Contractional Structures Research Articles

О ДИХОТОМИИ КОНСТРУКЦИИ СМЕШАННОГО ДОГОВОРА

Introduction: the article deals with the problems of the legal nature of mixed contracts in comparison with the related constructions of non-defined (innominate), complicated, and complex contracts. The possibility of individual regulation excluding the effect of imperative prohibitions (subject to compliance with the principles of law) contradicts the essence of a mixed contract. Purpose: to formulate the features of the mixed contract that distinguish it from non-defined, complicated, and complex contracts. Methods: along with traditional theoretical and empirical methods, the author used the teleological approach, which makes it possible to consider the target orientation of a particular norm or contractual structure. Results: the study reveals contradictions in the legal regulation of mixed contracts; defines their constitutive features; determines the legal nature and legal regime; differentiates the mixed contract from the complicated contract, non-defined contract, and complex contract. Conclusions: the existing priority of individual regulation in the construction of the mixed contract is in logical contradiction with its features and with the prohibition against inclusion of elements of non-defined contracts in its content. It appears that this conflict can be overcome through establishing: a ban on changing the imperative norms that establish the rules of conduct in relation to defined contracts included in a mixed contract; a permission to exclude (not to change) the effect of imperative norms; a permission to use non-defined contracts in the construction of the mixed contract. A contract must be classified as mixed if there are two or more obligations included in it. Additional features are the object, the parties, and other characteristics that determine the contract type. The interest of the parties in a mixed contract should be focused on a single object. If there are different subjects focused on different objects, this is a complex agreement. If various elements of defined contracts are used in the construction, with the exception of the subject of the contract, the contract should be classified as complicated, not mixed. In a complicated contract, all additional (auxiliary) obligations ‘work’ to achieve the goal of the main one and are directly dependent on it. In a mixed contract, the structure is represented by two or more independent obligations that are equivalent. Complex contracts should be understood as such contracts that have a multiobject and multi-subject structure, whereas a mixed contract combines subjects and other contractual terms aimed at one object. In a complex contract, there should be no cross-regulation, each subject has its own object and is regulated by the rules that exist in the legislation for a certain type or kind of contract. This approach allows solving the problem of determining the priority of legal norms, which exists in the construction of the mixed contract.

LEGAL ANALYSIS OF TESTAMENTARY CONTRACT IN RUSSIAN LAW

Until June 1, 2019, Russian inheritance law, like Roman law, “knew only two grounds for opening an inheritance: a will or a law”. However, in the course of reforming civil legislation, the provisions of inheritance law were supplemented by a new basis for inheritance - the testamentary contract. The introduction of contractual principles into inheritance law necessitated a theoretical understanding of the structure of the inheritance contract, establishing its legal nature.

Legislative Regulators That Will Determine the Dynamics of Credit Agreements During the Period of Martial Law in Ukraine

The article examines the peculiarities of legislative changes that took place in the field of credit regulation and were implemented in Ukrainian legislation in connection with the introduction of martial law as a result of the armed aggression of the Russian Federation. The impact of crisis situations on the functioning of the country's financial sector is analyzed and a conclusion is made about the effectiveness of their legislative regulators. Different types of contractual structures within which credit legal relations may arise are considered, it is proved that the relevant legislative changes apply not only to traditional, typical credit agreements, such as loan agreements, but are also indirectly applied to other contracts in which crediting is an additional condition for carrying out mutual settlements between the parties of the corresponding obligation. The article pays special attention to the definition of force majeure circumstances that relieve the borrower from responsibility for non-fulfillment of the terms of the credit agreement or mitigate such responsibility. Peculiarities of execution of mortgage contracts are studied, as well as precedents of judicial practice arising from the resolution of disputes between the parties to the credit agreement.

Aspects of Legal Regulation of Amateur Tourism

This article discusses the legal regulation of a dynamically developing type of tourism – amateur tourism. The study of the legislation regulating relations in the sphere under consideration in the Russian Federation and in the Republic of Belarus necessitated a detailed analysis of the definitions of amateur tourism at the theoretical level. The study was carried out in the context of the importance of the considered type of tourism for the tourism industry and for the socio-economic development of states. It is revealed that a distinctive feature of amateur tourism is a multidimensional approach to travel goals, which determines the specifics and significance of this phenomenon. The authors pay attention to the lack of relations between tourists and tour operators, which affects the specifics of contractual structures for obtaining tourist services. Proposals on amendments to the existing regulatory legal acts have been formed.

Contract оf Custody оf Virtual Assets (Cryprto Custody) According to the Legislation of Ukraine

The work examines the issues of legal regulation of the virtual asset storage contract in Ukraine, taking into account the provisions of the recently adopted Law of Ukraine "On Virtual Assets". The relevance of this topic is due to the rapid spread in the fields of economy, science, art, etc. of relations with virtual assets and the lack of their proper and sufficient legal regulation. The purpose of the work is to solve the problems related to finding out the ability of a virtual asset to be the subject of a custody agreement, determining its value characteristics that determine the need to ensure its safety, and conducting proper qualification of "custody" contracts that are used in relations with virtual assets. With the help of selected research methods (dialectical, comparative legal, formal legal, method of analysis and synthesis), the main features of an object new for private law were determined, which determine its value for turnover and the specificity of use, which is reflected in the possibility of application to it certain contractual structures, in particular, a storage agreement. On the basis of the analysis of the practice of using this contract and the study of the legal nature of the specified relationships, a conclusion was made about the doctrinal impossibility of applying the construction of the custody contract to the latter. At the same time, the need to protect and protect the rights of the owner of a virtual asset from illegal encroachments by third parties is an urgent problem, which is due to the popularity of virtual assets and their inflated cost. Taking into account the peculiarities of various types of virtual assets, it is possible to assert different volumes and content of the category of safekeeping as part of the subject of the storage contract. Therefore, there is a need for the correct qualification of those contractual structures that are currently used as contracts for the storage of virtual assets. And the need to define such a contract that would ensure the safety of the virtual asset/virtual asset key, taking into account the characteristics of the latter. It is emphasized the need to research and rethink the paradigm of applying the custody agreement only to material objects of civil legal relations.

Freedom and obligatory performance of a contract in the civil law of Ukraine

An analysis of the legislation of Ukraine, as well as doctrinal approaches and judicial practice regarding the understanding of freedom and obligation to perform a contract in the civil law of Ukraine, has been carried out. It has been concluded that the legislation in many respects creates situation where the principle of freedom of contract is restricted. At the same time, neither legislation nor law-enforcement practice contain any reservations that would allow changing the relevant state of affairs in favor of the principles of dispositive regulation of private law relations.
 It has been noted that the principle of freedom of contract within civil law relations does not have an absolute nature, which is confirmed by the provisions of civil legislation that ensure the procedure for conclusion, execution and responsibility for individual contractual structures regulated by the Civil Code of Ukraine (e.g., a public contract, an accession agreement, etc.), as well as relations connected with consumer protection.
 Based on the conducted research, it has been proposed to single out two main models for restriction of contract freedom: 1) establishment of direct restrictions by the state, by indicating which specific conditions the parties are forbidden to agree on in the contract; 2) consolidation of general evaluation standards that the transaction and its terms must meet by the legislator or higher courts at the level of law or law enforcement practice.
 Attention has been focused on the fact that the ability to realize interests under one’s own responsibility is the basis of the contract, and that contractual binding and responsibility are its inevitable consequences. Despite the fact that the legislation provides for the obligation to perform the contract (Article 629 of the Civil Code of Ukraine), it also provides for cases of contract parties’ release from the performance of their obligations (from the obligation of the contract).

A Study on the Psychological Contract of Administrative Personnel in Vocational Education Institute

Previous studies consistently identified that psychological contract played a crucial role to facilitate people’s loyalty and commitment, job dedication, and finally career achievement. Its influential factors and enhancement approaches consequently attracted broad attention of professorates in the business world and educational fields. This study was conducted to identify the traits and internal structure of psychological contract for administrative personnel in vocational education institutes at higher educational level. The questionnaire was employed to collect research data from a sample of 165 administrative personnel of the vocational institutes located in the central Taiwan. Undertakenwere a series of data analyses including reliability and validity analyses, descriptive statistics, CFA factor analysis, and SEM statistics according to the research purpose. These data analyses led to the following conclusions: 1) These administrative personnel, who traditionally pursued academic achievement and professional autonomy, possessed a middle level of the psychological contract for overall; 2) Their psychological contract of this group was characterised with the significant and positive relationships among the three major domains; 3)this academic personnel were inclined to the transactional psychological contract rather than relational one; they are more practical and pragmatic to manage their professional careers; and 4) The domain factor of reciprocal commitment and obligations was approved to play the crucial role of the mediator between job recognition and relationships. Based on the conclusions, this study finally provided several practical suggestions to foster faculty members’ career development and university efficacy.

Improving smart contract search by semantic and structural clustering for source codes

The search for smart contract source codes has drawn research attention to fulfill developers’ and researchers’ needs. Yet, the existing studies are not mature enough to address smart contracts’ technical properties and functionalities. This paper proposes a system to improve the naive search for smart contract codes; for example, Etherscan has one keyword search feature without regard to the contract structure. We consider clustering smart contracts based on developers’ preferences, which increases the probability that the resulting source codes match developers’ needs. Our experimental results show a significant improvement in the complexity of the retrieved source codes of smart contracts compared with the baseline scenario using blockchain search engines (e.g., Etherscan). Our solution reduces the number of retrieved smart contract codes the developer has to check if the codes match her/his needs by 94%, 88%, 82%, or 98%, depending on the user’s search preferences.

Договор на эксплуатацию путей необщего пользования в системе договорных обязательств Беларуси и России

Introduction. In the Republic of Belarus and in the Russian Federation, the railway holds a key place in the freight transportation system. Therefore, special attention is paid to the issue of the formation of appropriate infrastructure, including the construction and operation of auxiliary facilities, in particular, non-public tracks, which requires the development and improvement of appropriate legal forms. One of these forms is the agreement for the operation of a non-public track, which is introduced by acts of special legislation, primarily by the Charter of Public Railway Transport in Belarus and in Chapter 4 of the Charter of Railway Transport of Russia dated January 10, 2003, No. 18-FZ. In legal science, the legal essence of this agreement is debatable. The specified agreement is classified both as an organizational one, and as a services agreement, and as a special transport agreement (an independent agreement-based type), and as a mixed property agreement. Meanwhile, in the transport legislation, the specified agreement is settled as concisely as possible, which can potentially lead to collisions and disputes between the participants in the transportation relationship. Therefore, the purpose of the proposed study is an attempt by means of comparative legal analysis to identify not only the content of obligations arising on the basis of an agreement for the operation of a non-public track, but also to assess the prospects and ways of developing the legal regulation of this sphere in Belarus and Russia. Methods: the methodological framework for the study is a set of general scientific and special methods of scientific cognition, in particular, comparative law, the method of systemic and structural analysis, etc. Results: based on the study and comparison of Belarusian and Russian legislation, as well as the provisions of the civil doctrine, the legal nature of the agreement for the operation of nonpublic tracks is clarified. The author’s position regarding the place of the said agreement in the system of civil agreements is substantiated; the issues of improving the statutory regulation of relations arising out of the operation of the named object are raised. Conclusions: as a result of the study, the conclusion on the complex nature of the legal regulation of the transport sphere is substantiated, which is directly manifested in the specifics of the contractual structure under consideration, and the term “agreement for the operation of non-public tracks” itself is a collective symbol that is designed to fix the features of various civil obligations in relation to the transportation process involving the use of tracks not belonging to the owner of the infrastructure. It is established that, taking into account the specific factual circumstances between the participants of the transportation process, one way or another, involving the use of non-public tracks, the relations are formed by their legal nature corresponding to the relations of irregular lease, paid services, usufruct (easement), as well as relations of a mixed nature, mediated by mixed agreements containing the elements of all the listed agreement-based types.

Цифровые права и цифровая валюта в российском праве: вопросы правовой природы и соотношения

Introduction: currently, all countries are facing the challenges of the legal regulation of new digital phenomena that receive various names – digital rights, tokens, digital assets, digital currency, cryptocurrency. The Russian legislator has chosen the concepts of digital rights and digital currency as fundamental in this area. Questions arise about the correlation of such objects of rights, the selection of their qualifying features and the definition of the features of their legal regimes in the Russian Federation. The purpose of the study is to identify significant qualifying features of digital rights and digital currency, allowing them to be distinguished from each other in the Russian legal field. In this regard, the following research tasks are solved: 1) the definition of the essence of digital rights and digital currency in Russian law and similar legal phenomena; 2) the identification of qualifying features of digital rights and digital currency in the legislation, doctrine and law enforcement practice; 3) the comparative legal analysis of the legal regimes of digital rights and digital currency; 4) providing recommendations to the legislator and law enforcement officer on a more precise definition of the legal nature of digital rights and digital currency and a more effective legal regulation of their movement in the Russian Federation. Methods: in carrying out the study, the formal legal, historical legal and comparative legal methods were used to formulate the features of the legal regimes of digital rights and digital currency in Russian law. Results: digital rights and digital currency, despite the presence of a single digital (binary) form, have different legal regimes. Digital rights are second-order rights, being binding and other rights in digital form. In the case of digital rights, there is an obligor on whom the creditor has the right to make a corresponding claim. Accordingly, digital rights are relative rights. In turn, the digital currency is limited in circulation, at the same time, it seems more correct to recognize it as a special right of obligation, while the obligor is the user of the information system in which the digital currency is issued and circulated. Such a digital currency should not be confused with a digital currency issued by the Central Bank acting as an obligor. The authors have come to the conclusion that digital rights and digital currency are similar in having a digital form, which determines the civil remedies and liability applied in their movement relations, as well as the use of special contractual structures (smart contract). The differences between digital rights and digital currency lie in the definition of the obligor in the obligation, whose object is a digital right or digital currency.

Oligocene/Early Miocene E/W‐Shortening in the Oman Mountains Related to Oblique Arabia‐India Convergence

AbstractField survey, literature review, geological map interpretation, GPlates reconstruction and LA‐ICP‐MS U‐Pb dating of synkinematic calcite demonstrate that ∼E/W‐shortening in eastern Oman was significant and related to oblique convergence of Arabia and India from 32.5 to 20 Ma. Approximately N/S‐striking contractional structures, WNW to NNW‐striking sinistral faults and ∼E/W‐striking normal faults characterize a ∼250 km × ∼50 km wrench corridor in the eastern Oman Mountains (Hajar Wrench Corridor, HWC). Numerous faults/folds indicate that deformation of the HWC is widely distributed but concentrated along WNW to NNW‐striking major faults at the SW margin of the Saih Hatat Dome, forming the Hajar Shear Zone, which reactivated basement faults. GPlates reconstructions reveal that N‐drifting India rotated 8° counter‐clockwise with respect to fixed Arabia from 32.5 to 20 Ma, leading to a minimum of 100 km E/W convergence between both plates. This convergence created the sinistral HWC with a displacement of a few to several tens of kilometers. Independently from the GPlates time constraints, two U‐Pb ages of synkinematic calcites, crystallized along faults during HWC movement, yield compatible ages of 30.08 ± 0.47 and 22.31 ± 2.15 Ma (2 standard error). E/W‐shortening also affected the northern Oman Mountains, creating the ∼N/S‐striking Hagab Thrust in the Musandam Peninsula and the Jabal Hafit Anticline.

Risk and benefit sharing schemes in oil exploration and production

The volatile environment of oil exploration and production sets new challenges to market players prompting them to explore new business models. In this paper, we analyze a novel type of partnering in oil and gas operations, i.e. risk and benefit sharing schemes, that enable an oil field operator to bring third parties into the field development process. We develop a valuation method to assess the feasibility of such risk and benefit sharing schemes based on the real options approach and identify the optimal contract policy from the perspective of both the oil company (field operator) and the contractor. We analyze an application case where a field operator collaborates with a drilling contractor to share risks and benefits resulting from the oil field development. We propose three different risk sharing contract structures that allow various levels of risk distribution to be achieved. In one of the proposed contracts, we incorporate an “exit” clause in the contract as an instrument to provide flexibility for the parties to withdraw from the partnership as uncertainty unfolds. Our results show that the risk and benefit sharing schemes with embedded flexibility have the potential to become an alternative form of contracting in the oil and gas industry.

Features of legal regime of medical services

The article provides a comprehensive analysis of legal regulation in the medical field, reveals the features of legal regime of medical services, defines the relationship between the concepts of medical care and medical service. The author characterizes the legal and factual basis for the provision of medical services, identifies the problem of legal nature of the contract for the provision of medical services, and proves the need to strengthen the role of the contractual structure in the framework of receiving medical care under the compulsory medical insurance program. The article substantiates the need to differentiate the rights and obligations of the participants in relations that form their legal status in the healthcare sector in order to more clearly form the content of contractual obligation to provide medical services.

Analysis of Employment Contracts after Implementation of Law of The Republic Indonesia No. 11 in 2020 Concerning Employment Creation (Case Study in Pt Perkebunan Nusantara XIII)

This research aims to examine the implications of Law of The Republic of Indonesia No. 11 of 2020 On Job Creation to the substance of the Employment Contract and analyze its implementation in a company (PT Perkebunan Nusantara XIII) to the worker after the ratification of the new regulation. The employment contract material that will be studied in this study focuses on the substance of the employment contract starting from the form, contract elements, and contract structure to the anatomy of the contract enforced by PT Perkebunan Nusantara XIII. This research is descriptive empirical legal research. The research approach used is a statutory and conceptual approach with the research location at the Office of the Board of Directors of PT Perkebunan Nusantara XIII and the result is that there are changes, deletions, and the stipulation of new provisions after the enactment of the Law of The Republic of Indonesia No. 11 of 2020 On Job Creation to the substance of the Employment Contract.

Smart contract as a civil law way of disposing of digital rights: problems of theoretical substantiation and practical application

Complex socio-economic processes are simultaneously taking place in Russian society: the economy is adapting to external economic challenges and, due to the COVID-19 epidemic, many aspects of social life are being transferred online. As a result, there is a transformation of all types of entrepreneurial activity, oriented both to the end consumer and to another legal entity (B2B transactions). The digitalization of commerce objectively requires an effective legal response to the procedures for concluding and executing contracts. A feature of the Russian legal system for regulating digital assets can be considered the impossibility of concluding direct transactions, bypassing a specialized information platform.
 The article discusses the features of smart contracts as a civil law way of disposing of digital rights. The activity of an information platform operator or a market maker as an intermediary is analyzed. Their positive and negative impact on the digital asset market is shown.
 The conclusion is substantiated that the disposal of digital rights through the use of a smart contract cannot be identified with all other classical contractual structures. Smart contracts, including those that are made using blockchain and Ethereum technology, are legally different from the electronic form of a civil law contract. Despite the obvious advantages of a smart contract as a way to manage digital assets, in the absence of legal regulation, significant business risks arise that require a prompt and effective legislative solution

Toward servitization: Optimal design of uptime‐guarantee maintenance contracts

This paper analyzes the contracting of maintenance services provided by an original equipment manufacturer (OEM) to an operator for a device. The service provider can exert different levels of maintenance effort during the course of the contract and the device's reliability (uptime) is influenced by these levels. However, the service provider's effort level is noncontractible. Our research seeks to find the optimal structures, as well as parameters, of performance‐based maintenance contracts. We single out a unique uptime‐guarantee contract structure that contains profit‐maximizing contracts in many situations. Complete servitization is the essence of such optimal contract structures. With this contract structure, the service provider simply guarantees 100% uptime and compensates the operator's for any occurred downtime at a higher unit rate than it charges for maintenance services. Our findings show that some of the well‐known performance‐based contract structures used in practice (e.g., pay‐for‐performance contracts) can be suboptimal for the OEMs. We incorporate the customer's ability to affect the uptime and show that the optimal contract structures can also coordinate the customer's effort. We demonstrate the advantages and limitations of offering menus of contracts to increase the service provider's expected profits. Finally, through simulations using a sample data set, we find that a contract designed using the key ideas in our paper shows very promising results for practitioners.

Development of near-infrared light responsive cup-stacked carbon nanofiber/ITO electrodes modified with poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)

• Energy conversion among light, heat, and mechanical motion. • Photothermal conversion-based switchable mechano-electrochemical properties. • Control of electrochemical responses upon ON/OFF switching of the NIR irradiation. Reversibly activation and inhibition of electrochemical reactions at phase transition polymer-modified electrodes is of great interest from the viewpoints of application to sensing and energy conversion and storage. We synthesized the thermo-responsive poly( N -isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPA) via electrochemically induced free-radical polymerization at the surface of a cup-stacked carbon nanofiber-modified indium-tin-oxide (CSCNF/ITO) electrode. Here, CSCNFs not only allow fast electron transfer reactions with redox species because of highly ordered electroactive graphene edges at their surface but also absorb the near-infrared (NIR) light and convert to heat. As the PNIPA layer swelled at 25 ˚C, a [Fe(CN) 6 ] 3–/4– ion easily diffused to the CSCNF/ITO electrode surface due to the hydrophobic hydration of PNIPA, leading to the larger current responses. As the photothermal conversion of the CSCNF/ITO electrode occurred upon the NIR light irradiation (>940 nm), the contracted structure of PNIPA was formed due to its phase transition, resulting in the suppression of the electron transfer reaction for [Fe(CN) 6 ] 3–/4– even in the electrolyte solution at temperature below the lower critical solution temperature of PNIPA (ca. 32 ˚C). After turning off the NIR irradiation, the current response immediately turned back to the original values thanks to cooling of the electrode surface by the electrolyte solution (25 ˚C). The electron transfer reaction to dissolved redox species is now reversibly and repeatedly tunable by the phase transition of the grafted PNIPA based on not only temperature switching of the electrolyte solution but also the photothermal conversion of the CSCNF/ITO electrode upon the NIR light irradiation.

Causa as an element of the structure of a binding contract in the Spanish law

The Spanish Civil Code does not define the concept of a binding contract, although it contains the list of legal conditions on which its formation depends. As a rule, the conclusion of the contract depends upon the agreement of the parties, resulting in a binding obligation. However, this theory does not explain whether the relationship is causal or purposeful and, therefore, whether the contract is the basis for the obligation or vice versa. The problem is mainly the definition of the relationship between the binding contract and the obligation in a situation where, on the one hand, the causa is a necessary element for the validity of the contract (Article 1261 of the Spanish Civil Code) and, on the other hand, it is identified with the cause of the obligation (causa de obligación, under Article 1261(3) and Article 1274 of the Spanish Civil Code). The concept of causa is understood in a variety of ways in the Spanish law. As defined in Article 1274 of the Spanish Civil Code, it is applicable, in the case of mutual contracts, to the obligation of the other party in contract of a benefit-generating nature, to the service provided by one party in case of remunerating contracts, and to the donor's intention in case of donations. The paper contains an analysis of various types of causa and the relationship between the binding contract and the obligation understood as crucial for the scope and the essence of contractual obligations.

Analogical simulation of salt flow and associated structures in different extensional conditions

The salt layer thickness variability and the timing of salt deposition in relation to rifting (prerift salt, synrift salt, and late synrift/postrift salt) influence salt flow and the resulting growth, geometry, and kinematics of salt bodies under different extensional conditions. We apply analogue modelling to analyze the influence and interplay of each of these parameters through three series of experiments focusing on extensional salt tectonics. The first (Series I) simulates thick-skinned extension of a tabular salt layer in the absence of basement structures and explore the effects of variable salt thicknesses and extensional structural styles. Series II tests the degree of mechanical coupling of sub- and supra-salt faults according to contrasting salt thicknesses over a rotating rift block. Series III explores thin-skinned, gravity-driven deformation implementing models of i) pure-gliding (S1), ii) pure-spreading (S2) and iii) a combination of both (S3). Series I shows that the degree of symmetry and the kinematics of the structures vary due to the influence of the thickness of the salt layer. Thick salt layers tend to nucleate symmetric rifts and associated diapirs, while thin salt layers form rifts that are strongly asymmetric and rotated towards the direction of extension. Series II demonstrates that the number and dimensions of peripheral post-salt grabens, rollers, and reactive diapirs depends on the degree of coupling between sub- and supra-salt, which in turn is controlled by how the salt layer is distributed over active rift structures. Series III shows that deformation is compartmentalized into proximal, transitional, and distal domains which are characterized by extension, translation and contraction, respectively. The style and lateral extent of these domains however vary. In models where deformation is driven exclusively by tilting of the salt layer (S1) and open-toe salt advance, there is development of linear grabens cored by reactive-passive diapirs throughout most of the model length. This produces a more abrupt transition between the extensional and contractional domains and limited downdip salt inflation. In the pure-spreading model (S2), where deformation is driven solely by differential loading there is formation of a wide zone of salt inflation at the toe-of-slope and an overall greater number of contractional structures at the downdip end of the model, beyond the slope. In S3 there is development of a more variable suite of salt and overburden structures as typically observed along salt-bearing passive margins. In this model, deformation is characterized by the development of rollover and normal growth faults in the proximal domain that transition downdip onto upright diapirs associated with bowl-shaped minibasins, halokinetic sequences rotated and megaflaps. Our study improves our understanding of the extensional salt tectonic systems and the controls on different salt and post-salt geometries and kinematics.

Integrated Structures of Corporations: Ukrainian Legal Reality

The article is devoted to the study of legal nature of the mechanism for association of legal entities. Such associations of legal entities are realized in order to attract not only capital and other production resources, including labor, but also in order to satisfy nonproperty interests.Legal capacity of legal entities in the process of their merger is analyzed, based on what – statutory or contractual – association of corporations is determined. The statutory association does not lead to the creation of another fiction other than a legal entity, due to which it is ensured through its inherent organizational legal forms. The contractual association does not require the formation of a new legal entity (concern, consortium, association (union), syndicate, conglomerate, cartel, pool).In the event of such consolidation of legal entities, the contractual structure of a simple company or other joint activity is formed, formally close to such person at law as a legal entity. The difference between the above procedure of merging from the first option lies in the degree of autonomy of the members from each other, as well as in the expected result of such merger.