Contractual Agreements Research Articles

Impact of Job Security on the Work Behaviour of Casual Workers in a University Setting in Kwara State, Nigeria

Workplace dedication, work habits, and employee motivation are all highly impacted by job security. Casual workers at Nigerian universities face unique challenges that sometimes result in job instability because they are employed temporarily. In order to better understand how job security influences casual workers’ motivation, performance, and engagement at Kwara State Universities, this study looks into how these workers behave at work. The investigation is framed by the Job Security-Performance Theory, Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory, and Social Exchange Theory. The study employed a mixed-methods approach, incorporating both qualitative interviews and quantitative questionnaires. Taro Yamane’s technique was used to establish the sample size, which came out to be 363 participants. The target population consisted of 1,333 casual workers across three colleges. Structured questionnaires and in-person interviews were used to gather the data, which were then analysed using SPSS for quantitative data and theme analysis for qualitative data. 53.2% of temporary employees do not have written contracts, which adds to job insecurity, according to the report. There was variation in the perception of job security; 20.1% felt highly secure, while 40.2% felt uneasy. Motivation was found to be highly impacted by job security, as indicated by over 53% of participants. Furthermore, due to concerns about job security, 39.9% of temporary employees are likely to look for permanent opportunities elsewhere. The demographic research reveals that the workforce is highly educated and dominated by men. The results highlight how important job security is in determining the motivation and conduct of casual employees. Universities should strengthen job security measures and establish clearer contractual agreements to boost worker satisfaction and performance. Policymakers ought to think about creating laws that promote the rights of casual employees and foster their professional growth while addressing employment instability.

Identifying Significant Policy Barriers for Highway Development in Indonesia

The development of the Sumatera Toll Road has encountered numerous challenges, including insufficient government intervention, legal issues, ineffective decision-making processes, and other related concerns. The objective of this research is to identify significant policy barriers affecting the performance of the Trans-Sumatra toll road development project. Methods: A questionnaire was administered to a group of seven experts who possessed a minimum of ten years of professional experience and had completed undergraduate education. The responses obtained from the experts were subsequently analyzed using the proposed rough Delphi method. Results: 11 indicators become significant policy barriers during the development process of the Sumatra toll road project. There are delays in project permits and approvals, government intervention, domestic political situations, corruption, SPV breaks policy, contract conflicts, policy and regulation changes, a lack of supporting policies for investors, land status, a lack of standard contract agreements, and a lack of regulatory supervisory and legal systems. Conclusion: The results presented in this paper are important to be considered by the Indonesian government’s government to understand the implementation situation of transportation projects, especially the construction of the Trans-Sumatra toll road.

Unveiling the Power of Burhâni Epistemology in Reshaping Islamic Economic Law for a Fair Financial Landscape

This study aims to explain the concept of burhâni epistemology and its implementation in the development of Islamic economic law formulation. The method used in the research is a literature review (library research) with qualitative descriptive analysis based on empirical normative data to ensure the consistency of the research data. The result of this research is that burhâni epistemology as a logical method or argumentative rationale can be applied to the reality or context analysis of interest-based finance. The practice of imposing interest in the conventional financial system indicates an addition (ziayadah) that can harm one of the parties to the contract (bathil). In addition, the implementation of the burhani method must include the bayani method in the formulation of Islamic economic law because the reasoning process of the concept of interest must be linked to the concept of usury in the text (nash), which must be read and understood textually and contextually. The application of these findings is to review the reality of interest practices in the banking system as a home base in the formulation of Islamic economic laws by eliminating aspects of usury and interest in the financial system. The Burhani method is used to explain banking interest and contractual agreements that incorporate falsehoods like gharar (uncertainty) and injustice (mistreatment) against the parties.

Penyelesaian Wanprestasi Simpanan Deposito Akad Mudharabah yang Tidak Dikembalikan oleh Pihak KSU Syariah BMT Berlian

Default is an act of violation of an agreement between two parties. When one party is unable to carry out its obligations in accordance with the existing agreement, then this action can be fully said to be a default. Mudharabah deposits are deposits of funds with a scheme where the owner of the funds (shahibul maal) entrusts his funds to be managed by the bank (mudharib) with the results obtained shared between the owner of the funds and the bank with the ratio agreed upon from the start. This research aims to analyze the factors that cause default of unreturned mudharabah contract deposits in Decision Number 37/Pdt.G/2018/PN Bau and to analyze the settlement of default of unreturned mudharabah contract deposits in Decision Number 37/Pdt.G/2018/PN Bau. The focus of this research covers the settlement of default of mudhrabah contract deposits that are not returned by the bank. This research uses a qualitative normative juridical method through a statutory approach using secondary legal data consisting of primary legal materials, secondary legal materials and tertiary legal materials. Based on the results of the research, it can be concluded that the factors causing default of mudharabah contract customer deposits that are not returned by KSU Syariah BMT Berlian, namely the first cause of default is the negligence of one of the parties. Second, the parties deliberately violated the contract agreement and violated Article 36 of the Compilation of Sharia Economic Law. The settlement of the default case of mudharabah contract deposits that were not returned by the KSU Syariah BMT Berlian was that the Panel of Judges had decided the case in accordance with statutory regulations, namely Article 1246 of the Civil Code and also contained in Article 38 of the Compilation of Sharia Economic Law.

TINDAKAN WANPRESTASI PEMBERIAN UPAH TERHADAP PEKERJA BANGUNAN (Studi Kasus di Jor. Aliran Sungai Nag. Taluk Kec. Lintau Buo Kab. Tanah Datar)

From the results of the study it was found that the implementation of the contract/agreement used in Jorong Sungai Nagari Taluk, Lintau Buo was a contract agreement carried out by the shop owner with the chief craftsman using a wholesale system (shirkah abdan) which was explained directly or verbally without the others. Between the chief mason and workers also uses a wholesale system (shirkah abdan) which is explained verbally/spokenly, but wages for construction workers are calculated daily as the custom for construction workers in Lintau Buo. In the contract/agreement that is carried out there is an agreement to give bonus wages if the work is completed before the due date where the number of working hours per day is not set because the workers try to get the job done quickly in the hope of getting a bonus. But in reality the bonus has not been clear until now. So that in giving wages there is an act of breaking promises or defaults on construction workers. Where construction workers feel disadvantaged because each member does not receive a wage bonus. Breach of promise in a contract is regulated in the Compilation of Sharia Economic Law article 36.

Econometric forecasting of academic management in the face of uncertainty regarding hostilities

This article addresses the problem of interrelations between economic factors and military conflicts, examining the role of econometric forecasting in the context of academic management during periods of uncertainty surrounding hostilities. It delves into the two principal theories of classical macroeconomics – neutrality and dichotomy – and explores their applicability to the complex interplay between economic forces and military dynamics. In doing so, it challenges the conventional binary view of conflicts as either war or peace, emphasizing the nuanced gradations that emerge over time.
 The study highlights the significance of economic advantages in shaping decisions related to military conflicts and underscores the role of econometric forecasting as a critical factor in academic institutions navigating the indirect repercussions of hostilities. The article also presents a comprehensive examination of strategic interactions, introducing distinctions between moves, rounds, and plays in conflict scenarios.
 Drawing on recent research and publications, the article underscores the importance of understanding the economic principles governing the preservation of peace and forecasting the consequences of such decisions. It references seminal work by economists P. Romer, R. Lucas, R. Barro, I. Salla y Martin, and R. Levine, who laid the foundation for the study of endogenous economic development.
 The theories of trade and military conflict are two distinct branches in economic analysis and prediction. Trade theory is founded on contractual agreements and mutual benefits, while the military conflict theory centers on competition for dominance. It's important to recognize that various analytical methods exist for modeling equilibrium in such situations, whether they involve active hostilities or the coexistence of armed forces during economic stagnation due to anticipated conflicts.
 It becomes evident that the decision to initiate or de-escalate a military conflict is primarily driven by economic advantages, even in the domain of academic management. In this context, econometric forecasting techniques play a role in the economic activities of academic institutions, which may experience direct or indirect consequences of hostilities. This is because various sectors must compete for their survival amidst these dynamics.
 Purpose. The study's objectives include assessing the impact of military budgeting productivity on economic growth using economic and mathematical modeling techniques, with a focus on countries facing uncertainties related to hostilities, evolving budget and tax regulations, and inflation. The article adapts the models of J. Battis and T. Koeli to facilitate this analysis.
 Methods Macroeconomic Analyses, Economentric Analyses, Trend Analyses
 Results. Determining the optimal level of taxation to obtain the necessary income for the budgets of academic institutions in conditions of uncertainty in the conduct of hostilities.
 In conclusion, the study challenges classical economic doctrines by establishing a strong connection between military budget allocation and the real sectors of the economy. It underscores that a nation's economic growth is contingent upon the productivity and effectiveness of its military budgeting, even in a globalized world economic system. This study opens the door to further research in this interdisciplinary field.
 Keywords: Econometric forecasting, Academic management, Uncertainty, Hostilities, Economic modeling, Endogenous economic development, Academic institutions, Budgeting, Military conflicts, Financial impact, Economic growth, Strategic decision-making, Budget optimization, Risk assessment, Financial efficiency. Methods Macroeconomic Analyses, Economentric Analyses, Trend Analyses
 
 fig .: ; tab .: ; bibl .: 9.

The study of brand loyalty and switching cost on OTT bundled service choice: Focusing on reference-dependent preferences in the saturated market

The pay-TV service providers have introduced over-the-top (OTT) bundled services to attract additional subscribers in a saturated market. However, the majority of consumers in South Korea tend to bundle pay-TV services with mobile phones and internet, engaging in these services through contractual agreements. Given the potential lock-in effect of such bundling, there is a likelihood of elevated switching costs for pay-TV services. To thoroughly assess the possibility of consumers switching to other services, it is crucial to consider factors such as brand loyalty, which is often represented by the lock-in effect. Switching costs and brand loyalty can be elucidated by the loss aversion effect, rooted in reference-dependent preferences. Therefore, this study obtained data through a discrete choice experiment on OTT bundled services and delved into consumer preferences for services using a reference-dependent choice model, with the currently used pay-TV service serving as the reference point. The findings indicated a notable high switching cost for pay-TV services, reaching up to a maximum of $25.8 per month, and brand loyalty was found to have a statistically significant impact on these costs. Consequently, it was concluded that the effectiveness of strategies aimed at attracting new subscribers through the introduction of OTT bundled services would likely be insignificant.

Unlocking the dynamics of open innovation: A conceptual exploration

This study explores the complex domain of open innovation, a conceptual framework in which the word "open" signifies sharing tacit organisational knowledge. Organisations increasingly expand their scope outside conventional bounds by using open innovation approaches and models to acquire necessary resources. The main aim of this academic undertaking is to examine informal networks that arise outside traditional contractual agreements and then analyse the tangible structure of these networks. The study's primary objective is to thoroughly examine, compare, and analyse nonlocal centrality measures, including global and local viewpoints, within a conceptual framework. This research investigates the utilisation of network analysis methodologies, such as Degree Centrality, Closeness Centrality, Eigenvector Centrality, Betweenness Centrality, Modularity, Community Detection, Vote Rank, and Digital Flaneurs, through the implementation of the Python NetworkX Programming Language. This research highlights its conceptual relevance as a significant and considerable addition to the current body of knowledge. This study provides a fundamental basis for further investigating and comprehending the complex interplay of nonlocal centrality measurements, dynamic capabilities, and open innovation tactics. Therefore, this study is a noteworthy contribution to the scholarly body of knowledge, presenting useful perspectives on the complex relationship between open innovation approaches, dynamic capabilities, and nonlocal centrality measurements. Furthermore, this research adds to the wider scholarly discourse on how organisations effectively manage the intricate challenges of the modern digital environment to achieve innovation and maintain a competitive edge.

HOPE—A UNIQUE MODEL TO PROVIDE ORAL HEALTH SERVICES FOR NURSING HOME RESIDENTS

Abstract Optimal oral health care is an essential component of primary health care for all individuals but especially among the older adults due to chronic health issues and polypharmacy. Moreover, there are several barriers to oral health care for the older adults that include but are not limited to cost of dental care, lack of perceived need for care, dearth of transportation, and fear for dental care. To address these barriers to access, UT Health San Antonio School of Dentistry launched Holistic Oral Health Program for Elders (HOPE) program that aims to address oral health needs of nursing home residents living within a 65-mile radius of San Antonio, TX. The HOPE team is formed of trained dental and public health professionals who work together as a group to ensure that preventive, palliative, and clinical oral health services are provided to all eligible residents of the nursing home. For successful implementation of the HOPE program, the team efficaciously completed several critical steps while planning and developing the program, such as- establishing a relationship and procuring contracts with several nursing homes, collaborating with social workers and nurses, and following an interprofessional approach to provide oral health care to the nursing home residents. Since its inception, the HOPE program has successfully signed contract agreements with several nursing homes and has addressed the oral health needs of more than 300 nursing home residents. The HOPE program aims to continue serving this vulnerable and underserved population to address their oral health needs.

How to facilitate the introduction of value-based payment models?

Value-based payment (VBP) models are designed and implemented to improve outcomes at the same or lower costs. Their adoption requires significant changes in the way healthcare organisations and insurance companies operate. Usually, before VBP models are widely implemented, pilot projects are conducted. Payers need to have a comprehensive set of requirements to enter into agreements with healthcare organisations on these pilots. In this short communication, we outline key elements reported in the literature, inside and outside healthcare organisations, as well as within the contract, that need to be considered in a pilot VBP model. Discussions regarding the introduction of VBP models may be strongly affected by external contextual factors, including regulations, which are outside the control of healthcare organisations. It requires collaboration between organisations, including primary care organisations and hospitals, while within organisations, it frequently requires creating multidisciplinary teams. The focus is on ensuring transparency, collaboration, and shared decision-making, realised by standardising communication processes and regular meetings. Additionally, effective leadership is needed, in which leaders set goals and priorities, as well as manage change. In the contractual agreements between payers and healthcare organisations, outcome measures need to be adequately defined and measured, including individual patient outcomes and composite scores, as well as absolute and relative performance measures. These measures should be tested periodically and catered to the organisations adopting the model. Also, incentives should have adequate size and frequency and be intrinsic and extrinsic. The consideration of these sets of key elements by the payers is essential when implementing VBP model pilot projects.

Exploring the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) compliance in cloud services: insights from Swedish public organizations on privacy compliance

The adoption of cloud services offers manifold advantages to public organizations; however, ensuring data privacy during data transfers has become increasingly complex since the inception of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). This study investigates privacy concerns experienced by public organizations in Sweden, focusing on GDPR compliance. A qualitative interpretative approach was adopted, involving semi-structured interviews with seven employees from five public organizations in Sweden. Additionally, secondary data were gathered through an extensive literature review. The collected data were analyzed and classified using the seven privacy threat categories outlined in the LINDDUN framework. The key findings reveal several significant privacy issues when utilizing public cloud services, including unauthorized access, loss of confidentiality, lack of awareness, lack of trust, legal uncertainties, regulatory challenges, and loss of control. The study underscores the importance of implementing measures such as anonymization, pseudonymization, encryption, contractual agreements, and well-defined routines to ensure GDPR compliance. The findings emphasize the importance of implementing measures such as anonymization, pseudonymization, encryption, contractual agreements, and well-defined routines to ensure GDPR compliance. Furthermore, this research highlights the critical aspect of digital sovereignty in addressing privacy challenges associated with public cloud service adoption by public organizations in Sweden.

Private Vs Public ownership of Forest in India-analysis and few suggestions for change to increase forest cover

arious forest legislations enacted over some time have been extremely important in shaping the forest landscape of India. Even though the Indian Forest Act, of 1927 applies to forests declared as such under the provisions of this Act, Section 38 provides that if any owner of land, desires that his land should be managed by the Forest Department as a reserved/protected forest, the management of such land can be done on mutually agreed terms with the owner of land without depriving the owner of land of his right in the property. This is a significant and visionary proviso in the Act. There are many laws and forest policies of 1952 and 1988 which regulate the protection and conservation of forests but they do not inspire people at large to take it as a mass movement in furthering the causes of forests. For example, the 1952 and 1988 Forest Policies recognize limited individual /community ownership but it does not take the shape of mass movement. Therefore, the only solution that seems on the horizon is a Public-Private partnership with a long-term contractual agreement or Tripartite agreement between the State Govt, local body and individual growers or with Easement rights to local people.

Environmental Responsibilities of Local Governments as PI Holders in Upstream Oil and Gas Operations

Allocating participating interest (“PI”) is crucial for managing upstream oil and gas operations as it determines the rights and obligations of contractors, including their responsibility to ensure health, safety, and environmental awareness under the regulatory framework, production sharing contract (“PSC”) or operations agreement (“OA”). This paper examines the role of local governments as 10% PI holders towards promoting environmental compliance and ensuring sustainable oil and gas development. The research adopts a juridical-normative approach by reviewing secondary data sources and academic literatures in order to identify specific forms of environmental responsibility available to local governments as 10% PI holders under the progressive law doctrine, relevant regulations within the context of upstream operations and provide recommendations to improve their effectiveness in fulfilling their environmental obligations. The findings contribute to the sustainable management of the sector by providing valuable regulatory insights into the environmental responsibility of local governments as 10% PI holders.

Pemberian Perlindungan Hukum Pekerja Atas Pelanggaran Perjanjian Kontrak Kerja Oleh Dinas Tenaga Kerja Kabupaten Bintan

This article examines the provision of legal protection to workers who violate work contract agreements through the Bintan Regency Manpower Service. The case study was conducted at PT. Sumber Izum Mas Perkasa Bintan. This paper aims to analyze the legal protection of workers in violation of employment contracts against workers' rights and the effectiveness of legal protection provided by the Manpower Service, as well as providing recommendations for improving worker protection regarding employment contract agreements in the Bintan Region. This research was conducted in a qualitative descriptive manner, namely describing the results of interviews, observations and direct observations, as well as using literature studies through relevant sites and articles. The results of this research require increasing legal awareness in companies and workers. Apart from that, the Manpower Department needs to strengthen law enforcement to prevent violations of employment contracts.

A new hybrid method for quick and accurate calculation of forest transportation distances

AbstractTransportation is a key forest logistics component and is a large proportion of the overall cost. Often, the transportation cost is determined by contractual agreements and based on the loaded distance from a supply to a demand point. Many alternative routes provide different distances (e.g., shortest route, fastest route, minimum fuel consumption), but these distances are approximate in the contractual agreement; hence, there is a mismatch between approximated costs and actual pay. It is necessary to match supply with demand when planning to use optimization models, as these models must cover many supply and demand points. From this point, many distances need to be established. These can be generated dynamically before optimization or generated a priori as static distance tables. The former can take a long time, whereas the latter needs to use aggregated zones that remain static over time because supply points, such as harvest areas, change continually. To enable fast optimization, distances between zones and demand points can be precomputed; however, they represent only estimated distances between the actual supply point and the demand points. We propose a hybrid method to improve quality and estimate accurate distances in a quick process, using a large case study from a company in Sweden with a standardized system that directly uses computed reference distances as contractually agreed. Results show that many distance estimation approaches give poor cost estimates (1–20%) and increase transportation costs (0.2–0.6%).

Effect of paddy sourcing methods on the volume of rice milled by rice millers in Mwea, Kirinyaga county, Kenya

Rice millers access paddy through private traders, cooperatives, individual farmers, and village agents. These methods determine the capacity utilization of the mills, costs incurred, and profitability of the rice milling business. This article aimed at determining the effect of paddy sourcing methods on the volume of rice milled by small and medium-scale rice millers in Kenya. Specifically, the study sought to determine the sourcing methods used, combinations of sourcing methods, and effects of these combinations on the volume of rice milled. A multistage sampling technique resulted to a total of 160 millers comprised of 90 and 70 small and medium-scale rice millers respectively. A multinomial endogenous switching regression (MESR) was used to determine the resultant effects of paddy sourcing methods on volume of rice milled. Results: The results show that sourcing paddy directly from individual farmers, individual farmers bringing paddy to the miller, buying from traders and sourcing through agents are the four paddy-sourcing methods used by rice millers. Factors that influence utilization of a combination of sourcing methods are age of the miller, ownership of the miller, unit price of paddy, distance from the mills, ownership of the mills, degree of competition, contract agreements, access to information and finance. The highest volume of paddy sourced was achieved using a combination of three paddy sourcing methods: buying from traders, direct sourcing from individual farmers and individual farmers bringing paddy to the miller (B1D1I1A0). This combination increases volumes sourced by 114.1 %. This underscores the sole vitality of a myriad of factors in determining the choice of utilization of a combination of paddy sourcing methods. This study can influence decisions and rice milling related policy formulation towards a sustainable paddy sourcing mechanisms and consistent rice milling business.

Outscourcing Menurut Hukum Ketenagakerjaan

The employment relationship that occurs between workers and employers which arises due to the existence of a work agreement is actually theoretically the right of the entrepreneur and the right of the worker to start or end it. However, for workers, the legal relationship with employers is always in a subordinate relationship or a relationship where the worker's position is lower than that of the entrepreneur or employer. For outsourcing workers, this becomes even worse because the workers do not have a working relationship with the employing company. The implementation of outsourcing several years after the issuance of Law Number 13 of 2003 concerning Manpower still experienced various weaknesses, mainly due to the lack of regulations issued by the Government as well as injustice in the implementation of work relations between employers and workers. However, basically the practice of outsourcing cannot be avoided by employers, let alone workers. This is because entrepreneurs with the enactment of Articles 64 to Article 66 of Law no. 13 of 2003 concerning Manpower, legalized implementing outsourcing practices without paying attention to things prohibited by law. This research aims to find out how the implementation of Law no. 13 of 2003 concerning Employment in outsourcing practices and the implementation of work protection and work conditions for outsourced workers/laborers after Constitutional Court Decision No. 27/PUU-IX/2011. The method used is a normative juridical approach. The normative juridical research method is legal research that uses secondary data sources. As juridical legal research using labor protection legal principles, especially in Law Number 13 of 2003 concerning Employment. The results of this research state that the outsourcing practice of handing over part of the work implementation to another company through a work contract agreement generally does not implement the terms and conditions of outsourcing as regulated in Law Number 13 of 2003 concerning Manpower and in the considerations and decisions in the case. Application No. 27/PUU-IX/2011, the Constitutional Court did not declare the outsourcing system as a prohibited system in business relations and work relations between workers/laborers and entrepreneurs so that Article 64 of Law no. 13 of 2003.

Managing the Expectations of Doctoral Students and Their Supervisors: A UK Perspective

The management of expectations in doctoral education relates to the negotiation and agreement of a learning contract denoting actions and initiatives between a student and a supervisor. A learning contract is a set of understandings of what things, actions and initiatives might reasonably be expected from whom, in the course of learning, where there is a natural power imbalance. This is important so that both scholarly and material progress can be made along all points of the doctoral learning experience, i.e., that learning is personalised, professional and productive towards an original contribution of knowledge. It is the evidencing of this continual learning process through research that is deemed to be doctoral at the final examination stage. A doctoral student is a learner on the highest degree pathway that is available at all UK universities. This typically results in a thesis, marking the end point of being supervised whereupon an assessment or examination takes place, which, in UK universities, is called a viva voce (Latin: the living voice). This is a verbal account or defence of the thesis document by the student, made to two or three examiners who comprise the examination team. In the UK, the viva examination is a private event, while elsewhere, for example, across Europe and North America, the examination can be a public event. A student on a doctoral programme usually has a period of registration that is 3 years full-time or 6 years part-time. Other terms that can be used interchangeably around doctoral supervision are candidate (for the student) and candidature, which is their period of registration. Supervisors also have roles denoted as the Director of Studies (DoS) or Principal Investigator (PI). The supervision team is led by a Director of Studies (or PI) who is often the most experienced scholar who teaches, guides and mentors their student’s learning through the research they conduct. There are usually at least two supervisors in a supervision team in the UK, but there can be more as required depending upon the specialisms and topics being researched. Expectations formed by either the student or the supervisor(s) can be about physical resources to embark upon a passage of learning through a doctoral programme, or more typically, the discussion of expectations relates to managing the behaviours of students and supervisors in their respective roles. Managed expectations help to achieve a balance between the intellectual sharing of expertise by the supervisor with the self-directed initiatives for learning, which are taken by the student. The aim of managing expectations is to help a student move from dependence in their learning at the start of their programme to becoming an independent doctoral-level scholar who, once graduated as doctor, can act autonomously to conduct their own research, or even embark upon supervising others’ research in the future.

Monitoring costs in local service provision. Comparing contract forms in Poland

ABSTRACT This paper adopts a transaction costs (TCs) approach towards analysing the transactions of local governments in the service sector. The objective of the paper is to expand the analysis of the TCs concept by going beyond the conventional service-type-driven models. This study examines the cost of monitoring (MC) service contracts in Poland as perceived by local government officials, focusing on different forms of externalisation. The research involves utilising quantitative methods to examine how five distinct governance structures influence perceptions of TCs. The study suggests that the entity type, whether a public or private agent, affects the perceptions of monitoring costs in contractual agreements. The research found that the monitoring costs associated with public sector contracts are perceived to be higher than in public-private transactions, challenging previous findings. Further research on Inter-Municipal Cooperation should focus on the final product quality monitoring area, representing the most costly aspect of multi-principal structures.

Multi-analytical approach for Risk identification and its management for successful Infrastructure projects

It has been determined that managing risks is a crucial management technique for achieving project goals in terms of time, money, quality, and degree. On the basis of a thorough analysis of agreement states, this article recognises dangers and categorises them into eight categories. It is viewed in a personal way. It is believed that social body opposition, risk assessment, plan modifications, and work suspension will all have the biggest effects on the project's objectives. This research has produced a few suggestions for reducing the hazards associated with development projects, or mitigation methods. The contract agreements are employed as a tool to track risk, and the client, contractors, and financial backers who are sponsoring the project must specify how they intend to threaten the executive's plan during the project's lifespan. It is intended that clients, contractors, project workers, and governmental organisations will work together to manage projected hazards as they arise, starting at the attainability stage.