Contracting Research Articles

МОДЕЛЬ ГИБКОГО УПРАВЛЕНИЯ ТРАНСПОРТОМ ОБЩЕГО ПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ

The authors analyzed the existing contract system of the passenger transportation and proposed a new model of adaptable transit control, eliminating the disadvantages of the existing model of transportation management.

Transboundary fine dust pollution in China and Korea: How has international politics impeded environmental negotiations?

AbstractTransboundary fine dust has been a leading cause of dispute between China and Korea since the mid‐2010s. This study observes that transboundary fine dust is not purely an environmental issue, but rather mixed with political and diplomatic challenges. Despite the emerging bilateral and multilateral efforts to tackle this issue, this research sheds light on how political and diplomatic factors have undermined the outcomes of environmental negotiations between China and Korea. We highlight three dimensions of policy‐based studies: scientific joint research on source‐receptor relationships, interstate environmental negotiations, and multilateral environmental institutions in Northeast Asia. This study argues that transboundary fine dust cooperation has been extensively entangled with national political interests and proceeded via diplomatic channels, leading to the current absence of binding agreements and policy commitments. Therefore, a steady process of de‐linking environmental cooperation and diplomatic fluctuations would be the best direction to proceed in a long‐term perspective.

Analysis Of the Implementation of The Hybrid Contract Murabahah Bil Wakalah Agreement System in Griya Madani Financing Reviewed from Fatwa DSN No.04/DSN-MUI/IV/2000: Study at PT BPRS Metro Madani, Jatimulyo Branch Office

Purpose: PT BPRS Metro Madani Jatimulyo Branch Office offers a product called Griya Madani which is a combination of two types of contracts in one agreement, namely the murabahah bil wakalah contract (by order). Murabahah is a sale and purchase of the cost of goods plus a margin as profit from the seller. Along with its development, the murabahah contract was included in Islamic bank financing and combined with the wakalah contract so that it was known as murabahah bil wakalah. The provisions of murabahah bil wakalah are contained in Fatwa Number 04/DSN-MUI/IV/2000 point nine which among other things stipulates that when a bank wants to sell an item, the item must in principle become the property of the bank first. The purpose of this study was to analyze whether the hybrid contract murabahah bil wakalah contract system on Griya Madani financing at PT BPRS Metro Madani Jatimulyo Branch Office which was implemented at PT BPRS Metro Madani Jatimulyo Branch Office was by Fatwa Number 04/DSN-MUI/IV/2000 Methodology: The research method used a qualitative research method with a descriptive approach. Findings: The results of this thesis research conclude that the application of the hybrid contract murabahah bil wakalah contract system contained in the Griya Madani financing at PT BPRS Metro Madani Jatimulyo Branch Office is by Fatwa Number 04/DSN-MUI/IV/2000 concerning murabahah.

AniraBlock: A leap towards dynamic smart contracts in agriculture using blockchain based key-value format framework

Blockchain technology offers data transparency and traceability, which is particularly useful in the agricultural sector, especially within the supply chains of commodities like coffee and fish. This sector often encounters issues such as quality degradation, unclear information, and socioeconomic injustice affecting stakeholders. The implementation of Static Smart Contracts (SSCs) on blockchains provides a structured method for executing agreements. However, this approach also has limitations, including a lack of flexibility and responsiveness to dynamic changes in the supply chain. Despite these challenges, blockchain remains a valuable tool for ensuring transaction transparency, traceability, and integrity, which are vital in agriculture. These limitations involve unchangeable parameters, rigid rules, and constraints on adaptability and scalability. This study aims to tackle these issues by designing a more dynamic and responsive smart contract system. We introduce AniraBlock, a revolutionary concept for the agricultural supply chain, particularly in the coffee and fish sectors, by implementing Dynamic Smart Contracts (DSCs) based on a key-value format framework. Unlike SSCs, DSCs offer enhanced adaptability and scalability, addressing the former's limitations. Our study adopts a mixed-method approach, utilizing both qualitative and quantitative data to validate AniraBlock's effectiveness. Preliminary results show significant improvements in data management and supply chain transparency. The proposed framework has the potential to influence the agricultural sector by boosting data integrity and operational efficiency.

ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫХ ЗАКУПОК В СООТВЕТСТВИИ С ТРЕБОВАНИЯМИ ЭФФЕКТИВНОГО ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ БЮДЖЕТНЫХ СРЕДСТВ

The article considers the organization of procurement for public needs as the most important tool in the structure of the modern economy based on the requirements of effective use of budgetary funds. For a better comprehensive understanding of the modern practice of public procurement, the work uses the experience of the relevant type of activity for the period from 2014 to 2021 of the Academy of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia – the leading educational organization subordinate to the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia. Step-by-step work in this area at the Academy of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia has been studied in terms of creating a contract service and a unified procurement commission in accordance with the requirements of the legislation on the contract system. In order to establish the impact of the quality of work on the organization of public procurement on the efficiency of the use of budgetary funds, the procurement activities of an educational organization are analyzed. The importance of obtaining and using financial savings for the needs of the Academy of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia is shown by the example of procurement of contract works for the overhaul of educational organization facilities.

PRAKTEK JUAL BELI DI PASAR TRADISIONAL DESA PANDAHAN KECAMATAN BATI-BATI DALAM PERSFEKTIF EKONOMI ISLAM

This research was motivated by the existence of a traditional market in Pandahan Village, Bati-bati District, which is a traditional market with an Islamic nuanced system. Therefore, this study aims to find out how the practice of buying and selling practices of traditional markets in Pandahan Village, Bati-bati District, from an Islamic economic perspective. This type of research is field research conducted with qualitative assessment. The location of the study is at the Traditional Market of Pandahan Village which is located at Jl. A. Yani km 28 RT 04 Pandahan Village, Bati-bati District, Tanah Laut Regency, Kalimantan Province, South Kalimantan. The results showed that , the traders of the traditional market of Pandahan Village, Bati-bati District apply the practice of buying and selling with a perfect contract system, the right to vote (khiyar), voluntary, without containing elements of coercion, bringing benefits and avoiding mudharat in society, avoiding garar, avoiding riba

Use of Transcriptomics to Reveal the Joint Immunotoxicity Mechanism Initiated by Difenoconazole and Chlorothalonil in the Human Jurkat T-Cell Line.

It is very important to evaluate the immunotoxicity and molecular mechanisms of pesticides. In this study, difenoconazole and chlorothalonil were evaluated for immunotoxicity by using the human Jurkat T-cell line, and the EC50 were 24.66 and 1.17 mg/L, respectively. The joint exposure of difenoconazole and chlorothalonil showed a synergistic effect at low concentrations (lower than 10.58 mg/L) but an antagonistic effect at high concentrations (higher than 10.58 mg/L). With joint exposure at a concentration of EC10, the proportion of late apoptotic cells was 2.26- and 2.91-fold higher than that with exposure to difenoconazole or chlorothalonil alone, respectively. A transcriptomics analysis indicated that the DEGs for single exposure are associated with immunodeficiency disease. Single exposure to chlorothalonil was mainly involved in cation transportation, extracellular matrix organization, and leukocyte cell adhesion. Single exposure to difenoconazole was mainly involved in nervous system development, muscle contraction, and immune system processes. However, when the joint exposure dose was EC10, the DEGs were mainly involved in the formation of cell structures, but the DEGs were mainly involved in cellular processes and metabolism when the joint exposure dose was EC25. The results indicated that the immunotoxicological mechanisms underlying joint exposure to difenoconazole and chlorothalonil are different under low and high doses.

Profiling Novel Quinuclidine-Based Derivatives as Potential Anticholinesterase Drugs: Enzyme Inhibition and Effects on Cell Viability.

The cholinergic system, relying on the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh), plays a significant role in muscle contraction, cognition, and autonomic nervous system regulation. The enzymes acetylcholinesterase, AChE, and butyrylcholinesterase, BChE, responsible for hydrolyzing ACh, can fine-tune the cholinergic system's activity and are, therefore, excellent pharmacological targets to address a range of medical conditions. We designed, synthesized, and profiled 14 N-alkyl quaternary quinuclidines as inhibitors of human AChE and BChE and analyzed their impact on cell viability to assess their safety in the context of application as potential therapeutics. Our results showed that all of the 14 tested quinuclidines inhibited both AChE and BChE in the micromolar range (Ki = 0.26 - 156.2 μM). The highest inhibition potency was observed for two bisquaternary derivatives, 7 (1,1'-(decano)bis(3-hydroxyquinuclidinium bromide)) and 14 (1,1'-(decano)bis(3-hydroxyiminoquinuclidinium bromide)). The cytotoxic effect within 7-200 μM was observed only for monoquaternary quinuclidine derivatives, especially those with the C12-C16 alkyl chain. Further analysis revealed a time-independent mechanism of action, significant LDH release, and a decrease in the cells' mitochondrial membrane potential. Taking all results into consideration, we can confirm that a quinuclidine core presents a good scaffold for cholinesterase binding and that two bisquaternary quinuclidine derivatives could be considered as candidates worth further investigations as drugs acting in the cholinergic system. On the other hand, specific cell-related effects probably triggered by the free long alkyl chain in monoquaternary quinuclidine derivatives should not be neglected in future N-alkyl quaternary quinuclidine derivative structure refinements. Such an effect and their potential to interact with other specific targets, as indicated by a pharmacophore model, open up a new perspective for future investigations of these compounds' scaffold in the treatment of specific conditions and diseases other than cholinergic system-linked disorders.

Contracted description of driven degenerate multilevel quantum systems

We formulate a contraction theorem that maps quantum dynamics of a multilevel degenerate system (DS) driven by a time-dependent external field to the dynamics of the corresponding contracted non-degenerate system (CNS) of lower dimension, provided transitions between each pair of degenerate levels in the DS have identical transition dipole moments. The theorem is valid for an external field of any strength and shape, with and without rotating wave approximation in the system–field interaction. It establishes explicit relations between DS and CNS observables, significantly simplifies numerical calculations, and clarifies physical origins of the field-induced DS dynamics.

TINJAUAN HUKUM ISLAM TERHADAP TRANSAKSI JUAL BELI BUAH PEPAYA CALIFORNIA DI POHON

This type of research uses a type of qualitative research. The data sources used are the population and samples, then the data collection technique is carried out by means of observation, interviews and documentation. The results showed that the practice of buying and selling California papayas on trees that occurred in Duampanua Village was a transaction that was often carried out by the community when California papayas were ready to be harvested. The reason farmers buy and sell is because it is considered practical The mechanism for evaluating the buying and selling of fruit on the tree is carried out by means of farmers and buyers alike appraising the fruit on the tree after estimating the amount of the harvest then determining the price There are two methods of determining the price, namely paying cash and paying after harvest while the implementation of the Ijab and Kabul is carried out orally in Islamic economics the practice of buying and selling fruit on trees is included in the practice of buying and selling fruit which is halal. Considering that the practice of buying and selling fruit on trees in Duampanua Village, Andreapi Polewali Mandar District, the fruit has been seen and there is also a contract system which has been agreed upon in the contract where the farmer's tree will change hands within a period of several months according to the agreed contract.

Possibilities of Legal Mechanisms to Counteract Greenwashing to Achieve the Principles of Sustainable Development

Objective: The paper examines the practice where companies use environmental advertising or statements about their environmental responsibility to promote their products or services (greenwashing). The objective of the study is to analyze the main signs of greenwashing and develop recommendations for countering environmental offenses. Methods: The research methods are based on the analysis of a limited number of studies that were selected according to special parameters and comprehensively considered. Methods of analogy and comparative analysis were also used. Results: The main signs of greenwashing, the negative consequences to which greenwashing can lead, and the main measures to control this kind of environmental offense are considered. According to the results of the study, it has been concluded that at the international level, greenwashing should be defined as a socially dangerous culpable act that contradicts the norms of law and harms society, the state, individual citizens, and the environment. Conclusion: To counteract greenwashing, it is necessary to introduce a ban on the application of seals that are not introduced by state bodies and are not based on a certification system; a ban on eco-friendly labeling without providing evidence, and without certificates; and a ban on eco-friendly statements about the product, if they relate only to a certain aspect of the product. Furthermore, a system of public reports needs to be introduced where manufacturers can publish reports about their production processes and product test results. This will help consumers make informed decisions about the purchase of products. Besides that, environmental, social, and governance principles need to be implemented in the contract system, together with a penalty system.

Legal Protection of Employee Work Agreements with the Contract System Based on Law Number 6 of 2023 (Study of PT Sunwoo Garment Indonesia)

Legal Protection of Employee Work Agreements with the Contract System Based on Law Number 6 of 2023 (Study of PT Sunwoo Garment Indonesia)

The Agreements on Mutual Support of Subjects of Family Relations in Uzbekistan

The article analyzes the role, importance, and types of family contracts in the family legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The concept and legal nature of an agreement on the payment of alimony are considered in the system of family contracts. At the same time, proposals are made on the issues of mutual support among family members.

Blockchain and Smart Contract System for Digital Certificate

Abstract: An millions of students Graduates per year. A student generates lots of certificates during their education. For further studies or Apply for job at any company requires these certificates. So sometimes student need these certificate on urgent basis. But according to university guidelines generating certificate process takes time. This problem is solved by Digital Certificate System. While recruiting employees in company, company needs to verify their certificate because issue of fake certificate is very common in India. Anyone can get fake certificate very easily. Many companies spend large amount of money on verifying this certificate. To overcome these problem Blockchain technology is used. Blockchain is decentralized distributed ledger. Blockchain is immutable in which no one can easily modify the data.

Aspek Hukum Hak Menguasai Negara DI Bidang Pertambangan Pasca Pembaruan Undang-Undang Mineral dan Batubara di Indonesia

The concept of State Control Rights, as constitutionally attributed in Article 33 Paragraph (3) of the 1945 Constitution, constitutes a fundamental paradigm. The dialectics of mining policy formulation in Law No. 3 of 2020, which updated the regulation of minerals and coal, ushered in a series of transitions and consequences for the development of the concept of State Control in Indonesia, particularly concerning the substance of Article 4 Paragraph (2) of Law No. 3 of 2020, which introduced the policy of re-centralization. This research employs a juridical-normative method, utilizing a legislative approach and norm analysis pertaining to the concept of State Control Rights. The findings of this study indicate that, firstly, the formulation of state control in Law No. 3 of 2020 aligns intending to implement the concept of State Control as established by the Constitutional Court’s decision, emphasizing the permit system as a replacement for the contract system. Secondly, the centralization of authority over mineral and coal mining does not contradict the concept of State Control, as long as it can optimally generate an ideal and effective mining management system in advancing the prosperity of the people. The objective of this research is to provide a comprehensive overview of the application of State Control Rights in the revision of mining legislation, thereby offering policy insights for the development of substantive and just mining law in Indonesia.

Sale and Purchase Binding Agreement As A Legal Protection On The Sale and Purchase of Mortgaged Land

The concept of sale and purchase of land in Indonesian positive law requires it to be made in a Sale and Purchase Deed by a Land Deed Official by first fulfilling the conditions that have been determined. However, in practice, the making of a Sale and Purchase Deed cannot always be done immediately due to requirements that have not been fulfilled by one or even all parties to the agreement. To overcome this condition, the parties can first bind the agreement by making a Sale and Purchase Binding Agreement (PPJB). The objective of the paper is to analyze the position of PPJB as legal protection on the sale and purchase of mortgaged land and to analyze the role of Notary in making PPJB of mortgaged land. In conclusion, as a reciprocal agreement, the PPJB is considered to always have a void condition. If one party does not carry out its obligations, the injured party can demand the implementation of obligations or cancel the agreement, accompanied by compensation for losses, costs and interest. The role of Notary in making PPJB of mortgaged land is to ensure the authenticity of PPJB so that it can be used as perfect evidence and to arrange the clauses in the agreement carefully and accommodate legal protection for the parties in PPJB.

Cluster Strategy: Features of Sectoral and Intersectoral Legal Institutions Implementation

The paper discusses the processes of creation and functioning of cluster structures. Cluster approaches are very promising today: they allow for both creating new development institutions and managing the existing ones. The economic entities included in the cluster are also participants in the investment agreement at the same time. The author shows which subjective rights, absolute duties they have when united in an industrial-type cluster. The implementation of investment projects is mediated by the renewal of fixed assets. The innovation cluster then promises self-sufficiency, self-financing, but the creation of loan capital seems to be an extremely costly procedure. The institutions of the contract system that are able to stem the risks arising in this regard are considered. Various aspects of substitution transactions, in general, the interaction of investment and management contracts are summarized. The author notes that within the cluster, its beneficiaries by their actions contribute to both the accumulation of profits and the accumulation of losses. The more chances they have to pay off accounts receivable, the sooner they will turn their assets into liquid ones at full value. The functionality of cluster objects is brought to the fore, which outlines the shortest path to monetization of their development. The development of the Arctic resource potential (due to the cluster presumption) in this regard seems significant. The interaction of legal institutions is considered according to the concept of the so-called Triple helix, as far as it simplifies the creation of property complexes.

Genomic Analysis Reveals Candidate Genes Underlying Sex-Linked Eyelid Coloboma, Feather Color Traits, and Climatic Adaptation in Huoyan Geese

Driven by natural and artificial selection, the domestic Huoyan geese from Northern China have gradually generated specific phenotypes and climatic adaptations. To understand the genetic basis of the two specific phenotypes that are sex linked, including upper eyelid coloboma and gosling feather color, as well as the climatic adaptations of the Huoyan goose, which can contribute to the artificial selection and breeding of geese. We selected Huoyan geese and nine Southern Chinese goose breeds and identified their divergence on the genomic level. Using selective sweep analysis, we found that PTPRM on chromosome Z influences the upper eyelid coloboma phenotype of the Huoyan goose, and TYRP1 is a plausible candidate gene for the Huoyan gosling feather color. We obtained a number of genes related to cold adaptation in Huoyan geese, mainly involved in physiological functions such as metabolism, angiogenesis contraction and circulatory system, apoptosis, immunity, stress, and neural system. The most interesting candidates for cold adaptation are PIP5K1B and NMNAT3 that are associated with energy metabolism and stress. We also obtained some genes related to heat adaptation, including AGTPBP1, associated with neurology; GDA, associated with skin pigmentation; and NAA35, associated with apoptosis. These findings deepen our understanding of the genetics of specific phenotypes and climate adaptation in local geese and provide insights for the selection of goose breeds.

Legal forms of procurement of agricultural products for state needs

The article discusses the principles and features of legal regulation of procurement of agricultural products for public needs, including the grounds and measures of civil liability. The conclusion is formulated about the expediency of participation in state contracts only of agricultural producers engaged in commodity production. It is proposed to consider supply contracts and contracts for state needs as legal forms of procurement of agricultural products for state needs. The author comes to the conclusion that there is a need to update special legislation and bring it closer to the legislation on the contract system and other laws.

Resolving power imbalances in construction payment using blockchain smart contracts

PurposeThis research aims to develop a blockchain smart contract–enabled framework to resolve power imbalance problems in construction payment.Design/methodology/approachThis research adopts a design science research method to develop the blockchain smart contract–enabled framework. The authors then develop a prototype system. Finally, the authors evaluate its performance in solving power imbalance-induced payment problems.FindingsThe results show that the prototype system can resolve power imbalance problems in construction payment by allowing project participants to make transparent and decentralized decisions that are self-enforceable by blockchain smart contracts.Research limitations/implicationsThis study provides theoretical explanations for how blockchain smart contracts can resolve power imbalances in construction payment; based on that, it proposes a novel blockchain smart contract–enabled method to rebalance the power of stakeholders in construction payment. Thus, it contributes to the body of knowledge on blockchain technology and construction payment.Practical implicationsThis study moves beyond a conceptual framework and develops a practical blockchain smart contract system for resolving power imbalances in construction payment, strengthening construction project members' confidence in using blockchain technology.Social implicationsThe proposed blockchain smart contract–enabled solution helps mitigate negative social impacts associated with late payment and non-payment. Furthermore, the research maximizes trust among participants in payment processes to inspire collaborative culture in the construction industry.Originality/valueThis paper introduces a novel blockchain smart contract integrated method, allowing project stakeholders to resolve power imbalance problems in construction payment through decentralized decision-making.