Set Of Contours Research Articles

Breaking the Boundaries of “Self”: Representations of Spatial Indeterminacy

ABSTRACTBodily notions of the self, that is, the body as an existential form which occupies space, are reconsidered here in alternative ways that might be considered “transgressive.” The representations of various contemporary artists suggest ways in which we break out of the barriers of our bodies, extending beyond the enclosure of skin. So, too, do recent and contemporary philosophers, who offer alternatives to spatial modes of thinking, in which metaphysical comprehension and produced space help us shift our allegiance to fixity and closure. In fact, these models of identity, as contained within contour lines or set names, suggest that the concept of “self” as a spatially “contained” enclosure is perhaps too limiting. With implications for architecture, and changing modes of spatial practices, this discussion moves toward an emerging aesthetic of indeterminacy. This term, “indeterminacy,” as applied here refers to that which is purposively blended, combined, porous, and multiply layered; it is applied to bodies as we creatively imagine the self that extends beyond the containment of our skins. By extension, this focus on “presencing” with blurred edges, so to speak, on porous models that merge body with that which is “not-body,” leads us to the promotion of this particular aesthetic.

Interactive Prostate Shape Reconstruction from 3D TRUS Images.

This paper presents a two-step, semi-automated method for reconstructing a three-dimensional (3D) shape of the prostate from a 3D transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) image. While the method has been developed for prostate ultrasound imaging, it can potentially be applicable to any other organ of the body and other imaging modalities. The proposed method takes as input a 3D TRUS image and generates a watertight 3D surface model of the prostate. In the first step, the system lets the user visualize and navigate through the input volumetric image by displaying cross sectional views oriented in arbitrary directions. The user then draws partial/full contours on selected cross sectional views. In the second step, the method automatically generates a watertight 3D surface of the prostate by fitting a deformable spherical template to the set of user-specified contours. Since the method allows the user to select the best cross-sectional directions and draw only clearly recognizable partial or full contours, the user can avoid time-consuming and inaccurate guesswork on where prostate contours are located. By avoiding the usage of noisy, incomprehensible portions of the TRUS image, the proposed method yields more accurate prostate shapes than conventional methods that demand complete cross-sectional contours selected manually, or automatically using an image processing tool. Our experiments confirmed that a 3D watertight surface of the prostate can be generated within five minutes even from a volumetric image with a high level of speckles and shadow noises.

Visualization of a Large Set of Hydrogen Atomic Orbital Contours Using New and Expanded Sets of Parametric Equations

Images of isosurfaces and contour lines for a large set of hydrogen atomic orbitals were generated with new and expanded sets of parametric equations. Parametric equations for 4f and 5g orbitals are derived for the first time.

Adaptive radiation therapy for pediatric head and neck malignancies: Dosimetric implications

PurposeThis study was designed to evaluate the role of adaptive radiation therapy for children receiving curative radiation therapy to the head and neck region. Methods and materialsTen children receiving definitive, conformal radiation therapy to the head and neck region were prospectively evaluated for anatomic changes during the course of radiation therapy. Images were acquired midway through the number of planned radiation therapy fractions during the planned course of radiation therapy. Body contours, target volumes, and organs at risk were redrawn on the new set of images. Two sets of additional treatment plans were generated: (1) a nonoptimized plan (plan 2), that is, an overlay of the original plan (plan 1) on the new set of contours, and (2) an optimized plan (plan 3) with the new set of contours. These 3 sets of plans were then compared for dosimetric differences. ResultsFive children had nasopharynx carcinoma, whereas the other 5 had embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma. The average reduction in gross tumor volume was 40% (mean volume, 41.87 mL; P = .005). The average changes in right and left parotid volumes were 2.72 and 1.92 mL, respectively. With nonoptimized plans, the average increase in maximum dose to the spinal cord was 15% (79.99%-94.99%; P = .013). With reoptimization, the maximum dose to the spinal cord decreased from 94.99% to 85.26% (mean difference, −9.73%; P = .02). Average D99 for the planning target volume (dose received by 99% of the target volume) was 88.66% and 86.89% with the original and reoptimized plans, respectively (P = .50). For the entire group, the mean conformation number index with nonoptimized plans was reduced from 0.734 to 0.628 (P = .013). This improved with reoptimization (P = .114). The homogeneity index improved with reoptimization from a mean value of 0.113 to 0.098 (P = 0.28). For nonoptimized plans, the average integral dose increased from 74.66 to 76.27 L-Gy (P = .486) compared with the original plans. Reoptimization resulted in a 5% average reduction in the integral dose, from 76.27 to 72.28 L-Gy (P = .007). Conclusions:This study demonstrates the usefulness of adaptive radiation therapy for children receiving radiation therapy to the head and neck region.

Evaluation of an Atlas-Based Segmentation Method for High-Risk Prostate Cancer With RTOG-Defined Pelvic Lymph Node Levels

Intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) for high risk prostate cancer requires careful contouring and segmentation of at risk pelvic lymph nodes. However, this process can be very time consuming and difficult compared to traditional prostate only fields. One possible solution to improve target volume contouring efficiency is to use atlas based segmentation software. For this pilot study, we compiled a prostate target atlas database and sought to develop an atlas based segmentation method. Institutional review board approval was obtained to retrospectively analyze patient CT simulation scans to develop an atlas database. Atlas contours included prostate, seminal vesicles, and RTOG-defined pelvic lymph node levels for treatment volumes. Lymph node levels were contoured using RTOG guidelines by following the internal/external iliac vessels and its associated lymph nodes from the L5-S1 vertebral level to obturator nodes at the pubic symphysis. A total of 23 patients with contours reviewed by three different physicians were included in our atlas database. Once this database was compiled we tested the feasibility of developing an atlas based segmentation algorithm and tested it using Dice similarity index (DICE) scores. Atlas segmentation was designed using a leave-one-out analysis (subject being tested was excluded from the atlas). Then the 5 best-matched atlas subjects were automatically chosen and deformed to the test subject. The atlas segmentation method included an additional automatic registration approximation component to influence the intensity-based deformable registration. The 5 sets of auto contours were combined using majority vote where 3 of 5 contours overlapped. Final auto contours were then compared to the manually defined contours using DICE. Using this algorithm for all 23 atlas subjects, the mean DICE score was 0.67 +/- 0.14 for the prostate target volume and 0.74 +/- 0.05 for the pelvic lymph node target volume. Our atlas segmentation method provided accurate contours for high risk prostate cancer. This segmentation method has may have potential for greater accuracy and less variance than traditional inter-individual user contours. In particular, the accuracy of our atlas based segmentation algorithm for pelvic lymph nodes was very good. This is likely due to their association with rigid structures and reduced motion compared to other structures such as the prostate and seminal vesicles. Therefore, our results demonstrate, that atlas based auto-contouring of the pelvic nodes could both help increase consistency for treatment volumes in high risk patients between different cancer centers as well as decrease time related to treatment planning for radiation oncologist.

Consensus Guidelines for Delineation of Clinical Target Volume for Intensity-Modulated Pelvic Radiation Therapy in Postoperative Treatment of Endometrial and Cervical Cancer- An Update

Consensus Guidelines for Delineation of Clinical Target Volume for Intensity-Modulated Pelvic Radiation Therapy in Postoperative Treatment of Endometrial and Cervical Cancer- An Update

Evaluation of Treatment Plan Quality of Single and Multiple Isocenter Stereotactic IMRT for Multiple Intracranial Tumors

To investigate whether single isocenter stereotactic IMRT (SRT) plan for multiple intracranial tumors can achieve similar dose conformity and normal brain tissue doses to that of multiple isocenter SRT plan. Fifteen patients (ten with two and five with three brain metastatic tumors) were selected for this retrospective study. Patients treated with multiple isocenter treatment plans using 9 to 12 non-coplanar beams per lesion underwent repeat planning using single isocenter and 10 to 12 non-coplanar beams. Identical contour sets and dose-volume constraints were applied to all plans. The prescribed dose to each target was 25 Gy to be delivered over 5 fractions with a minimum of 95% dose required to cover ≥ 95% of the target volume. Treatment plans were evaluated by a single radiation oncologist. All single isocenter plans were judged clinically acceptable while satisfying the dose-volume constraints. The Paddick conformity index for two target single and multiple isocenter plans was 0.77±0.11 and 0.77±0.13 (p = 0.93), respectively, and for three target single and multiple isocenter plans was 0.78±0.03 and 0.75±0.06 (p = 0.31), respectively. The average normal brain volumes receiving 10 and 15 Gy for two target plans (single vs multiple isocenter) were (6.25% vs 5.73%) and (3.23% vs 3.00%) while for three target plans these volumes were (9.72% vs 6.51%) and (4.32% vs 3.28%), respectively. At 10 and 15 Gy dose levels, no significant differences were observed in normal brain volumes between two and three target single vs multiple isocenter plans for distances ≤ 5cm or > 5cm in between isocenter and the furthest point of a target. The estimated total treatment times were approximately 1.75 and 2.5 times lower with two and three target isocenter delivery, respectively. Single isocenter plans were capable of achieving clinically acceptable and comparable quality treatment plans similar to multiple isocenter plans. Treatment delivery times were much higher and normal brain tissue doses slightly lower at 10 and 15 Gy dose levels for multiple isocenter plans compared to single isocenter plans. Up to 9 cm separation between the target volumes and isocenter results in a slight deviation at 10 and 15 Gy dose levels. The clinical consequences of these normal tissue integral doses are still unknown.

Sci-Sat AM: Stereo - 08: Stereotactic Ablative Radiotherapy (SABR) for low, intermediate and high risk prostate cancer using Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy (VMAT) with a 10x Flattening Filter Free (FFF) beam

Purpose: To determine the feasibility of using Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy (VMAT) with a 10x Flattening Filter Free (FFF) beam for Stereotactic Ablative Radiotherapy (SABR) for low, intermediate and high risk prostate cancer. Methods and Materials: Ten anonymized patient CT data sets were used in this planning study. For each patient CT data set, three sets of contours were generated: 1) low risk, 2) intermediate risk, and 3) high risk scenarios. For each scenario, a single-arc and a double-arc VMAT treatment plans were created. Plans were generated with the Varian Eclipse™ treatment planning system for a Varian TrueBeam™ linac equipped with Millenium 120 MLC. Plans were created using a 10x-FFF beam with a maximum dose rate of 2400 MU/min. Dose prescription was 36.25Gy/5 fractions with the planning objective of covering 99% of the Planning Target Volume with the 95% of the prescription dose. Normal tissue constraints were based on provincial prostate SABR planning guidelines, derived from national and international prostate SABR protocols. Plans were evaluated and compared in terms of: 1) dosimetric plan quality, and 2) treatment delivery efficiency. Results: Both single-arc and double-arc VMAT plans were able to meet the planning goals for low, intermediate and high risk scenarios. No significant dosimetric differences were observed between the plans. However, the treatment time was significantly lower for a single-arc VMAT plans. Conclusions: Prostate SABR treatments are feasible with 10x-FFF VMAT technique. A single-arc VMAT offers equivalent dosimetric plan quality and a superior treatment delivery efficiency, compared to a double-arc VMAT.

Contouring variations and the role of atlas in non-small cell lung cancer radiation therapy: Analysis of a multi-institutional preclinical trial planning study

PurposeTo quantify variations in target and normal structure contouring and evaluate dosimetric impact of these variations in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cases. To study whether providing an atlas can reduce potential variation. Methods and materialsThree NSCLC cases were distributed sequentially to multiple institutions for contouring and radiation therapy planning. No segmentation atlas was provided for the first 2 cases (Case 1 and Case 2). Contours were collected from submitted plans and consensus contour sets were generated. The volume variation among institution contours and the deviation of them from consensus contours were analyzed. The dose-volume histograms for individual institution plans were recalculated using consensus contours to quantify the dosimetric changes. An atlas containing targets and critical structures was constructed and was made available when the third case (Case 3) was distributed for planning. The contouring variability in the submitted plans of Case 3 was compared with that in first 2 cases. ResultsPlanning target volume (PTV) showed large variation among institutions. The PTV coverage in institutions’ plans decreased dramatically when reevaluated using the consensus PTV contour. The PTV contouring consistency did not show improvement with atlas use in Case 3. For normal structures, lung contours presented very good agreement, while the brachial plexus showed the largest variation. The consistency of esophagus and heart contouring improved significantly (t test; P < .05) in Case 3. Major factors contributing to the contouring variation were identified through a survey questionnaire. ConclusionsThe amount of contouring variations in NSCLC cases was presented. Its impact on dosimetric parameters can be significant. The segmentation atlas improved the contour agreement for esophagus and heart, but not for the PTV in this study. Quality assurance of contouring is essential for a successful multi-institutional clinical trial.

SU-E-T-134: Dosimetric Implications From Organ Segmentation

Purpose: To evaluate the dosimetric implications resulting from organ segmentation performed by different clinical experts Methods: Twelve patients received SBRT treatment to thoracic region within the past year were selected for this study. Three physicians contoured a set of organs following RTOG guideline. DVHs of all contours were generated from the approved plans used for treatment, and were compared to those produced during planning. Most OARs were evaluated on their max dose, some, such as heart and chest wall, were also evaluated on metrics such as max dose to 4cc of volume, or 30Gy volume dose. Results: In general, there is a greater dosimetric difference between the RTOG contour sets and clinical contour sets than among the three RTOG contour sets themselves for each patient. For example, there was no difference in esophagus max dose between the RTOG contour sets for ten patients. However, they showed an average of 2.3% higher max dose than the clinical contour set, with a standard deviation of 6.6%. The proximal bronchial tree (PBT) showed a similar behavior. The average difference of PBT max dose for seven patients is 0% between the three RTOG contour sets, with standard deviation of 1%. They showed an average of 16.1% higher max dose than the clinical contour set, with a standard deviation of 126%. Conclusion: This study shows that using RTOG contouring standards improves segmentation consistency between different physicians; most of the contours examined showed less than 1% dose difference. When RTOG contour sets were compared to the clinical contour set, the differences are much more significant. Thus it is important to standardize contouring guidelines in radiation therapy treatment planning. This will reduce uncertainties in clinical outcome analysis and research studies.

SU-E-J-239: IMRT Planning of Prostate Cancer for a MRI-Linac Based On MRI Only

Purpose: : To investigate dosimetric differences between MRI- and CT-based IMRT planning for prostate cancer, the impact of a magnetic field in a MRI-Linac, and to explore the feasibility of IMRT planning based on MRI alone. Methods: IMRT plans were generated based on CT and MRI images acquired on two representative prostate-cancer patients using clinical dose volume constraints. A research planning system (Monaco, Elekta), which employs a Monte Carlo dose engine and includes a perpendicular magnetic field of 1.5T from an MRI-Linac, was used. Bulk electron density assignments based on organ-specific values from ICRU 46 were used to convert MRI (T2) to pseudo CT. With the same beam configuration as in the original CT plan, 5 additional plans were generated based on CT or MRI, with or without optimization (i.e., just recalculation) and with or without the magnetic field. The plan quality in terms of commonly used dose volume (DV) parameters for all plans was compared. The statistical uncertainty on dose was < 1%. Results: For plans with the same contour set but without re-optimization, the DV parameters were different from those for the original CT plan, mostly less than 5% with a few exceptions. These differences were reduced to mostly less than 3% when the plans were re-optimized. For plans with contours from MRI, the differences in the DV parameters varied depending on the difference in the contours as compared to CT. For the optimized plans with contours from MR, the differences for PTV were less than 3%. Conclusion: The prostate IMRT plans based on MRI-only for a MR-Linac were practically similar as compared to the CT plan under the same beam and optimization configuration if the difference on the structure delineation is excluded, indicating the feasibility of using MRI-only for prostate IMRT.

SU‐E‐T‐428: Dosimetric Impact of Multileaf Collimator Leaf Width On Single and multiple Isocenter Stereotactic IMRT Treatment Plans for multiple Brain Tumors

Purpose:To assess the impacts that multileaf collimator (MLC) leaf width has on the dose conformity and normal brain tissue doses of single and multiple isocenter stereotactic IMRT (SRT) plans for multiple intracranial tumors.Methods:Fourteen patients with 2–3 targets were studied retrospectively. Patients treated with multiple isocenter treatment plans using 9 to 12 non‐coplanar beams per lesion underwent repeat planning using single isocenter and 10 to 12 non‐coplanar beams with 2.5mm, 3mm and 5mm MLC leaf widths. Brainlab iPlan treatment planning system for delivery with the 2.5mm MLC served as reference. Identical contour sets and dose‐volume constraints were applied. The prescribed dose to each target was 25 Gy to be delivered over 5 fractions with a minimum of 99% dose to cover ≥ 95% of the target volume.Results:The lesions and normal brains ranged in size from 0.11 to 51.67cc (median, 2.75cc) and 1090 to 1641cc (median, 1401cc), respectively. The Paddick conformity index for single and multiple isocenter (2.5mm vs. 3mm and 5mm MLCs) was (0.79±0.08 vs. 0.79±0.07 and 0.77±0.08) and (0.79±0.09 vs. 0.77±0.09 and 0.76±0.08), respectively. The average normal brain volumes receiving 15 Gy for single and multiple isocenter (2.5mm vs. 3mm and 5mm MLCs) were (3.65% vs. 3.95% and 4.09%) and (2.89% vs. 2.91% and 2.92%), respectively.Conclusion:The average dose conformity observed for the different leaf width for single and multiple isocenter plans were similar, throughout. However, the average normal brain volumes receiving 2.5 to 15 Gy were consistently lower for the 2.5mm MLC leaf width, especially for single isocenter plans. The clinical consequences of these integral normal brain tissue doses are still unknown, but employing the use of the 2.5mm MLC option is desirable at sparing normal brain tissue for both single and multiple isocenter cases.

De-constructing and Re-constructing the Institutional Church

Faced with declining memberships and demands for relevance, many leaders have focused on the inertia of the institutional forms, features, and processes of the Church. While such foci are justified, much of the zeal that animates change reflects an inadequate grasp of the Church’s institutional character. Building on nuances of this character, a set of concepts, contours, and caveats are offered to inform a theology of change for the Church, one that is sensitive to the Spirit. Pentecostal theology provides a compelling context for this endeavor. It is argued that this theology must be sensitive to the authoritative role of Spirit-Word, the de- and re-constructive work of the Spirit, and the dynamics of social context.

A Study of the Anatomic Changes and Dosimetric Consequences in Adaptive CRT of Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Using Deformable CT and CBCT Image Registration

The aim of this study is to evaluate anatomic lung tumor changes and dosimetric consequences utilizing the deformable daily kilovolt (KV) cone-beam computer tomography (CBCT) image registration. Five patients diagnosed with NSCLC were treated with three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D CRT) and 10 daily KV CBCT image sets were acquired for each patient. Each CBCT image and plan CT were imported into the deformable image registration (DIR) system. The plan CT image was deformed by the DIR system and a new contour on CBCT was obtained by using the auto-contouring function of the DIR. These contours were individually marked as CBCT f1, CBCT f2,..., and CBCT f10, and imported into a treatment planning system (TPS). The daily CBCT plan was individually generated with the same planning criteria based on new contours. These plans were individually marked as CBCTp1, CBCTp2,..., and CBCTp10, followed by generating a dose accumulation plan (DA plan) in original pCT image contour sets by adding all CBCT plans using Varian Eclipse TPS. The maximum, minimum and mean doses to the plan target volume (PTV) in the 5 DA plans were the same with the CT plans. However, the volume of radiation 5, 10, 20, 30, and 50 Gy of the total lungs in DA plans were less than those of the CT plans. The maximum dose of the spinal cord in the DA plans were average 27.96% less than the CT plans. The mean dose for the left, right, and total lungs in the DA plans were reduced by 13.80%, 23.65%, and 12.96%, respectively. The adaptive 3D CRT based on the deformable registration can reduce the dose to the lung and the spinal cord with the same PTV dose coverage. Moreover, it provides a method for further adaptive radiotherapy exploration.

A study to assess the feasibility of using CT (±diagnostic MRI) instead of MRI at brachytherapy in image guided brachytherapy in cervical cancer

AbstractPurposeTo compare the contours and dose volume histograms (DVH) parameters of the high-risk clinical target volume (HRCTV) contoured on computed tomography (CT) using clinical findings at brachytherapy, clinical findings at brachytherapy with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at diagnosis and HRCTV defined on MRI at brachytherapy in cervical cancer patients.Materials and methodsFifteen patients undergoing MRI-guided image-based brachytherapy underwent both CT and MRI after applicator insertion. Two sets of contours were defined on CT. In the first set, the HRCTV was defined with the help of clinical findings at brachytherapy (CT-HRCTV). In the second set, HRCTV was defined with MRI at diagnosis and clinical findings at brachytherapy (CT-HRCTVdmri). This was compared with the HRCTV defined on MRI at brachytherapy (MR-HRCTV). The doses to the organs at risk (OARs) were compared for CT and MRI.ResultsA significant overestimation of the maximum width and width at point A was observed for CT-HRCTV (p −0·00; 0·00) and CT-HRCTVdmri (p −0·03; 0·01), respectively. The height was underestimated with CT-HRCTV in patients with intrauterine disease extension. For a single fraction, the mean difference in the D90 for the CT contours was &lt;1 Gy. The doses to the OARs were comparable.ConclusionsCT may be an alternative when facilities for MRI image-based brachytherapy are lacking, provided at least one MRI is available before brachytherapy.

Semantic Features of ‘Stepped' versus ‘Continuous' Contours in German Intonation

This study analyses the meaning spaces of German pitch contours using two modes of melodic movement: continuous or in steps of sustained pitch. Both the continuous and stepped movements are represented by a set of five basic patterns, the latter being derived from the former. Thirty-six German native speakers judged the pattern sets on a 12-scale semantic differential. The semantic profiles confirm that stepped contours can be conceived of as stylized intonation, in a formal as well as in a functional sense. On the one hand, continuous (non-stylized) and stepped (stylized) contours are assigned different overall meanings (especially on the scales astonished - commonplace and interested - not interested). On the other hand, listeners organize the two contour sets in a similar fashion, which speaks in favour of parallel pattern inventories of continuous and stepped movement, respectively. However, the meaning space of the stylized patterns is affected by formal restrictions, for instance in the step transformation of continuous rises.

English

This article presents Bayesian Classifier which controls the levels set segmentation and it detect the retinal clots at an early stage from the image captured from fundus camera. The classifier is a probabilistic and used for the control of level set contour propagation for the detection of class clot defined, extracting the retinal vessels even with minute deformation due to the clots. The algorithm is tested in MATLAB on fundus images taken at various stages of progression and results which proves the effectiveness of the proposed method.

On the equivalence of continuity and hemicontinuity for preference preorders

This paper shows that a possibly incomplete preference preorder on a Hausdorff topological space is closed in the product space if and only if it has closed upper and lower contour sets. The proof builds on a refined general characterization of the former property in terms of the latter. In view of this result, closed-graph continuity is equivalent to closed-section continuity in the overwhelming majority of cases that are of interest to economists even when completeness is not assumed.

A priori knowledge and probability density based segmentation method for medical CT image sequences.

This paper briefly introduces a novel segmentation strategy for CT images sequences. As first step of our strategy, we extract a priori intensity statistical information from object region which is manually segmented by radiologists. Then we define a search scope for object and calculate probability density for each pixel in the scope using a voting mechanism. Moreover, we generate an optimal initial level set contour based on a priori shape of object of previous slice. Finally the modified distance regularity level set method utilizes boundaries feature and probability density to conform final object. The main contributions of this paper are as follows: a priori knowledge is effectively used to guide the determination of objects and a modified distance regularization level set method can accurately extract actual contour of object in a short time. The proposed method is compared to other seven state-of-the-art medical image segmentation methods on abdominal CT image sequences datasets. The evaluated results demonstrate our method performs better and has the potential for segmentation in CT image sequences.

Assessment of PIV-based unsteady load determination of an airfoil with actuated flap

For complex experimental setups involving movable structures it is not trivial to directly measure unsteady loads. An alternative is to deduce unsteady loads indirectly from measured velocity fields using Noca's method. The ultimate aim is to use this method in future work to determine unsteady loads for fluid–structure interaction problems. The focus in this paper is first on the application and assessment of Noca's method for an airfoil with an oscillating trailing edge flap. To our best knowledge Noca's method has not been applied yet to airfoils with moving control surfaces or fluid–structure interaction problems. In addition, wind tunnel corrections for this type of unsteady flow problem are considered.The experiment is performed in a closed wind tunnel with a wing with a chord of 0.5m and a 0.2c trailing edge flap at a Reynolds number of Re=700000. The reduced frequencies of the flap are k=0.1 and k=0.2, whereas the mean flap deflections and amplitudes are 1° or 3°. Velocity fields are obtained with planar particle image velocimetry (PIV) and Noca's method is evaluated at multiple contours along the airfoil. The resulting unsteady loads are compared with loads obtained with Kutta–Joukowski's theorem applied to the experimental data and 2-D panel simulations with mimicked wind tunnel walls.Conclusion is that Noca's approach is relatively sensitive to the contour location and shows small offsets in the force coefficients. Using the experimental data, Noca's momentum flux equation applied to a set of contours gives a mean solution of the unsteady loads with an error bandwidth on average 6.39% of its mean value. The mean aerodynamic forces are slightly underpredicted, on average of about 5%. Among others, a higher resolution of the experimental data and more accurate approximations of velocity gradients will improve the force prediction. Phase and amplitude of the lift confirm 2-D panel computations including modeled wind tunnel walls and a gap correction.