Contracted Basis Research Articles

Lease contract of water objects: environmental and legal aspects and prospects for use

It is emphasized that, despite social changes in the world, general processes and the importance of restoration, protection and conservation of the natural environment, there are acute problems of rational and effective use of natural resources and complexes in Ukraine. This does not fully correspond to the commonly recognized concept of the need to consider the interests of future generations and meet the contemporary needs of humanity. Based on this, it has been proven that there is an urgent need to provide the introduction of rational and effective use of natural resources and complexes, as well as to restore and preserve the latter, in order to correct the current situation, guarantee the realization of the environmental rights of every citizen of our country and the right to use natural resources in particular.
 An analysis of the norms of the current domestic legislation, in particular, water and land legislation, whose prescriptions regulate relations with the use of natural objects, including water ones, was carried out. It is argued that one of the priority steps now should be the development of a special legal mechanism, for example, by spreading the practice of using objects under a lease contract. Based on the modern trends in the functioning and development of environmental law and its leading sub-branches - water and land, it is proved that when studying the contract for the lease of water (water objects), namely its legal nature, it is of great interest to clearly establish as its object, as well as essential features of the latter.
 The ecological state of water objects on the territory of our country is characterized. It was found out that the main reason for the clear separation and legislative consolidation of the types of intended use when renting the mentioned objects is their functional purpose, since the components of the water ecosystem are interdependent and interconnected. It is proposed to bring in accordance with the provisions of the Water Code of Ukraine art. 59 of the Land Code of Ukraine, making changes to the list of types of targeted rental use. Proposals for improving the environmental (in particular, water and land) legislation of Ukraine regarding the legal basis of the water lease contract are substantiated.

Intermediate conductance Ca2+-activated potassium channels are activated by functional coupling with stretch-activated nonselective cation channels in cricket myocytes.

Cooperative gating of localized ion channels ranges from fine-tuning excitation-contraction coupling in muscle cells to controlling pace-making activity in the heart. Membrane deformation resulting from muscle contraction activates stretch-activated (SA) cation channels. The subsequent Ca2+ influx activates spatially localized Ca2+-sensitive K+ channels to fine-tune spontaneous muscle contraction. To characterize endogenously expressed intermediate conductance Ca2+-activated potassium (IK) channels and assess the functional relevance of the extracellular Ca2+ source leading to IK channel activity, we performed patch-clamp techniques on cricket oviduct myocytes and recorded single-channel data. In this study, we first investigated the identification of IK channels that could be distinguished from endogenously expressed large-conductance Ca2+-activated potassium (BK) channels by adding extracellular Ba2+. The single-channel conductance of the IK channel was 62 pS, and its activity increased with increasing intracellular Ca2+ concentration but was not voltage-dependent. These results indicated that IK channels are endogenously expressed in cricket oviduct myocytes. Second, the Ca2+ influx pathway that activates the IK channel was investigated. The absence of extracellular Ca2+ or the presence of Gd3+ abolished the activity of IK channels. Finally, we investigated the proximity between SA and IK channels. The removal of extracellular Ca2+, administration of Ca2+ to the microscopic region in a pipette, and application of membrane stretching stimulation increased SA channel activity, followed by IK channel activity. Membrane stretch-induced SA and IK channel activity were positively correlated. However, the emergence of IK channel activity and its increase in response to membrane mechanical stretch was not observed without Ca2+ in the pipette. These results strongly suggest that IK channels are endogenously expressed in cricket oviduct myocytes and that IK channel activity is regulated by neighboring SA channel activity. In conclusion, functional coupling between SA and IK channels may underlie the molecular basis of spontaneous rhythmic contractions.

Genome Sequence Resource of Ustilago crameri, a Fungal Pathogen Causing Millet Smut Disease of Foxtail Millet.

Genome Sequence Resource of Ustilago crameri, a Fungal Pathogen Causing Millet Smut Disease of Foxtail Millet.

Neka otvorena pitanja vezana za minimalnu zaradu u Republici Srbiji

The minimum wage in the Republic of Serbia is determined on the basis of the minimum wage determined in accordance with the Labour Law, working hours and taxes and contributions paid from wages. The minimum wage should be the minimum amount of money, which should enable employees to meet basic living needs. Unfortunately, its amount in practice is often not enough to provide for the basic living needs of employees and their family members. The employer should pay the minimum wage when, due to business disruption, he is unable to pay a wage that would be higher than it, ie. it should be an extraordinary phenomenon in the world of labor and capital. However, the minimum wage is becoming the rule of payment for employees in many industries in the Republic of Serbia. One of the question related to the miniimum wage is whether it can be considered in accordance with the Decisions of the Government and the Socio-Economic Council as the net amount paid for the employment of all persons per hour, regardless of the legal basis of their work. This statement is suported by the used legal definition of minimum labour cost. For example, working under a contract on temporary and periodical jobs is the same as any other kind of work, even though work is conducted outside of employment relationship. According to the Law on Contributions for Complulsory Social Insurance, work within the employment relationship and work on the basis of contracts on temporary and periodical jobs are viewed equally from the perspective of contributions paid on wages. In the light of international labour standards, according to the Minimum Wage Fixing Convention No. 131 of the International Labour Organization, each member of the International Labour Organization which ratifies this Convention undertakes to establish a system of minimum wages which covers all groups of wage earners whose terms of employment are such that coverage would be appropriate. Since the Republic of Serbia has ratified this Convention, it directly applies to all groups of workers, including those hired on the basis of contracts for temporary and occasional work. Regarding the civil service system, the Law on Salaries in State Bodies and Public Servicies stipulates that the coefficient on the basis of which the basic salary of employees in state bodies and public services is determined expresses the complexity of work, responsibility, working conditions and education. The coefficient also contains an allowance in the name of compensation for food during work and recourse for the use of annual leave. The practical question arose as to whether employees who are paid the minimum wage in the general regime of labour relations are entitled to a suplement in the name of compensation for food during work and recourse for the use of annual leave, ie. whether the minimum wage in the Republic of Serbia should include these allowances. The authors will analyze the issues raised in the previous parts of the text, but also other issues related to the minimum wage and present views for their solution.

УЧАСНИКИ РИНКУ ЕЛЕКТРИЧНОЇ ЕНЕРГІЇ ЯК СУБ'ЄКТИ ПРАВОВІДНОСИН У СФЕРІ ЕЛЕКТРОЕНЕРГЕТИКИ

Background. One of the features of relations in the field of electric power industry should be considered their special subject composition. In the electric power industry, there was a reform related to the introduction of a competitive electricity market, which qualitatively changed the rules for the organization and functioning of the electricity market, which determines the relevance of the study. The purpose is to study market participants who are part of a special composition of subjects of legal relations. The objectives of the study are to clarify the correlation of the concepts of economic relations in the field of electricity and the electricity market; correlation between the concepts of a participant in the electricity market and a participant in relations in the field of electricity; sectoral nature of legal relations in the electricity market; peculiarities of the conceptual and terminological apparatus of the Law of Ukraine "On the Electricity Market"; which entities are participants in the electricity market and the peculiarities of their legal status; specifics of the legal status of an active consumer as a participant in the electricity market. Methods. The research is based on the use of systemic, structural methods, methods of analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, formal-legal and logical-legal methods of scientific research. Results. The results of the study consist of the formulation of theoretical provisions and practical proposals for improving the legislation of Ukraine. Conclusions. Conclusions are drawn about the non-identity of the concepts of economic relations in the field of electric power industry and the electricity market. Subjects of organizational and economic powers are not recognized as participants in the electricity market. The concept of participants in the electricity market is covered by the general concept of participants in relations in the field of electricity. Legal relations in the market are complex, the core of which is economic legal relations. The conceptual and terminological apparatus of the Law of Ukraine "On the Electricity Market" has close structural links with the general concepts of economic law, which are normatively enshrined in the Commercial Code of Ukraine. The general list of market participants enshrined in the law is not exhaustive. It is proposed to supplement it with an aggregator. Market participants – business entities – are classified into two groups. An active consumer has the right to carry out activities for the production of electricity under the mechanism of self-production, which is not an economic activity, as well as the right to sell this electricity or provide other services on the basis of contracts.

ИДЕИ ПОЛЯ ГОЛЬБАХА ОБ ОБЩЕСТВЕННОМ ДОГОВОРЕ И ИХ ЗНАЧЕНИЕ ДЛЯ СОВРЕМЕННОСТИ

The paper reveals theoretical approaches to the development of the ideas of the social contract in the works by Paul Holbach and their significance for nowadays. The author of the article draws attention to such relevant provisions of Holbach’s works for today’s realities as criticism of absolutism, ideological control, social evils of power, the need to develop and support the middle class, etc. It is shown that Holbach understands mutually beneficial, voluntary interaction between a citizen and the state based on mutual rights and obligations as the basis of a social contract. Proceeding from the ideas of P. Holbach, the author of the article considers the possibilities of voluntary subordination of the country’s citizens to the social contract through such indicators as: solidarity with the policy of state power, trust in the authorities, political and social institutions, and persons personifying them, satisfaction with life and the state of affairs in the country, a sense that the state acts in the interests of all citizens.

Czy celowe jest wprowadzanie możliwości przenoszenia spółdzielczego własnościowego prawa do lokalu na podstawie umowy o dożywocie?

The cooperative ownership right to premises is a limited right in rem. Although since 31 July 2007 it is not possible to establish new cooperative ownership rights to premises, the existence of those that have been effectively established is not limited by any time limit. Authorized persons can dispose of them freely. Due to the fact that the premises being the subject of cooperative ownership rights are not real estate from the formal and legal point of view, they cannot be the subject of agreements that are used to transfer the ownership of real estate. This means that the cooperative ownership right to the premises cannot be transferred, in particular, on the basis of an annuity agreement. The analysis carried out in this study indicates that there are no obstacles preventing a change in the law aimed at creating the possibility of disposing of cooperative ownership rights to premises on the basis of an annuity contract. Such a change will remove the systemic inconsistency resulting from the fact that the cooperative ownership right to premises may be subject to transfer on the basis of a reverse mortgage loan agreement, and cannot be subject to transfer on the basis of an annuity agreement with a similar function. Creating the possibility of disposing of cooperative ownership rights to premises on the basis of an annuity agreement should not be limited only to the introduction of a provision to the Civil Code enabling the appropriate application of the provisions on annuity to agreements the purpose and effect of which is the transfer of the cooperative ownership right to premises in exchange for a commitment by its buyer to provide the seller with life support. Achieving the above-mentioned objectives of this amendment to the Civil Code, and in particular the proper protection of the interests of persons disposing of cooperative ownership rights to premises in exchange for a lifetime maintenance obligation, also requires consideration of amendments to some other acts, such as the Act on Housing Cooperatives and the Act on Land and Mortgage Registers and Mortgage. The changes in the legal status proposed in this study may improve the ability of older people to obtain care under civil law contracts.

Načelo pouzdanja u Registar nepokretnosti i ugovorno sticanje svojine od knjižnog vlasnika - prvi deo

Under the so-called causal tradition system governing the transfer of property, in order to acquire property rights on immovable property under the contractual acquisition rules, the acquirer first has to conclude a legally valid contract with the real estate owner, and then enter the acquired property into the Real Estate Cadastre. The acquisition of the ownership right will not occur in case the registration was made on the basis of an invalid contract or in case the contract has been concluded with a non-owner (which is determined only after the registration). If the acquirer had disposed of the acquired right before the contract was cancelled, the right to acquire ceases to exist for all subsequent acquirers. Nevertheless, due to the legal effect of the principles of trust and security of legal transactions, a conscientious (bona fide) third party remains the owner or the holder of another real estate right (e.g. mortgage) that was acquired from the registered owner who was wrongly or incompletely entered into the real estate register. The principle of trust in real estate records refers to reliance on all legal data that can be established by inspecting the land registry or cadastral records, which are complete and trustworthy. A third party is conscientious (bona fide) acquirer if, in the circumstances governing the conclusion of the contract and the state of affairs in the cadastral records, he/she could not have had any reason to suspect or doubt the accuracy or veracity of data from the public cadastral records. In Serbian legislation and judicial practice, in order to maintain the presumption of conscientiousness (acting in good faith), it is necessary to check whether the person is a registered owner or an unregisted owner. Although such practice may call into question the effect of the principle of trust, the author considers it to be justified because the cadastral records are still not completely accurate. De lege ferenda, the principle of trust should apply to a conscientious (bona fide) acquirer. Conscientiousness entails the examination of the registered owner but, if the circumstances of the case cast any doubt on the accuracy of cadastral records, conscientiousness must also include the examination of the unregistered owner.

ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ ПУБЛИЧНЫХ ЗЕМЕЛЬ ИЛИ ЗЕМЕЛЬНЫХ УЧАСТКОВ ДЛЯ РАЗМЕЩЕНИЯ НЕСТАЦИОНАРНЫХ ТОРГОВЫХ ОБЪЕКТОВ

Introduction: the development of legislation in the field of non-stationary retail trade in general and the use of public lands or land plots for the placement of non-stationary retail facilities (NSRFs) in particular have long been under the attention of the legislator. Several bills were drafted for this purpose, which, however, were subsequently rejected. The search for a model of legal regulation of the use of public lands or land plots for the placement of NSRFs resulted in supplementing the Land Code of the Russian Federation with Chapter V.6. To regulate the relations in question, the legislator introduced an original construction of titleless use of public lands or land plots, which has not yet received an unambiguous assessment from both researchers and law enforcers. Purpose: to provide scientific and theoretical substantiation of the need to regulate the analyzed relations within the framework of land legislation on the basis of a civil contract of lease. Methods: general scientific methods (method of formal and dialectical logic; methods of comparison, description, interpretation) and special scientific methods (formal legal; grammatical, historical, systematic, logical, and teleological interpretation of legal norms). Result: relations on the placement of NSRFs on public lands or land plots are, according to the author, unreasonably excluded from the scope of the Land Code of the Russian Federation. The regulation of these relations in Federal Law No. 381-FZ ‘On the Basic Principles of State Regulation of Trading Activities in the Russian Federation’ not only did not simplify the procedure and conditions for using public lands or land plots for the placement of NSRFs but turned out to be practically unrealizable. Currently, the procedure and conditions for the placement of NSRFs on public lands or plots are mainly regulated by the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, whose acts allow for variability in the legal formalization of relations in these cases. Contrary to the provisions of Item 1 of Article 39.36 of the Land Code of the Russian Federation, the relations on the placement of NSRFs on public lands or land plots are mediated not by the scheme of placement, but by a contract for an NSRF placement or lease. Comparing these contracts, the author finds no grounds for classifying the contract for the placement of an NSRF as a separate type of contract (non-typed contract). Given the above, the regulation of the relations in question should be carried out under the Land Code of the Russian Federation by providing land plots, their parts as well as lands for lease.

POVERTY, TRUST, AND SOCIAL DISTANCE: A SELF-REINFORCING “POVERTY TRAP”?

AbstractWe consider the concept of poverty from the asset-accumulation approach and propose an integrated framework, building upon existing theories, to describe how the interconnected factors of trust (or lack thereof) and social distance can reinforce poverty traps. Social distance is influenced by choice, while trust is the symptom that defines the strength of social ties on a group. We look at how an absence of trust influences how households make decisions about the use and accumulation of assets in ways that could perpetuate poverty. Weak trust also affects how groups interact with each other in a society, creating “trust clusters” within homogeneous groups and antagonism across groups, which in turn affects aspirations and leads to an erosion of the basis of a social contract. For more effective and sustainable poverty reduction, we need to understand these linkages and address them systematically.

ВИБІР МАРКЕТИНГОВИХ КАНАЛІВ РОЗПОДІЛУ В ІНТЕГРОВАНІЙ МАРКЕТИНГОВІЙ СИСТЕМІ ЗБУ

The article summarizes the main problems of selling agricultural products, carries out a meaningful analysis of distribution marketing channels and the functions performed by their participants, with the determination of strengths and weaknesses, advantages and disadvantages of each of them in modern conditions of agribusiness. In the process of research, we set the task of researching integrated marketing systems that are based on the joint work of participants. At the same time, participants can cooperate on a permanent or temporary (contractual) basis, create a cooperation of enterprises in a similar field of specialization. Within the framework of the study, the characteristics of marketing channels for the distribution of agricultural products and their adaptation in accordance with market conditions are provided horizontal and vertical marketing systems are compared from the point of view of functions, their strengths and weaknesses are established, directions for improving the product sales system are proposed. Identified opportunities to improve marketing channels by: strengthening of supporting organizational structures (for example, financial institutions, insurance agencies and rural transport companies); improving physical infrastructure (eg roads, electrification and communication services); use of horizontal marketing systems based on cooperation between farmers. It was determined that the creation of marketing channels based on the cooperation of farmers, their resource potential, product distribution are effective integrated product sales systems today, which will allow to obtain synergistic effects and mutual benefit for farmers. It is proposed to give preference to wholesale food markets, which create the most favorable con- ditions for the sale of farmers' products. It has been established that wholesale food markets create the most favorable conditions for the sale of farmers' products, especially with small sales volumes, because the wholesale food market is an opportunity for the quick sale of produced agricultural products, with the protection of the legitimate interests and rights of agricultural produc- ers who carry out the wholesale sale of agricultural products of their own production.

Theory of labor relations in the context of the transformation of the sphere of work: designation of the problem

The problems of modernization of the subject of Labor Law and the theory of labor relations in the context of the transformation of the labor sphere are considered. Based on the historical analysis of the process of structuring the law on the branches, the direction of development of private-public branches and, above all, Labor Law is predicted. The convergence of the theory of a single indivisible labor legal relationship by N.G. Aleksandrov and the theory of a complex of unified labor relations V.N. Skobelkin in the context of the transition to new technological paradigms and the growth of differentiation in the ways of organizing labor. On the basis of the theory of a complex of unified labor legal relations, ways are proposed to expand the subject of the branch of Labor Law by including in it new relations arising on a contractual and non-contractual basis related to the use of human labor. The necessity of changing the presumption of proving the existence of labor relations, the three-subject composition of the participants in the system of legal relations arising from the use of agency labor (a contract for the provision of an employee), and the joint liability of subjects on the side of the employer (solidary employer) are substantiated.

ГЕНЕЗИС ГЕРМАНО-ЯПОНСКИХ ДВУСТОРОННИХ ОТНОШЕНИЙ ВО ВТОРОЙ ПОЛОВИНЕ XIX В.

The paper provides a retrospective historical overview of forming and developing bilateral relations between Germany and Japan in the second half of the 19th century on the basis of documents and materials, previously largely not introduced into Russian scientific discourse. Taking as an example the commemorative events marking the 160th anniversary of the f irst diplomatic treaty, the relevance of the research subject which allows a clearer logic and features understanding of the modern dialogue between the two countries. The prerequisites and historical conditions for the interaction genesis as well as the contractual and factual basis of cooperation are studied. The article highlights the preparatory stage, negotiation process, practical results and strategic consequences of the expedition of Friedrich zu Eulenburg in 1859–1862 as well as the Treaty of Friendship, Trade and Navigation conclusion between Prussia and Japan, the contribution of Iwakura 1871–1873 mission in the political and cultural rapprochement between Japan and Germany, the role of Major Clemens Meckel in the modernization of the Japanese army, the assistance of lawyer Hermann Roesler in forming Japanese Meiji statehood, government institutions and legal framework. The influence of German military doctors on the development of Japanese military medicine is shown as well as the reflection of Japanese topics in German public life and art is illustrated.

Using Koopmans' theorem for constructing basis sets: approaching high Rydberg excited states of lithium with a compact Gaussian basis.

For accurate ab initio description of Rydberg excited states, this study suggests generating appropriate diffuse basis functions by cheap variational optimization of virtual orbitals of the corresponding ion core. By following this approach, dozens of converged correlated lithium Rydberg states, namely, all the states up to 24 2S, 25 2P, 14 2D, 16 2F and 16 2G, not yet achieved via other ab initio approaches, could be obtained at the EOM-CCSD level of theory with compact and mostly state-selective contracted Gaussian basis sets. Despite its small size and Gaussian character, the optimized basis leads to highly accurate excitation energies that differ merely in the order of meV from the reference state-of-the-art explicitly correlated Gaussian method and even surpass Full-CI results on the Slater basis by an order of magnitude.

“La Trahison des Images”: Intentional discrepancy between individual will and its declaration

The paper is intended to pursue the old issue of the underlying basis of contracts as well as legal transactions on the whole. The main idea is, consequently, to explore, using example of vices of will caused by intentional discrepancy between the internal will and its declaration, which theoretical pattern should be applied to the legislative regulation, which is in force nowadays first of all within the civil law legal space. In particular, with the aim of answering, in a way, the question whether it is really obvious that the dogma of the autonomy of the will here is no longer the basis of the rules of contract. Brief comparative overview demonstrates that despite the significantly different viewpoints of the doctrines as to the basis of legal transaction, and above all, a contract, many legal systems of continental Europe do take a serious account of the subjective element and proceed openly or implicitly from the necessity that the internal will should correspond to its external expression. At the same time, within the contract law, in some cases it is being spoken of consensus and its vices. However, if consensus in such cases means nothing but agreement on the parties’ intentions, we are still dealing with the same subjective approach, based to a large extent upon the central idea of the old will theory and its modifications, attaching at least considerable degree of importance to the individual will.

Dynamics of Economic Relations between Germany and the USSR 1969—1974: Main Directions, Achievements and Problems

The growth of economic cooperation became a significant component of the improvement of relations between the Soviet Union and Germany during the reign of Willy Brandt (1969—1974). The article examines the contractual basis of bilateral economic relations (gas-pipe deal of 1970, Moscow Treaty of 1970, trade agreement of 1972, agreement on the development of industrial and technical cooperation of 1973). The structure of trade turnover is determined, that is, the content of exports and imports of counterparties (what they traded). The most important economic projects and transactions are also considered, both successfully implemented and unrealized for various reasons. An analysis is carried out of the main problems and limiting factors that hampered the development of economic relations between West Germany and the USSR during this period.

НЕЧЕТКАЯ ОЦЕНКА ПЕРСПЕКТИВНОСТИ ЗАКАЗА ДЛЯ ИННОВАЦИОННОГО ПРЕДПРИЯТИЯ

The authors of this article propose developing a methodology for assessing the potential of an order for an innovative industrial enterprise, taking into account uncertainty at the contracting stage and using international industry profitability and turnover standards. Such a proposal is positioned in the «modified marginal profitability – asset turnover» coordinates. Depending on the niche that the order falls into, the enterprise chooses one of three negotiation strategies for the order: a) determining the volume of concessions, b) fighting for basic contract terms, or c) refusing to execute the order. Accounting for uncertainty in the order based on a fuzzy model allows the enterprise to assess the risks that, during the order's life cycle, it will be depositioned (change its niche) and ultimately prove unprofitable for the enterprise. A calculation example is included. Order risk management based on a fuzzy model enables enterprises to take preemptive measures to counter risks (shortening production times, minimizing the cost of the order, hedging import operations, etc.). If the integrated risk during the negotiation stage exceeds 20%, the order priority should be reduced and the terms of its contract should be reevaluated during the negotiation or tender process. This article focuses on the starting risk background around the order. However, a model can be proposed in which the integrated risk of the order is assessed at all stages of its life cycle, including aftersales services. These proposals are aimed at enterprises with smallscale custom production and a high proportion of hightech products in circulation. For such enterprises, order risk management is the basis for survival and maintaining acceptable levels of profitability.

ECONOMIC INEQUALITIES IN PROFESSIONAL SOCIAL ROLES OF MEN AND WOMEN IN POLAND

The article concerns the payment disparities of men and women in the d City Hall. The purpose of the paper is to explain the phenomenon concerning the difference in average wages of men and women employed on the basis of employment contracts according to the positions held in the City Hall of d, as of March 3, 2021. An attempt to establish the reasons of pay differentials was made. The presented assessment of processes and their influence on this gender pay gap, especially among employees holding managerial positions, indicates the reason of pay inequalities.

Testing Black Scholes and Garch Model Options on Gold Price Index With Long Strangle Strategy Using 1985-2020 Data

Objective - This research examines the implementation of options contracts on gold prices using GARCH and Black Scholes models accompanied by a long strangle strategy. Methodology – This research used 36 years of secondary data for daily gold prices from www.gold.org obtained from the year 1985 to 2020. The implementation of options contracts on gold prices using GARCH and Black Scholes models with long strangle strategy through three types of maturity dates (1-month, 2-months, and 3-months). These results were tested by comparing the average percentage value of the actual options premium price and the options calculated using the AMSE (Average Mean Square Error) methodology, where the smallest percentage value is a more precise reflection of the model. Findings – The research indicates that the results of the error percentage for 1-month, 2-months, and 3-months maturities increased linearly along with the size of the maturity period of the option contract also profit percentage of long strangle strategy for gold price option contract in average 17-27% or below 30%. Novelty – Based on the research result, the long strangle strategy is not the best strategy regarding the gold price option contract, and this study can contribute to current practices for the investor. Also, this research is unique because no research used gold price data for 36 years (daily basis) for the options contracts. Type of Paper - Empirical Keywords: Gold Price; Options Contract; Black Scholes; GARCH; Long Strangle; AMSE JEL Classification: G11, G13. Reference to this paper should be made as follows: Hendrawan, R; Maharsasi, D.E. (2022). Testing Black Scholes and Garch Model Options on Gold Price Index With Long Strangle Strategy Using 1985-2020 Data, J. Fin. Bank. Review, 7(3), 160 – 174. https://doi.org/10.35609/jfbr.2022.7.3(3)

TOOLKIT FOR ENSURING SYSTEMIC DEVELOPMENT OF HEALTH CARE INSTITUTIONS IN UKRAINE

The research emphasizes the objectively existing need, as well as the problem of ensuring effective management of the systemic development of health care institutions in Ukraine, in particular in the segment of private ownership. The purpose of the study is to determine the scientific substantiation of the theoretical, methodological and applied characteristics of the implementation of the toolkit for ensuring the systemic development of health care institutions in Ukraine, which provides for institutional and structural reforms in the field for the sake of organizations and the constant improvement of the quality of medical care for the population in accordance with international standards. It is shown that every enterprise is an open complex dynamic system that functions in a defined external environment. The modern socio-economic environment is characterized by a high rate of change, which can sometimes be predicted with low probability. Maintaining the existing state of the enterprise and moving forward is possible only under conditions of effective adaptation of the enterprise to changes in the external environment Options for ensuring systemic development of health care institutions, namely, internal growth due to more effective use of own resource potential; redistribution of internal resources, focusing them on progressive types of economic activity; termination of the provision of a number of services that require higher quality resources, in their real absence; transfer of certain types of activities, not provided with resources, to other performers on a contractual basis; merger / acquisition with the aim of improving the system of medical care of the population. The advantages and disadvantages and peculiarities of practical implementation of relevant strategic decisions are indicated. The scientific novelty of the research results lies in the further development of methodological and applied principles of strategic management of the development of health care institutions due to the identification of strategic alternatives for the efficiency of activities, as well as tools and means, the implementation of which ensures systemic development. The applied value of the research results lies in the development of various scenarios for the further balanced development of health care institutions.