual or that connected domestic workers to employers were more protective than kinship relations cultivated in the context of work. Furthermore, domestic workers transformed routine work tasks into opportunities to practice devotion, which reflects Swahili/Islamic understandings of personhood as going beyond the category of worker. Religious spaces and spiritual kinship offer protection to domestic workers through the forms of reciprocity they enable and are thus often a more viable framework than unionization and formalization for overcoming the compounding effects of economic crisis and social inequality on domestic workers' lives.

Living Labs: Knowledge Infrastructures to Forge a New Social Contract of Science?

Living Labs (LLs) are heralded as new and inclusive platforms for collective and transformative knowledge production and innovation management with actors from science, practice and society. This begs the question what kinds of social relations emerge between these actors especially as the leading institutions vary, in other words, whether LLs give rise to distinct knowledge infrastructures and new forms of social contracting (of science). A comparative analysis focusing on structural and power-related aspects of four LL case studies with different leading institutions (university, industry, city and civil society) show specific features of social ordering while performing social contracts with regard to the leading institution. The cases result, on the one hand, in rather closed off spaces in which science and innovation for and in society is enacted by technology-oriented industry and university LLs. These are embedded in and solve set problems for society. On the other hand, in less confined spaces science and innovation with and by society is conducted in city and civil society run LLs. Here, a more communal contracting towards defining and solving societal problems is established. A reflexive approach to structuring and governing LLs in practice and a more robust theoretical foundation would therefore be beneficial.

Navigating Gender Dynamics in Sport and Physical Activity Employment

Gender disparity in employment remains a pervasive global issue, and the sport and physical activity (SPA) sector is no exception. Despite a notable increase in women’s sport participation in recent years, this growth has not yet fully translated into significant strides toward gender parity in employment, as men continue to hold most SPA-related occupations. This study investigated the persistent gender inequalities in the SPA industry, focusing on the Madrid region in Spain. A survey was conducted with 400 SPA professionals—102 women and 298 men—to examine occupational representation, employment pathways, employment determinants, contractual arrangements, salary differentials, and organisational affiliations. The findings confirm the underrepresentation of women across all domains of SPA employment, especially in sport coaching for competition. The results showed that recruitment and hiring of women rely primarily on curriculum vitae reviews or public examinations, unlike their male counterparts who lean on their social networks or personal referrals to secure employment in the SPA sector. Findings also revealed that men hold a substantial proportion of formal and informal contracts, including non-contracted jobs, affirming their dominance in both ends of the SPA contractual employment spectrum. Moreover, the study indicated that women often face unfavourable work conditions, including extended working hours and salary differentials. Informed by institutional theory and intersectionality, the discussion highlights the entrenched structures, norms, and practices that reinforce the marginalisation of women based on overlapping identities, sustaining employment practices and outcomes over time. Initiatives are proposed to strengthen equitability and transparency in hiring practices, increase job security, and improve work conditions, enabling organisations and institutions in Madrid to mobilise resources and programmes that foster gender parity in the SPA sector. By advocating gender-informed initiatives that challenge embedded norms and biases, recommendations may be adapted to diverse contexts and cultures where similar gender disparities exist in SPA industries worldwide.

The Application of the Principle of Good Faith in Business Contracts: A Civil Law Perspective

This research aims to analyze how the principle of good faith is applied in the making of business contracts, from its interpretation to its effectiveness from a civil law perspective. This research will analyze two main issues of this study, namely how the principle of good faith is recognized and applied in the formation, execution, and interpretation of business contracts, and how its application in the context of business contracts helps promote the creation of justice and legal certainty in the contracts made. This research demonstrates the role of the principle good faith based of the principle of utmost good faith or uberrimae fidei, which enhances trust and fairness the parties and reduces the occurrence of disputes between the parties during the contract period and prioritize legal certainty. Therefore, this research suggests the application of the principle of good faith as the main principle in the formation and execution of business contracts. The principle of good faith can serf as a benchmark for the wether of the contract is feasible or not to be executed

Emotional Labor of Caregivers of Elderly Patients with Dementia and Disabilities in a Psychiatric Hospital in China.

BACKGROUND Studies on the emotional labor of caregivers of elderly people with dementia and disabilities are rare. This study aimed to investigate the emotional labor of caregivers of elderly patients with dementia and disabilities in a psychiatric hospital in China and to propose measures to improve emotional labor of the caregivers. MATERIAL AND METHODS Convenience sampling was used in this study. A questionnaire survey was conducted with the caregivers from the Department of Geriatrics, Chengdu Psychiatric Hospital in May 2021. A total of 73 questionnaires were distributed, and 69 valid questionnaires were returned. Descriptive analysis was performed on the frequency and intensity of emotional labor, using minimum value, maximum value, mean, and standard deviation. An independent-sample t test and one-way analysis of variance were performed on the frequency and intensity of emotional labor between different individuals and groups. RESULTS Statistically significant differences (P<0.05) were identified in surface acting among caregivers by sex, age, educational attainment, and monthly income. A statistically significant difference (P<0.05) was identified between deep acting and emotional expression by marital status. A statistically significant difference (P<0.05) was identified between surface acting and deep acting by the number of elderly patients the respondent was taking care of. No statistically significant differences were identified by the form of contract and job position (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS Heavy emotional labor and negative emotions widely existed among caregivers of the elderly patients with dementia and disabilities in the psychiatric hospital. More training on emotional labor shall be provided for the caregivers.

Observations on the Language of Liturgical Interpretation in MSS RGADA 88 and BOGISHICH 52: A Verbal System Survey

The article focuses on the morphological specifics of the verbal system in the liturgical interpretation in MSS RGADA 88 and BOGISHICH 52. The linguistic analysis aims at obtaining linguistic data about the era when the works originated and about the literary school to which their author belonged. The observations have revealed that the verbal system of the language contemporary to the author of the manuscripts does not show significant changes compared to that of Old Bulgarian. The paradigm of Old Bulgarian conjugations is intact. The use of the infinitive is regular. The innovations established are of a limited number. In terms of its morphological and syntactic characteristics (sporadic dropping of adverbial -т from the present ending for the 3rd person singular; usage of the future simple tense; registration of an archaic form for the first sigmatic aorist of the verb рещи; predominance of contracted forms of the imperfect tense; preference for passive voice forms with the the particle се; transformation of personal into impersonal forms and vice versa), the translation bears the characteristic features of South Slavic literary language dating from the 14th – 15th centuries. It corresponds to the linguistic norms established probably already in the scriptoria of the monasteries on Mount Athos in the early 14th century. These norms were also adopted by the writers of the Tarnovo Literary School, and later laid down in the foundations of the Resava Literary School in Serbia. The scribe who compiled the Slavic epitome of the liturgical interpretation demonstrated considerable freedom of choice in his translation. This distinguished him from the characteristic manners of the translators belonging to the schools of Tarnovo and to the Mount Athos monasteries, who were striving to find a formal similarity to the Greek text. The specificity of the verbal system in the text discussed can be explained by the fact that it is a summary translation, as well as by the unofficial nature of the document.

Dynamic analysis of green technology innovation in products and processes under supply chain competition scenarios-A study based on stochastic differential game model.

This paper investigates the dynamics of market competition among manufacturers pursuing two types of green technology innovation: product innovation and process innovation, which provides a novel perspective on how green technological innovations contribute to enhancing product greenness. Using a two-tier supply chain framework, the study examines the differences in cost-sharing across various types of innovation and the impact of game players on product greenness. A stochastic differential game model involving a shared supplier and two competing manufacturers is constructed. Main findings are as follows: (1) In green product innovation, when market preference for greenness is relatively low, the formation of cost-sharing contracts is less influenced by the intensity of greenness-based market competition. In such scenarios, government subsidies emerge as a crucial tool to effectively guiding the market mechanism towards achieving its intended objectives. (2) As the market competition intensifies, manufacturers' incentives towards suppliers will shift from reducing costs to increasing demand. (3) When the intensity of green competitive is low, and supplier process innovation efficiency is high, manufacturers should bear a greater share of costs; Conversely, suppliers should bear more costs. When supplier process innovation efficiency is higher and market competition is stronger, suppliers should bear more costs if consumer green preferences are lower. (4) Over time, considering consumer preferences, a marginal increase in price exceeds the marginal increment in greenness with respect to contributing to stabilise price fluctuations. Conversely, it tends to raise the mean value of the price. (5) The increase in market competition intensity accelerates suppliers' and manufactures' strategy adjustments for green product innovation, but decelerates the strategy adjustment for suppliers' green process innovation.

On the Possibility of Act Contractualism

ABSTRACT A well-known debate in normative ethics is that between proponents of Act Consequentialism and Rule Consequentialism. Given the structural similarities between Rule Consequentialism and existing forms of Contractualism, one might expect a similar debate to arise among contractualists. However, this is not the case. Some, following T. M. Scanlon, even argue that this question is ‘misconceived’—that there is something deeply mistaken about considering the possibility of an act-based form of contractualism. In this paper, I challenge this claim. I start by showing that the structural similarities between existing contractualist views and Rule Consequentialism suggest that one could formulate an act-based version of Contractualism. This view—Act Contractualism—has received almost no attention so far. Part of the explanation why rests on the thought that justification must involve rules or principles. The idea is that, since justification involves the use of reasons, and since reasons are best expressed through general principles, there is something conceptually mistaken in thinking that a contractualist theory can do without principles. However, I contend that, even if we accept that one cannot talk about reasons without talking about principles, we can meaningfully formulate an act-based contractualist view that takes the role of principles into account. I show that this view is not extensionally equivalent to Rule Contractualism, and that it is better supported by the contractualist rationale. I conclude by calling for more work to be done on Act Contractualism.

Comparison of Claim Reserves Methods Using Insurance Portfolio Generators

Different reserving methods can be used to predict claim values in non-life insurance. This article compares two different methodological approaches to reserving methods, namely, Chain-ladder (the traditional approach to reserving in non-life insurance) and state-space modeling (the modern approach based on recursive Kalman filtering). Moreover, the paper compares both methods with the involvement of clustering which divides claims into several groups according to their similarity and ensures greater homogeneity of data. To be able to compare the accuracy of reserve predictions numerically one suggests three types of generators of large insurance portfolios that represent well the behavior of the given methods in practice (one of them is derived directly from a real Czech non-life insurance claims portfolio). The obtained results may serve as a hint to improve the state-space methodology in order to give comparable results with classical approaches to reserving since in future the state-space modeling will be important for micro reserving where the “clustering” gains nearly a form of individual policy contracts.

O CONTRATO DE TRABALHO INTERMITENTE E SEUS IMPACTOS NA RELAÇÃO DE EMPREGO.

The present study aims to present the creation of the intermittent employment contract in the new labor legislation and its impacts on employment relations and society in general. This informs of how the employee will be treated in this new type of work, as well as the suitability of the employer, to meet the specific legislation of this form of contract. We will study how the legislature sees the intermittent contract, making an analysis of how it is viewed by the labor judiciary. Recognizing a new standardization, which aims to modernize employment relations, although much questioned by part of the union and legal collectivity. It is proposed, through the few sources of research, to bring subsidies regarding this labor legal novel, to point a horizon of hope for both the employee and the employer, in order to comply with our federal constitution. The methodology used for this study was based on bibliographic and exploratory research seeking foundation in the legislation of intermittent work Law No. 13,467 / 2017 and Provisional Measure No. 808/2017.

Enforcement of smart contracts in cross-jurisdictional transactions

Purpose This research aims to explore the complexities surrounding smart contracts enforcements in cross-jurisdictional transactions. Design/methodology/approach To achieve the aim of this study, doctrinal legal analysis was adopted. Although the subject is multidisciplinary, the aspect of enforcement in cross-jurisdictional transactions from legislative analysis does not require a technical method to be analysed, hence the adoption of this method. Where relevant legal academic journal articles were sourced and analysed along different legislative frameworks in some jurisdictions under review. To determine the legality of smart contracts, applicable law and court with jurisdiction to enforce blockchain smart contract disputes. Findings It was discovered that there remain fundamental questions regarding jurisdiction, applicable law and enforcement. Due to the problem of a uniform legislation to manage smart contract transactions. Research limitations/implications This study limits itself to the legality of smart contracts within a conflict of laws, and it propels the need for either a choice of domestic legislation for parties to be bound or the adoption of a universal legal framework for all smart contract formation through an international treaty or convention that has a binding effect on contracting parties to a smart contract. Originality/value This study highlights the fact that the key elements of smart contracts within traditional contract requirements as provided in domestic legislation vary across jurisdictions. This variation results not only in conflict of law but also affects enforcement in cases of dispute in the contractual terms.

Unions and workplace safety investment in Chinese private enterprises

AbstractThis paper examines the significant role of unions in workplace safety investment. Analyzing data from a national survey of Chinese private enterprises, we find that unionization has a positive effect on workplace safety investment. We test several mechanisms through which unionization may enhance workplace safety investment. Unionization increases investment in workplace safety by advocating for formal contracts between employees and firms. More importantly, unionization enhances workplace safety investment through the democratization of corporate governance structure. Furthermore, the employee representative assembly system, a fundamental mechanism for union participation in democratic management within Chinese firms, is also observed to augment safety investment.

انعقاد الهبة وتمامها في القانون السوداني: دراسة مقارنة

The study addressed the subject of the conclusion and completion of the gift in Sudanese law, some Arab countries’ laws and Islamic jurisprudence. The study showed that the gift is concluded by an offer only and is not dependent on acceptance from the donee according to the Hanafi School, except for Zafar. According to the majority, the gift is concluded by an offer and acceptance, and the laws (Sudanese, Lebanese, Egyptian and Saudi) agree with the opinion of the majority. The study also showed that the gift of real estate is a formal contract in the laws (Egyptian, Lebanese and Saudi), and that the gift of movable property may be a formal contract if it is completed in the manner required by law, and it may be a real contract if it is completed by taking possession. Regarding the effect of seizure on the gift, the study showed a difference in the classification of seizure as a condition in the contract, as in Sudanese law it is a condition of completion, in the Hanafi school it is a condition of validity (and it was said a condition of completion), and in the Shafi'i and Hanbali schools it is a condition of obligation, but despite this difference the result in each is the same, as the contract is valid before seizure, but it is not executed - i.e. the ownership is transferred from the donor to the donee - and is not binding unless the donor voluntarily delivers the gifted thing to the donee, i.e. the donor has the option to take possession or not without being obligated to do so. The study also showed that seizure is a pillar in the gift of movable property in some of the laws referred to, which is consistent with the statement of Zafar from the Hanafis, who went on to say that seizure is a pillar in the gift.