Contract Renewal Research Articles

Teacher Performance Evaluation System in a Private School: A Case Study

The purpose of this research was to reveal how the performance evaluations of teachers in a private school were made and the results of those evaluations. The research was designed as a case study, which is one of the qualitative research methods. The research was carried out in the 2013-2014 academic year. The participants of this research were 15 teachers, 3 administrators, 6 students and 4 parents. The data were obtained through semi-structured interviews. Findings revealed that the performance evaluation of the teachers were based on the surveys from students, school administrators and parents, general observations made by school administrators, course inspections and follow-up with digital cameras. In this context, teachers were awarded during the year and at the end of the year depending on their performance evaluation results. Participants also mentioned some positive and negative consequences of the performance evaluation in the school. The rewards given vary based on the performance of the teachers. The main rewards were as follows: salary increase, plaques and certificates with symbolic value, and contract renewal. On the other hand, teachers were punished due to their low performance. The consequences of the punishment were as follows: verbal or written warning penalties, low pay raise in salary, termination of some duties at the school and non-renewal of contract/dismissal.

Expectations of Mental Illness Disclosure Outcomes in the Work Context: A Cross-Sectional Study Among Dutch Workers

Purpose The decision whether to disclose mental illness at work can have important positive and negative consequences for sustainable employment and well-being. The aim of the study is (1) to examine workers’ expectations of outcomes of mental illness disclosure in the workplace and to evaluate their expectations regarding which factors are of influence on these outcomes, (2) to identify distinct subgroups of workers, and (3) to characterize these subgroups in terms of personal, sociodemographic, and work-related characteristics. Methods In this cross-sectional survey study, a sample of 1224 Dutch workers was used. Latent Class Analysis (LCA) was used to identify classes of workers based on expected workplace mental illness outcomes. A three-step approach LCA was chosen to investigate whether the classes differed in characteristics. Results The majority of workers expected predominantly positive outcomes of workplace mental illness disclosure (e.g., being able to be one’s authentic self; 82.4%), even though they simultaneously expected disclosure to lead to advancement-related discrimination (e.g., lower chances of contract renewal; or getting a promotion; 68.4% and 57%, respectively). Six distinct subgroups of workers were identified based on expected workplace mental illness disclosure outcomes: two positive classes (50.1%), two negative classes (33.3%), and two classes who indicated not to know what the outcomes would be (16.7%). Significant differences between the classes were found on personal experience, work-related association with mental illness, gender, educational level, and workplace atmosphere. Conclusion The disclosure process is complex, as most workers were optimistic (i.e., expected generally positive outcomes) whilst simultaneously expecting workplace discrimination. Subgroup differences in expectations regarding workplace mental illness disclosure outcomes were found.

Global Survey of Demand-Side Factors and Incentives that Influence Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) Promulgation.

We aimed to identify and describe demand-side factors that have been used to support ATLS global promulgation, as well as current gaps in demand-side incentives. We performed a cross-sectional survey about demand-side factors that influence the uptake and promulgation of ATLS and other trauma-related CME courses. The survey was sent to each of the four global ATLS region chiefs and 80 ATLS country directors. Responses were described and qualitative data were analyzed using a content analysis framework. Representatives from 30 countries and each region chief responded to the survey (40% response rate). Twenty of 30 country directors (66%) reported that there were some form of ATLS verification requirements. ATLS completion, not current verification, was often the benchmark. Individual healthcare systems were the most common agency to require ATLS verification (37% of countries) followed by medical/surgical accreditation boards (33%), governments (23%), training programs (27%), and professional societies (17%). Multiple credentialing frameworks were reported including making ATLS verification a requirement for: emergency unit or trauma center designation (40%), contract renewal or promotion (37%); professional licensing (37%); training program graduation (37%); and increases in remuneration (3%). Unique demand-side incentives were reported including expansion of ATLS to non-physician cadre credentialing and use of subsidies. ATLS region chiefs and country directors reported a variety of demand-side incentives that may facilitate the promulgation of ATLS. Actionable steps include: (i) shift incentivization from ATLS course completion to maintenance of verification; (ii) develop an incentive toolkit of best practices to support implementation; and (iii) engage leadership stakeholders to use demand-side incentives to improve the training and capabilities of the providers they oversee to care for the injured.

The path forward for the housing lease system of reunified Korea

South and North Korea have diametrically opposite property systems, the disparity of which is most evident in respect of immovables. While South Korea, a capitalist market economy, adopts an open market approach, North Korea under communist rule favors a heavily centralized and strictly regulated approach towards immovable property. Such a stark contrast will prove be very challenging in harmonizing the two systems if the time comes for reunification on the Korean peninsula. Although it is virtually impossible to predict the form and process by which reunification may occur, it is vital that we prepare for such an event. The objective of this paper is to do just that by considering some of the critical questions that are likely to arise in the process of harmonizing the property and housing systems of South and North Korea. One such question regards the matter of privatization. Given the general lack of housing in North Korea, we need to introduce special legislation in the Northern part of the Korean peninsula allowing for, as a rule, one house per household, at least during the initial stages of the reunification. Also, only those who are officially registered by the North Korean authorities as the lawful possessors of these houses should be recognized as being viable for acquiring house ownership. The other critical question addressed in the paper is the direction of reorganizing the housing lease system in post-reunification Korea. The current Housing Lease Protection Act of South Korea will be inadequate for applying in the North. The matters of its scope of application, the opposing power of the lessee, duration of lease, regulation of rent and the right to demand renewal of the lease contract are all dealt with in the paper.

Awareness survey and improvement plan for the right to request a monthly rent ceiling and contract renewal - He's a citizen living in the metropolitan area -

본 연구는 전월세상한제와 계약갱신요구권 시행이 수도권 거주자에게 미치는 인식을 분석 하고 개선점과 대안을 제시하는 데 목적이 있다. 결론은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 전월세 상한제에 대한 인식은 집값 상승으로 인한 임차인의 자금조달 능력이 부족한 결과로 하향 이동이 되고 있음을 알 수 있다. 따라서 금액을 제한하기보다는 임대주택의 공급을 늘려서 가격이 안정될 수 있도록 정책적 전환이 필요하다. 둘째, 계약갱신요구권은 실효성이 떨어지고 사유재산 침해로 인식하고 있어 제도 개선이 필요함을 알 수 있다. 따라서 주거권 보장을 위한 개별적 대책과 임대인 및 임차인 당사자 간의 자율적으로 합의된 기간을 설정할 수 있도록 유도해야 한다. 셋째, 주택 임대차 시장 안정화를 위해서는 임대인과 임차인에 대한 권리와 의무에 관한 다툼을 예방할 수 있는 교육과 홍보가 필요하며 장기적으로는 저소득층 서민들을 위해 임대 주택 공급 확대를 위한 법제도적 규제 완화와 분양주택 공급 확대를 위한 정부의 적극적인 정책이 필요하다. 한계점으로는 수도권에 거주하는 거주자들을 대상으로 실증분석을 하였다는 연구의 한계를 갖는다. 광역시를 비롯한 지방 도시 거주자들의 인식 차이와 주거의 종류, 그리고 임대 인, 임차인을 대상으로 세분화된 연구가 필요하다. 임대차 시장의 안정화와 제도 개선의 기초 자료로 활용하고자 한다.

A Study on the Reasons for Refusal of Contract Renewal by a Commercial Leaseholder - The Supreme Court Decision 2020Da255429 on May 13, 2021 -

2018년 상가건물임대차보호법이 개정되면서, 임차인의 계약갱신 요구기간이 기존 5년에서 10년으로 늘어났다. 하지만 이 기간 중이라고 하더라도 임차인이 3기의 차임액에 해당하는 금액에 이르도록 차임을 연체하였다면, 임대인은 계약갱신 요구 거절과 계약에 대한 해지 권이 있다. 다만 갱신거절 사유는 임차인의 과거 3기 차임 연체 사실을 포함한다. 따라서 임차인이 연체한 차임을 모두 납부하였더라도 과거 3기 차임 연체 사실을 이유로 임대인은 갱신요구를 거절할 수 있다. 하지만 3기 차임 연체 사실의 기산점이 언제부터 인지에 대한 규정이 없다. 대상판결에서는 이러한 사항에 대해 임대차 기간에 어느 때라도 3기분에 달하도록 연체된 사실이 있다면 신뢰가 깨어졌다고 보아 계약갱신 요구를 거절할 수 있다고 판시하였 다. 이미 갱신요구를 거절할 수 있는 시기를 지나 갱신된 시점 이전 연체 사실을 갱신 이후에 계속 적용함으로 인해, 임차인으로서는 갱신거절의 위험 요소를 계약 기간 내내 계속 부담해야 해 오히려 임차인의 권리를 지나치게 제한한다는 단점이 있다. 따라서 향후 분쟁의 대상이 있을 수 있어 법 개정을 통해 정확한 기산점을 정해야 할 필요가 있다.

주택임대차보호법상 계약갱신요구권과 전월세 상한제 - 계약갱신요구권의 보호 대상과 그 행사를 중심으로 -

주임법의 보호 대상과 관련하여 외국인과 법인, 미등기 전세와 전세권자를 중심으로 살펴보았다. 특히 전세권자는 별도의 임대차계약을 통한 주임법상 임차인으로서의 지위를 가지지 않는 한, 그 전세권자로서의 지위에서는 주임법상 계약갱신요구권을 행사할 수 없다고 볼 수 있다. 계약갱신요구권을 행사한 후 임의로 철회할 수 있다고 한다면 임대인은 불측의 불이익을 부담할 수밖에 없다. 따라서 임차인은 계약갱신요구권을 행사한 후 이를 임의로 철회할 수 없다고 보아야 한다. 다만 임대인 승낙에 따른 계약갱신요구권의 행사의 철회는 가능하다고 본다. 계약갱신청구권 행사 시기가 도래한 이후에 계약갱신요구권을 포기하거나 행사하지 않기로 임대인과 약정하는 것은 임차인 자신의 적법한 선택에 따른 것이며, 임대인의 법적 신뢰 보호를 위해서도 무효화시킬 필요는 없다. 따라서 임대차계약 기간 만료 6개월 전부터 2개월 전까지 시기에, 임차인이 계약갱신요구권 포기나 불행사 의사표시를 한 경우, 이러한 의사표시를 철회하여 계약갱신요구권을 행사할 수는 없다고 할 것이다. 그리고 주택의 양도와 계약갱신요구권 행사의 문제는 주택 양도가 계약갱신요구권 행사 시기 이전인지 또는 그 기간 내에 이루어졌는지 등에 따라 달리 판단하여야 한다.

Fairness and behavioral intentions in discrete B2B transactions: a study of small business firms

Purpose While studies about business-to-business (B2B) relationships have mainly addressed buyer–supplier long-term exchanges, focusing on social outcomes such as trust, commitment and cooperation, there is little research that explores the social outcomes which stem from short-term B2B transactions. The purpose of this paper is to explain buyers’ intention to renew a contract after discrete and time-delimited transactions by suggesting a model that complements social exchange theory with theories of fairness. In detail, this study aims to determine how evaluations of economic and social outcomes are complemented by both procedural fairness and distributive fairness. Design/methodology/approach The hypotheses are tested in the social couponing industry with a survey of a sample of 199 firms purchasing advertising services from daily deal websites. Data are analyzed using covariance-based structural equation modeling (CB-SEM). Findings The findings reveal direct effects of procedural fairness on social outcomes (satisfaction) and distributive fairness on the intention to renew a contract, negative moderating effect of procedural fairness on the relationship between economic outcomes (campaign effectiveness) and social outcomes (satisfaction). Research limitations/implications In discrete, time-delimited transactions, high levels of procedural fairness may partially compensate for low levels of economic outcomes and prevent a reduction in social outcomes. Hence, when economic outcomes are influenced largely by external, uncontrollable conditions, the buyer seems to appreciate the supplier’s efforts to behave fairly. Practical implications Social outcomes matter even in discrete transactions and considerations of fairness should be integrated in the management of discrete transactions. Sharing economic outcomes fairly is not sufficient to secure the buyer’s intention to renew the contract. Originality/value This study proposes and tests a model that complements social exchange theory with theories of fairness and explains contract renewal in discrete, time-delimited transactions, encompassing both economic outcomes and social outcomes.

Assignment to protect tenants under the Housing Lease Protection Act

The government is preparing real estate measures for tenant stability. However, without an accurate analysis of the problems that follow, it is only approaching from the perspective of suppressing the speculative demand of multi-homeowners. The policy of lowering housing prices is encouraging multi-family dwellers to buy and sell houses. Through this, real estate policy was promoted with the policy goal of stabilizing housing prices and turning the housing market into a virtuous cycle by encouraging homeless people to purchase houses. However, these policy goals have not been achieved and are producing only side effects. In order to solve the side effects of these problems and achieve the purpose of housing stability, the government amended the Housing Lease Protection Act. It was expected that the amendment would help protect tenants by introducing the right to request contract renewal. The fact that it may result in excessively restricting the landlord s ownership, and in particular, the problem that retroactive legislation may distort the interest between the landlord and the tenant In addition, a dispute is caused by a conflict of interest between the parties. Most of the parties applying for mediation by the Dispute Mediation Committee are tenants, so mediation is initiated by the applicant s application for mediation, but the dispute cannot be resolved unless the parties accept the mediation proposal that it doesn t In this paper, we will look at these problems and consider how legal policies should be implemented for tenants housing stability.

Cognitive bias in insurance: Evidence from a health scheme in India

This paper is an attempt to understand the factors behind low contract renewal rates frequently observed in insurance programs in poor countries. This is done on the basis of the experience of a micro-insurance health program in India. We show that poor understanding of the insurance concept, compounded by a serious supply-side information failure, is a major cause of low contract renewal among households which had previously enrolled into the program. Controlling for the level of their information about how to collect the insurance payout, households that did not experience a health shock during the first year tended to pull out of the scheme when they are subject to a cognitive bias reflected in short-term framing. When they are classic expected utility maximizers, however, the absence of a health shock did not affect their contract renewal decision. The policy implication of our findings is considerable since they provide a strong justification for mandatory universal health insurance.

Students’ evaluation of teaching in the project-based learning programme: An instrument and a development process

Students' evaluation of teaching (SET) is widely adopted in most universities. Besides allowing teachers to improve their teaching, SET offers an important input for university administrators' consideration in faculty promotion, contract renewal, salary increase and teaching award. While the practice of using SET instrument is well established, it remains ambiguous in the SET literature whether a dedicated SET instrument is used for alternative teaching pedagogy. Our paper argues that SET instrument may need to be re-designed to reflect the idiosyncrasy of another teaching pedagogy. Accordingly, this paper presents the development process of a SET instrument used to measure an alternative teaching pedagogy in project-based learning. By drawing upon a case study of a university in Singapore, we demonstrate the development of a SET instrument and highlight the considerations surfaced during the development process. Our findings showed that active involvement of students and faculty in the development process proved to be important for the successful development and implementation of SET instrument. The paper concludes with implications for research and education, and limitation of this study.

Towards Integrating Six Sigma Approach: Service Level Agreement Measurement and Monitoring (A Malaysian It Outsourcing Case Study)

Service Level Agreements (SLAs) are critical for outsourcing and technological related vendors companies. SLAsare the key requirements for outsourcing implementation and deployment as well as are the key differentiator in the service provider’s offerings industry. Over time, SLAs drive behaviors delivering a minimum level of service to the provider resultant in limited room in innovation and improvement in SLA arrangement and SLA contract renewal. As such, outsourcing companies may deem become a commodity, lacking strategic, innovative and value-added partner to the business. In long run, outsourcing companies face challenges with rapidly changing business requirements that drives business agility to stay competitive. The paper attempts to investigate a vendor IT Service Company accountable for continuous measurement and reporting of SLA activities where agreed-on service levels face challenges. This paper aims to evaluate the practical applicability of Six Sigma approach (i.e. DMAIC (Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve and Control)) as a result of root-cause-analysis; where everyone working on the problem(s) stays focus, drive towards a root cause analysis and eventually address the problem directly. The result of this case study revealed how Six Sigma approach has successfully improve the SLA achievements by identifying the significant factors contributing remedies or penalties towards SLA measurements.

Housing rent rigidity under downward pressure: Unit-level longitudinal evidence from Tokyo

This paper documents housing rent rigidity under downward pressure, using the monthly household/room-level movement of housing rents through tenancies and vacancies in Tokyo during the period 2000Q1–2017Q2. The consistent overall rent rigidity exists because of the small extensive margin (limited adjustment opportunity) and small intensive margin (rare adjustment in the contract renewal stage). We observe rent rigidity leading to a “tenure surcharge,” that is, sitting tenants pay higher rents than the market rent level because the alternative—high moving costs for tenants—is less attractive. The downward rent rigidity obviously cannot rationalize the conventional explanation of upward rent rigidity in an inflationary context, such as depreciation and/or tenure discount. We show, however, that landlords care about retaining good long-term tenants by offering a small discount during the tenancy, along with a small degree of time/state-dependent adjustments.

The effect of a nursing strike on emergency department operational metrics.

In July of 2017, after more than 15 months of negotiations, an academic teaching hospital in Boston failed to reach an agreement on the terms of contract renewal with its nursing union resulting in a strike. Replacement nurses were hired by the hospital to fulfill nursing duties for five days. This study aims to measure the effects of this nursing strike on the patients seen in the emergency department (ED) by examining operational metrics before and during the strike. Retrospective analysis of patient visits occurring for the five days of the strike (July 12-16, 2017) compared with the analogous five-day period immediately preceding that of the strike (July 5-9, 2017). During the strike, ED volume decreased by 23.6% (691 vs. 528 visits), and the decrease was more pronounced for adult vs. pediatric visits. There were no differences in patient sex, race/ethnicity or age groups. EMS transports decreased by 49.1% (171 vs. 87 transports). Although patient dispositions were similar in both periods, length of stay decreased for discharged patients (median 204 vs 178 minutes, p=0.01), and did not change significantly for admitted patients (median 322 vs. 320 minutes, p=0.33). There was one patient death in each of the periods. Although rare, nursing strikes do occur. These data may be useful for hospitals preparing for a strike.

Contract renewals, prices and deprivatizations: The case of water in France

ABSTRACT In this paper, we studied the influence of contract renewals on water prices in France. When studying French water contracts in force between 2008 and 2018, we found that contract renewals have little influence on the prices paid by consumers. However, at contract renewal times, the share of the price that goes to the firms decreases. This price decrease is compensated by an increase in the share of the price that is retained by the municipalities. We interpret this result as a willingness by municipalities to retake control of water services. In addition, we show that the higher the municipalities’ shares are, the higher the probability of switching to direct public management at contract renewal times. This suggests that local authorities increasing their responsibilities in providing water services (i.e., increasing their price shares) may switch later to direct public management more easily.

Contract Renewals, Prices and Deprivatizations: The Case of Water in France

In this paper, we studied the influence of contract renewals on water prices in France. When studying French water contracts in force between 2008 and 2018, we found that contract renewals have little influence on the prices paid by consumers. However, at contract renewal times, the share of the price that goes to firms decreases. This price decrease is compensated by an increase in the share of the price that is retained by the municipalities. We interpret this result as a willingness by municipalities to retake control of water services. In addition, we show that the higher the municipalities’ shares are, the higher the probability of switching to direct public management at contract renewal times. This suggests that local authorities increasing their responsibilities in providing water services (i.e., increasing their price shares) may switch later to direct public management more easily.

Pressured to Perform: Evidence from a Quasi-Experiment of Initial CEO Contract Length and M&As

This thesis examines whether Chief Executive Officers (CEOs) with shorter initial contract length suffer greater time pressure and consequently engage in more visible efforts via mergers & acquisitions (M&A), which is one of the most significant visible corporate investments, to obtain the contract renewal benefit at the expiration of initial contract, even if the M&A performance is relatively weaker due to limited available choices in such a short period.A unique dataset consisting of 1,227 CEO contracts with appointment dates between January 1st 1999 and December 31st 2007 in the U.S. and 20,539 M&A transactions in the same period was collected, and I document the following three results. (1) New CEOs are likely to engage in more frequent visible efforts via M&As, more frequently than existing CEOs, although the performance is relatively weaker. (2) Exploiting an exogenous shock to the CEO contract length, I show that CEOs with shorter initial contract lengths engage in more visible efforts more frequently during this period but with a relatively weaker performance. (3) The likelihood of contract renewal is higher among CEOs that engage in more frequent visible efforts despite the relatively weaker M&A performance.Taken together, the results suggest that CEO contract length should be extended and the company should penalise bad efforts to mitigate the effects of time pressure and contribute to higher-quality visible efforts among CEOs

The Effect of Franchise SERVQUAL on the Pre & Post Opening Satisfaction and the Business Performance

This study is designed to examine the effect of franchise SERVQUAL on business satisfaction and business performance, and examined previous studies, herewith designed research model based on it. In order to select a brand before starting a business, business owners who run a franchise restaurant were investigated the factors that were important to them and the satisfaction level after the business proceeds. By analyzing how satisfaction with the business affects business performance, it aims to provide implications for the criteria for efficient brand selection to prospective entrepreneurs who wish to start a business as a franchise in the future. The questionnaire survey was conducted on business owners running chicken franchises in all areas of Seoul. A frequency analysis was conducted to analyze the demographic characteristics of the survey subjects. Factor analysis and reliability analysis were performed to verify the validity and reliability of the measurement tool, and the hypothesis was verified through multiple regression analysis. The detailed research results are as follows. First, franchise SERVQUAL was found to have a significant effect on satisfaction before and after opening. Second, it was found that satisfaction before and after franchise opening had a significant effect on market performance and contract renewal performance. If the franchise outlet operators are satisfied with the SERVQUAL components such as responsiveness, assurance, empathy, convenience, reliability, quality of materials and information system before or after opening, it is possible to predict that sales will increase and opportunities for renewal will increase. This is meaningful in presenting comprehensive business performance improvement plans to prospective entrepreneurs and headquarter business associates who choose a franchise business in the future.

Renewal of Crop Index-Based Insurance Uptake: Evidence from Senegal

In this work, we estimate the determinants of the renewal of weather index-based insurance contracts by Senegalese farmers who practiced rain-fed agriculture in the Senegalese groundnut during the years 2014, 2015 and 2016. Based on data on 3698 producers to whom weather index-based insurance bundled with an agricultural loan was proposed, we conducted a survival analysis using an Andersen-Gill cox regression to identify the drivers of the contract renewal. Our results show that difference in gender and amount of premiums paid do not explain contracts’ renewal. However, cooperatives to whom farmers are affiliated, possibility to delay premium payment until the reimbursement of loans and whether payouts were triggered or not, were the core determinants of renewal after the first year of purchase.

Effective Labor Outsourcing and Policy Implementation: A Description of Indonesia's Labor Relations

This study is motivated by outsourcing labor and issues in implementing the labor relations law in Indonesia; therefore, it aimed to review the existing literature regarding outsourcing laws/regulations/policies, legal protection in outsourcing and human rights, and highlight/discuss the legal issues regarding outsourcing employment and suggest recommendations. A qualitative meta-analysis review concept and a normative juridical approach have been used to collect secondary data from various books, journals, regulatory regulations, institutional reports, research, and the Internet. Moreover, this research used a systematic literature search methodology to collect relevant secondary data from the Scopus database. The analytical findings revealed that although outsourcing is a practice that provides a certain level of efficiency in business operations, it harms workers' interests due to the lack of implementation of labor laws, i.e., minimum wages, job security, insurances, contract renewal facility, etc. Hence, there is a dire need to implement laws regarding the legal protection of outsourced workers and make the organizations self-responsible for their outsourced workers. Moreover, the Omnibus labor laws passed on 5 th October 2020 during the COVID-19 by the Indonesian National Legislature seem a ray of light for the outsourced labor.