Continuous Temperature Monitoring Research Articles

A technology platform for standardized cryoprotection and freezing of large-volume brain tissues for high-resolution histology.

Understanding and mapping the human connectome is a long-standing endeavor of neuroscience, yet the significant challenges associated with the large size of the human brain during cryosectioning remain unsolved. While smaller brains, such as rodents and marmosets, have been the focus of previous connectomics projects, the processing of the larger human brain requires significant technological advancements. This study addresses the problem of freezing large brains in aligned neuroanatomical coordinates with minimal tissue damage, facilitating large-scale distortion-free cryosectioning. We report the most effective and stable freezing technique utilizing an appropriate choice of cryoprotection and leveraging engineering tools such as brain master patterns, custom-designed molds, and a continuous temperature monitoring system. This standardized approach to freezing enables high-quality, distortion-free histology, allowing researchers worldwide to explore the complexities of the human brain at a cellular level. Our approach combines neuroscience and engineering technologies to address this long-standing challenge with limited resources, enhancing accessibility of large-scale scientific endeavors beyond developed countries, promoting diverse approaches, and fostering collaborations.

Evaluation of a device to detect neonatal hypothermia in a clinical setting in Ghana.

Neonatal hypothermia poses an increased risk of infection, hypoglycemia, metabolic dysfunction, and mortality, particularly in preterm or low birthweight (LBW) infants. However, early detection of hypothermia and prompt thermoregulation can mitigate these effects thus, the need for continuous neonatal temperature monitoring. The BEMPU TempWatch is a small bracelet designed for continuous temperature monitoring for neonates. When the body temperature falls below 36.5˚C, the bracelet generates an alarm sound and flashes an orange light, indicating hypothermia. This study aimed to assess the validity of the BEMPU TempWatch in detecting hypothermia in a clinical setting in Ghana using sensitivity and specificity. Additionally, the study sought to identify factors associated with misclassification using logistic regression analysis. A standardized questionnaire collected information about the mother, pregnancy, delivery, and neonate. The BEMPU TempWatch was placed on the wrist of the neonate, and over a 24-hour follow-up period, a nurse took 4-hourly axillary temperature readings using a digital thermometer. Whenever the device's alarm sounded, a nurse immediately checked and recorded the axillary temperature, undertook necessary clinical actions, and rechecked after 30 minutes. Among the 249 neonates included in the study, 57.0% were female, 12.5% were extremely LBW, and 13.7% were extremely preterm. Based on 1,973 temperature readings, the sensitivity of the BEMPU TempWatch in detecting hypothermia was 67.8%, and the specificity was 95.9%. The sensitivity was lower among neonates being treated in incubators (58.4%) compared to those not (82.7%). Sensitivity was higher among neonates with LBW (1,500-2,500g) (73.5%) than very or extremely LBW neonates (<1,500g) (62.8%). The results showed that the BEMPU TempWatch had significantly fewer misclassifications among neonates who were not treated in an incubator, received only breastmilk, and were not born extremely preterm. Further studies are warranted to evaluate the effectiveness of the BEMPU TempWatch on neonatal health outcomes.

An Antisweat Interference and Highly Sensitive Temperature Sensor Based on Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-Poly(styrenesulfonate) Fiber Coated with Polyurethane/Graphene for Real-Time Monitoring of Body Temperature.

Body temperature is an important indicator of human health. The traditional mercury and medical electronic thermometers have a slow response (≥1 min) and can not be worn for long to achieve continuous temperature monitoring due to their rigidity. In this work, we prepared a skin-core structure polyurethane (PU)/graphene encapsulated poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) temperature-sensitive fiber in one step by combining wet spinning technology with impregnation technology. The composite fiber has high sensitivity (-1.72%/°C), super-resolution (0.1 °C), fast time response (17 s), antisweat interference, and high linearity (R2 = 0.98) in the temperature sensing range of 30-50 °C. The fiber is strong enough to be braided into the temperature-sensitive fabric with commercial cotton yarns. The fabric with good comfort and durability can be arranged in the armpit position of the cloth to realize real-time body temperature monitoring without interruption during daily activities. Through Bluetooth wireless transmission, body temperature can be monitored in real-time and displayed on mobile phones to the parents or guardians. Overall, the fiber-based temperature sensor will significantly improve the practical applications of wearable temperature sensors in intelligent medical treatment due to its sensing stability, comfort, and durability.

Daily variability of pH and temperature in seawater from a near-pristine oceanic atoll, Southwest Atlantic

The study of pH and temperature variability in reef environments, and the underlying processes that control this variability, is of great importance for ocean acidification research. Therefore, in the reef environment of Rocas Atoll, we conducted continuous monitoring of pH and temperature and periodic sampling of carbonate chemistry, and we hypothesize that seawater temperature is not the determining factor in the daily variability of pH at this atoll. Our results showed that the seawater of the atoll presented a high daily variability in pH, [H+], and temperature. The cycles of variations occurred primarily with a periodicity of ∼24 h, related to the daily light cycle, and secondarily with a periodicity of ∼12 h, associated with the semi-diurnal tidal cycles of the atoll. The results indicate that the relative balance of net organic carbon metabolism is the main process modulating carbonate chemistry on the atoll throughout the day.

Prospective comparative analysis of zero-heat-flux thermometer (SpotOn®) compared with tympanic thermometer and bladder thermometer in extremely aged patients undergoing lower extremity orthopedic surgery.

Thermoregulation is important for maintaining homeostasis in the body. It can be easily broken under anesthesia. An appropriate method for measuring core body temperature is needed, especially for elderly patients, because the efficiency of thermoregulation gradually decreases with age. Zero-heat-flux (ZHF) thermometry (SpotOn) is an alternative, noninvasive method for continuous temperature monitoring at the skin surface. The aim of this study was to examine the accuracy and feasibility of using the SpotOn sensor in lower extremity orthopedic surgery in elderly patients aged over 80 years by comparing a SpotOn sensor with 2 other reliable minimally invasive methods: a tympanic membrane thermometer and a bladder thermometer. This study enrolled 45 patients aged over 80 years who were scheduled to undergo lower extremity surgery. Body temperature was measured using a SpotOn sensor, a tympanic membrane thermometer and a bladder thermometer. Agreements between the SpotOn sensor and the other 2 methods were assessed using Bland and Altman plots for repeated measures adjusted for unequal numbers of measurements per patient. Compared with bladder temperature, bias and limits of agreement for SpotOn temperature were 0.07°C ± 0.58°C. Compared with tympanic membrane temperature, bias and limits of agreement for SpotOn temperature were -0.28°C ± 0.61°C. The 3M SpotOn sensor using the ZHF method for patients aged over 80 years undergoing lower extremity surgery showed feasible measurement value and sensitivity.

Temperature Control in the Era of Personalized Medicine: Knowledge Gaps, Research Priorities, and Future Directions.

Hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (HIBI) is the leading cause of death and disability after cardiac arrest. To date, temperature control is the only intervention shown to improve neurologic outcomes in patients with HIBI. Despite robust preclinical evidence supporting hypothermia as neuroprotective therapy after cardiac arrest, there remains clinical equipoise regarding optimal core temperature, therapeutic window, and duration of therapy. Current guidelines recommend continuous temperature monitoring and active fever prevention for at least 72 h and additionally note insufficient evidence regarding temperature control targeting 32 °C-36 °C. However, population-based thresholds may be inadequate to support the metabolic demands of ischemic, reperfused, and dysregulated tissue. Promoting a more personalized approach with individualized targets has the potential to further improve outcomes. This review will analyze current knowledge and evidence, address research priorities, explore the components of high-quality temperature control, and define critical future steps that are needed to advance patient-centered care for cardiac arrest survivors.

Temperature-Induced Contrast Enhancement for Radar-Based Breast Tumor Detection at K-Band Using Tissue Mimicking Phantoms

Conventional approaches for microwave breast tumor detection are limited by the imaging resolution due to the low operating frequency. The objective of this work is to provide a proof of concept for radar-based detection of breast tumors in K-band using the temperature-dependent permittivity of the tissue for contrast enhancement. The innovation of this work is given by i) investigating higher microwave frequencies for breast cancer diagnostics and improved resolution; ii) exploiting variations in tissue temperature as a non-invasive approach for contrast-induced radar imaging eliminating the need for contrast agents such as nanoparticles; iii) using a well-defined setup with the breast compressed similar to mammography; iv) eliminating the need for coupling liquid through the usage of ultra-wideband bow-tie antennas operating from 16.55 to 40 GHz for a reflection coefficient lower than −10 dB; v) validating the experimental findings through numerical modelling. The experimental setup in this work consists of a single-pixel transmission setup with the antennas placed in a 3D printed container. Two different tissue mimicking phantoms have been studied that both model the temperature-dependent permittivity of biological tissue. The first phantom represents homogeneous fatty tissue properties and the second phantom simulates fatty tissue with a tumor inclusion. A uniform phantom warming is realized through a water bath combined with a continuous monitoring of the phantoms temperature. We show that a homogeneous phantom without tumor can be distinguished from a heterogeneous phantom with tumor in the temperature range of 28 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^\circ$</tex-math></inline-formula> C to 38 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^\circ$</tex-math></inline-formula> C.

A high-toughness, tailorable, wearable multifunctional sensor based on multisynergistic fabric-hydrogel constructed via dual-function boric acid bridge

Flexible wearable electronic devices have attracted immense interest in human rehabilitation and motion detection to their intrinsic characteristics. However, with the sticky feeling and low strength of universal hydrogels, the flexible sensor made it difficult to satisfy the requirements of comfort for the human body. Here is a novel alcohol polyvinyl-boric acid-polyaniline (PVA-BA-PANI/PBA) fabric-hydrogel multi-functional sensor inspired by the microstructure of natural tendon based on cotton fabric fibers as muscle fibers and PVA hydrogel as extracellular matrix. The dual-function “bridge” molecule BA played the role of hydrogel cross-linker and provided a stable protonated environment for PANI. The three-dimensional pore structure of hydrogels was modulated by adjusting the polymerization time and boric acid concentration. The tailorable fabric-hydrogel composite PBA showed excellent electrical conductivity (0.52 S/m), good mechanical properties (tensile strength of 6.42 MPa and toughness of 6.16 MJ m−3), high-temperature resistance coefficient (TCR of −1588.011 and −4.252% °C−1 in the temperature range of −20 − 0 °C and 0 − 50 °C, respectively) and repeatable stability. Synchronously, the resultant PBA sensors revealed superb thermosensitive performances for real-time and continuous temperature monitoring requirements, providing a promising route to develop wearable artificial intelligence in human rehabilitation and motion detection.

Maintenance-free wireless multi-functional sensing enabled by electrostatic generator

Conventional self-powered sensor nodes rely on commercial sensing and wireless modules, making it difficult to achieve both long-range and real-time sensing, due to the limited energy harvested from the environment and the module’s high-power consumption. To solve this problem, a universal paradigm for self-powered sensor nodes with real-time, long-range and multi-functional sensing capability was proposed, which is achieved by low-power signal modulation using an electrostatic generator and a surface acoustic wave resonator (SAWR)-based transmitter. Once the sensor node is mechanically stimulated, the generator triggers the transmitter to generate radio frequency (RF) signals, containing both the generator’s motion status which encodes the RF signal amplitude to binarized 1/0 and the information sensed by SAWR which modulates the RF signal frequency. Based on the paradigm, we demonstrated simultaneous and continuous monitoring of wind speed and temperature from two sensor nodes located over 100 m, opening up new possibilities for maintenance-free wireless sensing.

Occurrence and characteristics of snowfall on the highest mountain of Mexico (Citlaltépetl volcano) through the ground’s surface temperature

Snow has great environmental importance. Its physical properties influence the ground temperature; its long-term accumulation adds to the mass of glaciers and is also a clear indicator of climate variability. However, despite the frequency of snowfall in tropical high-mountain environments, its quantitative study is very scarce, and it is non-existent in the case of Mexico. Due to the altitude of a large part of the Mexican territory and the high ecosystem value of the snow, in this work we analyze the temporality, accumulation, and duration of the snow cover on the highest mountain in the country. The data obtained through continuous monitoring of the surface temperature of the ground allowed us to identify that snowfall occurs with greater frequency and volume during the summer and autumn months, while during the winter snowfall of less intensity occurs. The accumulation values are mostly less than 30 cm thick, and the duration of the snowpack is on average less than two weeks; however, there are episodes of greater depth and duration.

IMPLEMENTASI PEMANTAUAN SUHU, KELEMBABAN DAN KADAR GAS AMONIA BERBASIS ANDROID PADA PETERNAKAN KAMBING SAPERA MITRA AGRO ABADI FARM

The partner of this program is a dairy goat breeder Mitra Agro Abadi Farm which is located in Barukan Village, Semarang Regency. The fundamental problem of dairy goat farmers in Barukan Village is related to continuous real time monitoring of temperature, humidity and ammonia gas levels in goat cages. Breeders still use the manual method by estimating changes in temperature and humidity and changes in ammonia gas making the goat cage susceptible to disease in goats so that it affects the production of goat milk produced. Therefore, the PKM team offers a solution to create a system that can monitor temperature, humidity and ammonia gas levels in an Android-based goat pen that can be monitored via the farmer's cellphone, then the monitoring data is sent via the internet and then provides notifications to farmers remotely in real time. via mobile phones so that farmers can provide immediate handling or action if the cage conditions are not in accordance with ideal conditions. The goal to be achieved from this activity is that the Barukan Village goat breeders are IT literate and it is easier to control the condition of the goat cages in a measurable manner. Thus, the quality of goat's milk production also increases

Coupling membrane electro-bioreactor with anammox process to treat wastewater at low temperatures

Membrane bioreactors (MBRs)have been extensively applied to municipal wastewater treatment. Nevertheless, MBRs cannot eliminate nutrients to an adequate level without extra operation units and intensive chemical supplies. Furthermore, low temperatures destroy the performance of the MBR process. In this work, a pioneering anammox membrane electro-bioreactor (MEBR/anammox) system was designed and operated at a constant flow rate of 7L/d with continuous monitoring of sludge liquor temperature (8–22 °C). The MEBR/anammox worked with a sludge retention time (SRT) of 20 days and a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 24 h. It was found that temperature variations did not significantly influence the effluents quality in terms of nutrients and COD. At lower operating temperatures, the effluent concentrations of NH4-N, TN, PO4-P, and COD in the MEBR-anammox were 0.77 mg/L, 6.42 mg/L, 0.80 mg/L, and 24.95 mg/L, respectively. The corresponding removal efficiencies were 94.46%, 88.62%, 95.60%, and 90.76%, respectively. Taken together, the implementation of a low/periodic direct current (DC) of 14.85 A/m2 and anammox process inside the MBR, achieving a MEBR/anammox, was found to enhance the efficacy of the treatment system, improve sludge properties and increase membrane fouling control in low-temperature milieus compared to traditional MBR. The MEBR/anammox system, introduced in this work, establishes an innovative wastewater technology that minimizes the footprint, capital and operating expenditures of the plant. In addition, this system could open new prospects for the treatment of municipal sewage in cold regions.

Clinical feasibility of radiofrequency ablation using novel adjustable separable electrodes with a multipurpose needle for treating small hepatocellular carcinomas: a prospective single center study

Background The novel separable clustered electrode system with two adjustable active tips (ICAEs) and a fine multipurpose needle (MPN) for in situ temperature monitoring and adjuvant agent injection was developed and validated in an animal study. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the technical efficacy and complication of the novel electrode system for patients who have small HCC. Methods In this prospective, single-center clinical trial, ten participants with 14 small (≤ 2 cm, BCLC 0-A) HCCs referred for RFA were enrolled. A novel electrode system consisting of two ICAEs and one MPN with a thermometer and side holes was used for RFA. The RF energy was delivered using a multichannel RF system combining bipolar and switching monopolar modes. Technical success, efficacy, and complications were evaluated on immediate and one-month follow-up CT. Results Technical success was achieved in 92.9% (13/14) of tumors. One participant withdrew consent after RFA, and technical efficacy was achieved in 91.7% (11/12) of tumors. None showed thermal injury to nontarget organs. All patients were discharged the day after RFA without major complications. The active electrode lengths were adjusted in 60% (6/10) of patients during the procedure to tailor the ablation zone (83.3%, n = 5) or treat two tumors with different sizes (16.7%, n = 1). MPN was capable of continuous temperature monitoring during all ablations (100%, 14/14). Conclusions RFA using a novel electrode system showed acceptable technical efficacy and safety in patients with small HCCs. Further comparative studies are needed for the investigation of the system’s potential benefits compared to conventional electrodes.

Highly Sensitive Temperature Detection Based on a Frost- and Dehydration-Resistive Ion-Doped Hydrogel-MXene Composite.

Wearable temperature sensors with high sensitivity and stability hold great potential for human health monitoring. However, hydrogels, which are commonly used for wearable devices, often show poor thermal and electrical conductivity and are susceptible to dehydration and freezing. Herein, we developed a frost- and dehydration-resistive temperature sensor based on Fe2+/Ti2CTx/κ-carrageenan (CA)-polyacrylamide (PAM) hydrogel. The Fe2+ ions within the hydrogel existed in two forms: as free ions and bonded ions. The free Fe2+ ions could complex with water molecules, resulting in the improved resistance to dehydration and freezing, as well as enhanced ionic conductivity in the hydrogel. On the other hand, the remaining Fe2+ ions acted as linkers to form coordination bonds with the sulfate groups of CA chains, resulting in the greatly enhanced mechanical strength of the hydrogel. In addition, the Ti2CTx nanosheet-based fillers formed a well-defined porous laminar structure, which reduced the phonon scattering and improved the phonon adsorption within the hydrogel. The Fe2+/Ti2CTx/CA-PAM hydrogel sensor exhibited excellent temperature sensing performance including a good linearity (R2 = 0.998) within a broad working range (-10 to 60 °C), high resolution (0.1 °C), and good repeatability. Furthermore, the sensor was integrated into a wireless system for continuous monitoring of body temperature, demonstrating its potential in healthcare monitoring, electronic skins, and intelligent robots.

Noninvasive and Continuous Monitoring of the Core Body Temperature through the Quantitative Measurement of Blood Perfusion Rate.

Core body temperature (CBT) is one of the four vital signs that must be monitored continuously. The continuous recording of CBT is possible through invasive methods by inserting a temperature probe into specific body sites. We report a novel method to monitor CBT through the quantitative measurement of skin blood perfusion rate (ωb,skin). By monitoring the skin temperature, heat flux, and ωb,skin, the arterial blood temperature, equivalent to CBT, can be extracted. ωb,skin is quantitatively evaluated thermally via sinusoidal heating with regulated thermal penetration depth so that the blood perfusion rate is acquired only in the skin. Its quantification is significant because it indicates various physiological events including hyper- or hypothermia, tissue death, and delineation of tumors. A subject showed promising results with steady values of ωb,skin and CBT of 5.2 ± 1.05 × 10-4 s-1 and 36.51 ± 0.23 °C, respectively. For periods where the subject's actual CBT (axillary temperature) did not fall within the estimated range, the average deviation from the actual CBT was only 0.07 °C. This study aims to develop a competent methodology capable of continuously monitoring the CBT and blood perfusion rate at a distant location from the core body region for the diagnosis of a patient's health condition with wearable devices.

Effect of heat treatment on mechanical properties (breaking torque) of leaded brass of temperature oil sensor body

In this case study, failure analysis of engine oil temperature sensor (OTS) is conducted. The OTS usually consist of three parts: brass body, thermistor unit and a coupler unit. For continuous temperature monitoring, the brass body is continuously in contact with the engine oil that are based on sulphates and ammoniate, under high pressure and elevated temperature. This sensor is mounted on the vehicle engine using torque gauge/ wrench during the final vehicle assembly. For this, the brass body is designed to withstand a torque of 44 Nm and should have a design torque between the ranges of 70–80 Nm.In present study, we observed cracks on the OTS brass body during assembly process. The product was failing at a much lower value than the design torque i.e. less than 44 Nm. For failure analysis, vehicle assembly conditions were simulated and the failed parts were analyzed using microstructural, morphological and elemental analyses. Lead segregation was identified as the root cause of the failure which occurred due to improper heat treatment temperature (annealing conducted at 300 °C for 1 h). Lead segregation resulted in making the component brittle which acted as a crack initiation zone and failed at low torque values. The design torque value of T-Oil Sensor is improved by reduction in Pb content and providing annealing heat treatment to brass at 550 °C for 2 h which leads to even distribution of Pb and beta refinement.

Continuous temperature monitoring: A systematic review of literature findings.

e13625 Background: Recent studies have determined continuous temperature monitoring (CTM) identifies fever up to 12 hours earlier than intermittent temperature monitoring in patients with neutropenic fever. In 2010, Van Vliet showed CTM enabled the early administration of antibiotics. Verma and colleagues (2021) reported that self-monitored temperature taking was frequently inaccurate. Nessle et al. (2022) observed 2 instances of fever, associated with bloodstream infections, detected by CTM 5 hours and 12 hours earlier than oral temperature. CTM records 8,640 data points in 24 hours versus the current standard of care (SOC), which typically measures up to 6 data points in 24 hours. The increased frequency of data collection presents a comprehensive picture of the patient’s status which enables earlier detection in trends or patterns of fever. As a result, earlier medical evaluation and prompt administration of antibiotics has led to improved patient care and outcomes. Methods: A literature review was executed to determine the validity of evidence available related to CTM utilization in both oncology and other high-risk therapeutic areas. Levels of evidence were assigned based on the design, methodology, validity, and applicability of the studies. Journal impact scores were added to support findings and implementation into real-world practices. A table was created to organize the data, including level of evidence, journal impact score, and study results. Results: This review of the literature included 17 documents related to CTM. Levels of evidence for CTM include 4 documents with Level 1 and 5 documents with Level 2 evidence. The journal impact scores found 6 of the 17 documents to be above 5. Overall, the study results showed a positive correlation between the use of CTM and earlier fever detection. Conclusions: CTM use has grown in recent years; however, there is still a need for randomized controlled trials to observe health economic, and clinical outcomes. CTM allows for earlier detection of fever, improving patient outcomes over SOC in high-risk patients. CTM should be considered a clinical decision tool to enhance current vital sign monitoring, thereby improving neutropenic patient care.

Characterization of the Grigna karst aquifer (Northern Italy) by springs monitoring and tracer tests

Alpine and prealpine karst aquifers represent a considerable water reserve due to the extension of the carbonate massifs. These aquifers are particularly vulnerable and require careful monitoring and protection activities. The Northern Grigna massif (Western Orobic Prealps, Lombardy Region) represents one of the most significant karst areas in Northern Central Alps of Italy, characterised by a deep karst system and a high density of cave entrances. The Fiumelatte Cave and the Fonte Uga spring represent the main identified outflows of the Northern Grigna groundwater karstic system. Past tracer testing established the connection between the upper karst massif and the Fiumelatte Cave and suggested a possible link between the Esino river and the two springs.The characterization of the Grigna karst aquifer by an annual monitoring of the main springs and the interpretation of hydrochemical and hydrological data is the main topic of this paper. The continuous monitoring of water temperature, discharge, electrical conductivity and turbidity at Fiumelatte and Fonte Uga springs allowed to define a conceptual model of these connected discharge points within the karst system.Two multiple tracer tests with fluorescent dyes injected along the Esino river and deep into two caves enabled to better investigate the dynamics of the groundwater flow system and of the springs. The tests revealed the coexistence of different drainage systems within the karst massif and confirmed the relationship between Fiumelatte and Fonte Uga springs. The first one, a temporary spring which activates only after intense rainfall events or during the snowmelt period, represents the overflow system of the second one, which is a perennial spring.An updated model of the Grigna karst system is presented, with a particular focus on the hydrogeochemical characteristics of the main springs and on the flow network developed in the peculiar geological and structural setting of this karstic massif.

Fiber Bragg Grating Sensor Networks Enhance the In Situ Real-Time Monitoring Capabilities of MLI Thermal Blankets for Space Applications.

The utilization of Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors in innovative optical sensor networks has displayed remarkable potential in providing precise and dependable thermal measurements in hostile environments on Earth. Multi-Layer Insulation (MLI) blankets serve as critical components of spacecraft and are employed to regulate the temperature of sensitive components by reflecting or absorbing thermal radiation. To enable accurate and continuous monitoring of temperature along the length of the insulative barrier without compromising its flexibility and low weight, FBG sensors can be embedded within the thermal blanket, thereby enabling distributed temperature sensing. This capability can aid in optimizing the thermal regulation of the spacecraft and ensuring the reliable and safe operation of vital components. Furthermore, FBG sensors offer sev eral advantages over traditional temperature sensors, including high sensitivity, immunity to electromagnetic interference, and the ability to operate in harsh environments. These properties make FBG sensors an excellent option for thermal blankets in space applications, where precise temperature regulation is crucial for mission success. Nevertheless, the calibration of temperature sensors in vacuum conditions poses a significant challenge due to the lack of an appropriate calibration reference. Therefore, this paper aimed to investigate innovative solutions for calibrating temperature sensors in vacuum conditions. The proposed solutions have the potential to enhance the accuracy and reliability of temperature measurements in space applications, which can enable engineers to develop more resilient and dependable spacecraft systems.

A Robust and Adhesive Hydrogel Enables Interfacial Coupling for Continuous Temperature Monitoring

AbstractContinuous temperature monitoring by flexible hydrogel‐based electronics achieves rapid advances, overcoming the drawbacks of rigid and unportable thermocouples. However, an open question is whether and how the thermosensitive hydrogel designing can prevent mechanical mismatching between devices and skin‐tissues and reduces interfacial failure. Herein, a versatile hydrogel‐based thermistor epidermal sensor (HTES) paradigm is engineered consisting of thermosensitive and self‐adhesive function layer (PEST) in tandem with a surface spraying Ag interdigital electrode. Leveraging the advantage of catechol chemistry inspired tannic acid‐coated cellulose nanocrystals, the resultant PEST achieves the adhesion‐cohesion equilibrium along with superior thermosensitivity. The assembled HTES thereby yields unprecedented features of superior thermosensitivity (TCR = 1.43% °C−1), exceptional mechanical integrity (hammering 200 cycles, current variation &lt;9%), impressive interfacial compatibility (adhesion strength, 25 kPa), and environmental stability (thermosensation retention of 98% over 5 days). By in‐situ microstructure observation, the unique geometrical synchronization of HTES with arbitrary curvilinear surfaces (e.g., sphere, cone, and saddle) stemming from elastic dissipation and discrete rupture of the adhesive fibrillar bridges is validated, affording competitive advantages than that of the state‐of‐the‐art thermistor electronics for alleviating the interfacial deterioration, which dramatically inspires advanced HTES design strategies and paves the way for commercialization of attachable thermistor electronics.