Continuous System Research Articles

Distributed wireless IoT based sensing and quality monitoring system in protection of wetlands groundwater areas

Abstract This paper presents the development and implementation of a sensor network based on the Internet of Things (IoT) to monitor key groundwater quality parameters with the goal of minimizing potential risks in the protection of biodiversity. These parameters include the water level, water temperature, pH, conductivity, and dissolved oxygen. The system prioritizes scalability, ease of use, real-time data acquisition and minimal power consumption, resulting in efficient and dependable water quality monitoring with the convenience of remote applications. The continuous measurement system was set up to be a single source of information for monitoring groundwater quality in protected wetland areas across international borders, including Tompojevacki Ritovi (Municipality of Tompojevci, Croatia) and Lake Zobnatica (Municipality of Backa Topola, Serbia). The findings of two years of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) monitoring were compared to standard laboratory methods to demonstrate the accuracy and precision of WSN readings. Appropriate calibration and installation of the WSN give a larger volume of data and thus grow the database, allowing for a more accurate identification of water contamination and a quick response in the event of pollution. Smart IoT-based sensors help to protect water quality and, as a result, the well-being of ecosystems and human communities, which is especially important in protected areas like wetlands.

The Interplay between Dietary Habits and Glycemic Control in Type 1 Diabetes: A Comprehensive Prospective FGM Study.

Type 1 diabetes has become prevalent among the adult population, who have increasingly gained access to sensing technology. This study delved into the impact of diet, nutritional status, and the use of a continuous glucose monitoring system (CGM) on glycemic regulation among adults diagnosed with T1D. Employing a prospective design, data were gathered from 151 participants aged 18-60 across multiple cycles. Participants utilized the FreeStyle Libre (FSL) Flash Glucose Monitoring (FGM) System and provided dietary details via questionnaires and diaries. The findings unveiled correlations between dietary patterns and glycemic control, with higher protein intake associated with improved glycated hemoglobin A1C values (p = 0.019), yet elevated fat and protein consumption was linked to heightened rates of hyperglycemia. Conversely, no significant relationship was observed between dietary variables and hypoglycemia occurrence. Interestingly, subjects with more readings of glucose levels consumed fewer carbohydrates (p = 0.004) and more proteins (p = 0.000). Furthermore, physical activity and marital status correlated with glycemic stability, while higher education was associated with enhanced glycemic control (p = 0.021). This study confirmed the importance of structured education on glycemic regulation and the importance of dietary patterns in glucose management. Also, the educational role of the FGM system in changing dietary habits was confirmed, which is one of the key factors for improving glycemic regulation in continuous glucose monitoring system users.

Effects of long-term continuous cultivation on the structure and function of soil bacterial and fungal communities of Fritillaria Cirrhosa on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.

Fritillaria cirrhosa, an endangered medicinal plant in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, is facing resource scarcity. Artificial cultivation has been employed to address this issue, but problems related to continuous cultivation hinder successful transplantation. Imbalanced microbial communities are considered a potential cause, yet the overall changes in the microbial community under continuous cropping systems remain poorly understood. Here, we investigated the effects of varying durations of continuous cropping on the bacterial and fungal communities, as well as enzymatic activities, in the rhizospheric soil of F. cirrhosa. Our findings revealed that continuous cropping of F. cirrhosa resulted in soil acidification, nutrient imbalances, and increased enzyme activity. Specifically, after 10 years of continuous cropping, there was a notable shift in the abundance and diversity (e.g., Chao1 index) of soil bacteria and fungi. Moreover, microbial composition analyses revealed a significant accumulation of harmful microorganisms associated with soil-borne diseases (e.g., Luteimonas, Parastagonospora, Pseudogymnoascus) in successively cropped soils, in contrast to the significant reduction of beneficial microorganisms (e.g., Sphingomonas, Lysobacter, Cladosporium) that promote plant growth and development and protect against diseases such as Fusarium sp.These changes led to decreased connectivity and stability within the soil microbial community. Structural equation modeling and redundancy analysis revealed that alkaline hydrolytic nitrogen and available phosphorus directly influenced soil pH, which was identified as the primary driver of soil microbial community changes and subsequently contributed to soil health deterioration. Overall, our results highlight that soil acidification and imbalanced rhizosphere microbial communities are the primary challenges associated with continuous cropping of F. cirrhosa. These findings establish a theoretical foundation for standardized cultivation practices of F. cirrhosa and the bioremediation of continuously cultivated soils.

Enhancing the efficiency of Brown 24 pigment production through continuous microwave heating in conveyor belt and rotary kiln systems: A design and optimization study

In energy intensive industries, the continuous production with microwave technology presents several challenges in achieving high energy efficiency and heating uniformity. In the ceramic pigments sector, the Brown 24 is the ideal candidate for this study due to its susceptibility to thermal runaways and its high temperature to reach total conversion, higher than 1000K. By another hand, most literature related to this field focus on static systems while ignoring the continuous ones which are required by the industry. A coupled model that integrates thermal, electromagnetic and chemical phenomena within an energy system was implemented in COMSOL Multiphysics. Additionally, a MATLAB controller was employed to dynamically adjust the cavity length through a moving plunger, which maximizes the electrical efficiency. The required power is also managed to guarantee a total chemical conversion of the material. The proposed optimization methodology reduces computational costs, and it is applicable to any continuous microwave system processing moving solid materials. In this work, two microwave configurations were optimized. The first one, based on a conveyor belt, achieved a global efficiency close to 70%. While the second one, based on a rotary kiln, achieved a global efficiency of 85% and a production rate of 4.66kg/h, significantly outperforming a previous study by factors of 1.57 and 2.06, respectively. These findings show the potential for substantial improvements in continuous microwave systems.

Controlling the optoelectronic properties of nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots using biomass-derived precursors in a continuous flow system

The synthesis of carbon quantum dots (CQDs) from high molecular weight biomass-derived precursors poses a significant challenge due to the complex molecular structures and low conversion efficiency. This work demonstrates a green, rapid, and sustainable continuous hydrothermal flow synthesis (CHFS) approach for nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots (NCQDs) from various biomass-derived precursors, including high molecular weight polymeric sources like chitosan, lignin, and humic acid. We find that the precursor structure significantly impacts the size of the fabricated NCQDs and their optical properties. Citric acid, a low molecular weight precursor, yields NCQDs with excitation-independent emission, higher quantum yields, and low non-radiative losses, while NCQDs derived from polymeric precursors exhibit excitation-dependent, red-shifted, and lower efficiency emission. Theoretical calculations, performed to understand the configuration and distribution of nitrogen dopants within the NCQD structure, show that pyridinic and graphitic nitrogen atoms exhibit a strong preference to aggregate near the centre of the edge of the NCQD and not in the vertices nor in the graphitic core, thus affecting the HOMO and LUMO, bandgap, and light absorption and emission wavelengths. The life cycle assessment (LCA) analysis highlights the green and scalable advantages of the CHFS process for producing NCQDs compared to batch methods, making it a sustainable and economically viable approach for large-scale NCQD synthesis from high molecular weight biomass-derived precursors. Hence, the combination of experimental data and theoretical calculations provides a comprehensive understanding of the structure-property relationships in these NCQDs.

Electrochemical Nitrate Reduction to Ammonia on AuCu Single-atom Alloy Aerogels under Wide Potential Window.

Electrocatalytic nitrate reduction to ammonia (NO3RR) is very attractive for nitrate removal and ammonia production in industrial processes. However, the nitrate reduction reaction is characterized by intense hydrogen competition at strong reduction potentials, which greatly limits the Faraday efficiency at strong reduction potentials. Herein, we reported an AuxCu single-atom alloy aerogels (AuxCu SAAs) with three-dimensional network structure with significant nitrate reduction performance of Faraday efficiency (FE) higher than 90% over a wide potential range (0 ~ -1 VRHE). The FE of the catalyst was close to 100% at a high reduction potential of -0.8 VRHE, accompanying with NH3 yield reaching 6.21 mmol h-1 cm-2. More importantly, the catalyst maintained a long-term operation over 400 h at 400 mA cm-2 for the NO3RR using a continuous flow system in a H-cell. Experimental and theoretical analysis demonstrate that the catalyst can lower the energy barrier for the hydrogenation reaction of *NO2, leading to a rapid consumption of the generated *H, facilitate the hydrogenation process of NO3RR, and inhibit the competitive HER at high overpotentials, which efficiently promotes the nitrate reduction reaction, especially in industrial applications.

A Passive Perspiration Inspired Wearable Platform for Continuous Glucose Monitoring.

The demand for glucose monitoring devices has witnessed continuous growth from the rising diabetic population. The traditional approach of blood glucose (BG) sensor strip testing generates only intermittent glucose readings. Interstitial fluid-based devices measure glucose dynamically, but their sensing approaches remain either minimally invasive or prone to skin irritation. Here, a sweat glucose monitoring system is presented, which completely operates under rest with no sweat stimulation and can generate real-time BG dynamics. Osmotically driven hydrogels, capillary action with paper microfluidics, and self-powered enzymatic biochemical sensor are used for simultaneous sweat extraction, transport, and glucose monitoring, respectively. The osmotic forces facilitate greater flux inflow and minimize sweat rate fluctuations compared to natural perspiration-based sampling. The epidermal platform is tested on fingertip and forearm under varying physiological conditions. Personalized calibration models are developed and validated to obtain real-time BG information from sweat. The estimated BG concentration showed a good correlation with measured BG concentration, with all values lying in the A+B region of consensus error grid (MARD = 10.56% (fingertip) and 13.17% (forearm)). Overall, the successful execution of such osmotically driven continuous BG monitoring system from passive sweat can be a useful addition to the next-generation continuous sweat glucose monitors.

Assessment of Low-Cost and Higher-End Soil Moisture Sensors across Various Moisture Ranges and Soil Textures.

The accuracy and unit cost of sensors are important factors for a continuous soil moisture monitoring system. This study compares the accuracy of four soil moisture sensors differing in unit costs in coarse-, fine-, and medium-textured soils. The sensor outputs were recorded for the VWC, ranging from 0% to 50%. Low-cost capacitive and resistive sensors were evaluated with and without the external 16-bit analog-to-digital converter ADS1115 to improve their performances without adding much cost. Without ADS1115, using only Arduino's built-in analog-to-digital converter, the low-cost sensors had a maximum RMSE of 4.79% (v/v) for resistive sensors and 3.78% for capacitive sensors in medium-textured soil. The addition of ADS1115 showed improved performance of the low-cost sensors, with a maximum RMSE of 2.64% for resistive sensors and 1.87% for capacitive sensors. The higher-end sensors had an RMSE of up to 1.8% for VH400 and up to 0.95% for the 5TM sensor. The RMSE differences between higher-end and low-cost sensors with the use of ADS1115 were not statistically significant.

Monometallic/Bimetallic Co‐ZIFs Synthesis, Characterization, and Application for Adsorption of SO2 and CO2 in Continuous Flow System

Monometallic/Bimetallic Co‐ZIFs Synthesis, Characterization, and Application for Adsorption of SO₂ and CO₂ in Continuous Flow System

Investigating drug-gut microbiota interactions: reductive and hydrolytic metabolism of oral glucocorticoids by in vitro artificial gut microbiota

Elucidation of the role of gut microbiota in the metabolism of orally administered drugs may improve therapeutic effectiveness and contribute to the development of personalized medicine. In this study, ten different artificial gut microbiota (AGM), obtained by culturing fecal samples in a continuous fermentation system, were challenged for their metabolizing capacity on a panel of six glucocorticoids selected from either prodrugs or drugs. Data from metabolic stability assays highlighted that, while the hydrolysis-mediated conversion of prodrugs to drugs represented only a minor metabolic pathway, significant differences in the stability of parent compounds and in their conversion rates to multiple reductive metabolites were obtained for the selected drugs. In the latter case, a taxonomic composition-dependent ability to convert parent drugs to metabolites was observed. Indeed, the artificial microbial communities dominated by the genus Bacteroides showed the maximal conversion of parent glucocorticoids to several metabolites. Furthermore, the effect of drugs on AGM was also evaluated through shallow shotgun sequencing and flow cytometry-based total bacterial cell count highlighting that these drugs can affect both the taxonomic composition and growth performances of the human gut microbiota.

Reservoir computing with logistic map.

Recent studies on reservoir computing essentially involve a high-dimensional dynamical system as the reservoir, which transforms and stores the input as a higher-dimensional state for temporal and nontemporal data processing. We demonstrate here a method to predict temporal and nontemporal tasks by constructing virtual nodes as constituting a reservoir in reservoir computing using a nonlinear map, namely, the logistic map, and a simple finite trigonometric series. We predict three nonlinear systems, namely, Lorenz, Rössler, and Hindmarsh-Rose, for temporal tasks and a seventh-order polynomial for nontemporal tasks with great accuracy. Also, the prediction is made in the presence of noise and found to closely agree with the target. Remarkably, the logistic map performs well and predicts close to the actual or target values. The low values of the root mean square error confirm the accuracy of this method in terms of efficiency. Our approach removes the necessity of continuous dynamical systems for constructing the reservoir in reservoir computing. Moreover, the accurate prediction for the three different nonlinear systems suggests that this method can be considered a general one and can be applied to predict many systems. Finally, we show that the method also accurately anticipates the time series of the all the three variable of Rössler system for the future (self-prediction).

Magnetic Hydrogel Microbots for Efficient Pollutant Decontamination and Self-Catalyzed Regeneration in Continuous Flow Systems.

The efficient removal of organic pollutants from water is crucial for protecting human health and the ecosystem. While adsorbent-based approaches offer advantages over traditional chemical and thermal methods, they still suffer from slow adsorption kinetics, high energy demand, and limited material lifespan. Herein, an efficient decontamination platform is introduced, using magnetic hydrogel microbots (MHMs) made from picolitre-sized hydrogel droplets coated with multifunctional magnetic nanoparticles. This approach includes 1) dividing a droplet into smaller microbots to enhance their interaction with sample solution and 2) dynamically spinning these MHMs to generate hydrodynamic flows that actively draw pollutants toward the embedded hydrogel for capture. The MHMs show high decontamination effectiveness in both bulk and continuous flow setups, achieving ≈95% removal efficiency within 3min. Further integrating MHMs with a non-pressurized fluidic platform enables energy-efficient continuous flow decontamination, removing ≥95% total organic carbon from a complex pollutant mixture at a flow rate surpassing other recent designs. Additionally, the MHMs facilitate self-catalyzed regeneration using an environmentally friendly H2O2 precursor, allowing for long-term and repeated usage. By enabling the unique divide-and-arrest decontamination of toxic pollutants, the multifunctional design holds tremendous promise for on-site wastewater treatment to ensure safe water access for everyone, even in resource-limited environments.

H2-driven biocatalysis for flavin-dependent ene-reduction in a continuous closed-loop flow system utilizing H2 from water electrolysis

Despite the increasing demand for efficient and sustainable chemical processes, the development of scalable systems using biocatalysis for fine chemical production remains a significant challenge. We have developed a scalable flow system using immobilized enzymes to facilitate flavin-dependent biocatalysis, targeting as a proof-of-concept asymmetric alkene reduction. The system integrates a flavin-dependent Old Yellow Enzyme (OYE) and a soluble hydrogenase to enable H2-driven regeneration of the OYE cofactor FMNH2. Molecular hydrogen was produced by water electrolysis using a proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzer and introduced into the flow system via a designed gas membrane addition module at a high diffusion rate. The flow system shows remarkable stability and reusability, consistently achieving >99% conversion of ketoisophorone to levodione. It also demonstrates versatility and selectivity in reducing various cyclic enones and can be extended to further flavin-based biocatalytic approaches and gas-dependent reactions. This electro-driven continuous flow system, therefore, has significant potential for advancing sustainable processes in fine chemical synthesis.

Long‐term tillage and cover cropping differentially influenced soil nitrous oxide emissions from cotton cropping system

AbstractClimate‐smart agricultural practices, such as no‐tillage (NT) and cover cropping, have been widely adopted and are anticipated to yield multiple benefits, including soil carbon sequestration, enhancing soil health, and crop yield stability. However, their influence on nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions varies, with the potential of both increasing and decreasing N2O emissions. Increasing N2O emissions under these practices may potentially offset the climate mitigation benefits from increased soil carbon sequestration. We investigated N2O emissions in response to 42 years of long‐term adoption of NT and legume cover crop, under nitrogen (N) rates of 0 and 67 kg N ha−1, in a continuous cotton system in the Southeastern United States. Intensive manual chamber‐based measurements were conducted over two growing seasons (2021–2022 and 2022–2023). Long‐term NT did not significantly affect cumulative N2O emissions during the study period (p > 0.05). Hairy vetch cover crop‐grown plots emitted two to three times more N2O than those without cover crops in 2021–2022, with no significant effect observed in 2022–2023. Cumulative emissions in cover crop plots were greater compared to those in no cover crop plots when fertilized with 67 kg N ha−1 in 2021–2022; however, this trend did not persist in 2022–2023. While interannual variability exists, our results generally suggest that long‐term NT may not increase N2O emissions, hence its adoption could enhance its broader soil health and climate benefits via soil carbon sequestration, whereas managing legume cover crop residues in N‐fertilized systems is critical to mitigate N2O emissions.

Analisis Deformasi di Lampung dan Selat Sunda berdasarkan Data GNSS tahun 2018 hingga 2021

The Lampung Province and Sunda Strait have a seismic gap zone with the potential for major earthquakes in the future. This study analyzes the deformation occurring in this region using continuous Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) station data from Indonesia Continuously Operating Reference Station (InaCORS) and Sumatran GPS Array (SuGAr) from 2018 to 2021.5. The GNSS data was processed using the Bernese 5.2 scientific software, applying least squares for velocity changes and statistical tests to analyze significance. The data processing was carried out in two schemes: the first scheme covering 2018-2020, and the second covering 2019-2021. The results of the deformation analysis from 2018 to 2021, using two continuous GNSS data processing schemes, showed velocity changes relative to the Sundaland Plate ranging from ~2 mm/year to ~20 mm/year. In the eastern region of the Sumatra fault, the velocity changes were smaller, around ~5 mm/year, due to the minimal influence of tectonic activity. However, in the Sunda Strait region, the deformation was influenced by volcanic activity. The deformation occurring in Lampung Province and the Sunda Strait, based on GNSS velocity changes, significantly contributes to tectonic and volcanic activities.

Terahertz characterization of organic crystals using paraffin as dilution matrix

Terahertz waves exhibit excellent performance in molecular information detection of substances. Since natural materials exhibit weak absorption of terahertz waves, it's conventional to involve mixing analyte with polymer diluents and pressing them into pellets, or enhance the light-material interaction through coupling systems of natural materials with metamaterials. However, both pressure-induced metastable crystal structure transformations and spatial overlap between the analyte and metasurfaces can impact the absorption of terahertz waves by organic crystals. This paper proposes a novel analytical approach using paraffin as a dilution matrix for qualitatively and quantitatively characterizing organic crystals with THz spectroscopy. The featureless refractive index spectra and negligible absorption demonstrated the feasibility of paraffin as a diluting analyte. The analytical process was further demonstrated with well-studied lactose by being diluted in molten paraffin at different mass-ratios and solidified as pellets under room temperature and ambient pressure. A continuous wave terahertz frequency domain spectroscopy system (THz-FDS) is used for spectral acquisition over 0.4–1.3 THz. The experimental results reveal a significant linear correlation between the absorption coefficient peak areas and molar concentration of lactose, with a correlation coefficient R2 of 0.9678. Our method provides an additional optional dilution matrix for terahertz spectroscopy characterization of organic crystals, enabling non-destructive, rapid, and direct measurement of metastable crystals. Furthermore, this study on paraffin as a binder material holds potential for enhancing spatial overlap between natural materials and metamaterials in the field of metasurface-enhanced sensing.

Structural and Parametric Synthesis of a Hybrid Repetitive Control System for Uncertain Multi-Mode Plant

Article deals with the problem of constructing a hybrid adaptive-robust repetitive control system for one class of a MIMO plants which operating with structural and parametric uncertainty and constant action of an external disturbances. A procedure for structural and parametric synthesis of a control system is proposed. At the structural synthesis stage with the help of hyperstability criterion the authors are developing a decentralized combined controller. After that using the method of continuous models the authors are built a continuous-discrete control system. The main feature of a control loop structure synthesis stage is to ensure the validity of V. M. Popov’s integral inequality. For this purpose, the authors determining the special estimates that guarantee positivity for nonlinear non-stationary part of the system under consideration. At the system’s parametric synthesis stage the authors are use the environment of engineering and technical calculations "Matlab — Simulink" to perform optimization modeling of the continuous and hybrid repetitive control systems. This action is carried out using one of the functional optimization methods — a genetic algorithm. Authors use the criterion of generalized operation for automatic control systems to form the functionality for assessing the quality of the proposed system. At the simulation stage initially for continuous repetitive system it was searched its controller parameters which ensure the minimum value of the specified functional. Then, with a given discretization step of the control loop elements, the hybrid periodic system was optimized in order to improve the quality of its operation.

Interpersonal strategy for controlling unpredictable opponents in soft tennis

Competition in sports, unlike cooperation in everyday life, does not involve a single solution because individuals aim to behave unpredictably, thereby preventing others from predicting their actions. This study determined how individuals in court-based sports attempted to control others’ unpredictable behaviors, addressing the gap in previous studies regarding the lack of clarity around strategies employed by individuals in competitive situations. We achieved this by applying a switching hybrid dynamics model, considering external inputs to analyze individual behaviors. Consequently, the study indicates that skilled individuals, in contrast to intermediate players, exhibit greater consistency in their behaviors. These skilled individuals lead others to anticipate their consistency and subsequently employ strategies to disrupt these expectations. This strategy exploits the principles of active human inference, implying that competition involves cooperation. This was revealed by an analysis of both human decision-making and behavior in actual matches as discrete and continuous dynamical systems. This interpersonal strategy could assist policymakers in the field of everyday life to enhance competitiveness. This strategy enables policymakers to adopt new policies that promote cooperation with competitors, ultimately increasing competitiveness in various aspects of our daily lives.

Evaluation of the Noninvasive Estimated Continuous Cardiac Output System for Pediatric Patients: A Prospective Observational Study.

The estimated continuous cardiac output (esCCO) system is a hemodynamic monitor that uses electrocardiograms and pulse oximeter waves to noninvasively estimate cardiac output. The coefficients for esCCO measurement have been established for adult patients, but the appropriate coefficients for pediatric patients are unclear. Therefore, this study determined esCCO coefficients for pediatric patients and validated the accuracy and tracking ability of a modified esCCO system. An initial study compared cardiac output measurements using transthoracic echocardiography and esCCO in 60 pediatric patients aged <15 years who underwent elective noncardiac surgery. Consequently, the coefficients for the esCCO measurements were redefined for pediatric patients. The main study compared cardiac output measurements between transthoracic echocardiography and modified esCCO in 80 pediatric patients. Measurements were performed pre- and postoperatively, and the accuracy and trending ability of the cardiac output measurements were evaluated using Bland-Altman analysis and a polar plot. The correlation coefficients between the modified esCCO and transthoracic echocardiography were 0.96 and 0.98 in the pre- and postoperative measurements, respectively. In Bland-Altman analysis, the bias (standard deviation [SD]), 95% limits of agreement, and percentage error were 0.03 (0.28), -0.53 to 0.60, and 18% in the preoperative measurement, and -0.04 (0.19), -0.42 to 0.35, and 15% in the postoperative measurement, respectively. The polar plot showed that the cardiac output changes were well tracked, with an angular bias (SD) of 2.9° (6.0°) and radial 95% limits of agreement ranging from -9.2° to 14.9°. Cardiac output measurement by esCCO with modified coefficients for pediatric patients showed high accuracy and tracking ability compared with cardiac output measurement by transthoracic echocardiography. This noninvasive cardiac output measurement could benefit perioperative hemodynamic monitoring in children.

Forced carrier perturbation opens a loophole for chip-based continuous variable quantum key distribution system

The integration of the continous-variable quantum key distribution(CVQKD) system is an important technical route with great potential value for constructing high-performance and low-cost CVQKD system. In all previous CVQKD studies, the quantum efficiency of the detector can be calibrated in advance and is considered to remain unchanged. But when the size of the system shrinks to the on-chip level, especially in the premise of non-uniform waveguide, heavy doping and other factors, effects such as free carrier absorption and scattering loss will become prominent, which will directly cause carriers undergo violent migration due to the tiny jitter of the local oscillator and further lead to dynamical variation of quantum efficiency of detection. In this paper, we propose a practical chip-based detector model, and numerous simulation results based on this model show that the practical system will face potential security threats due to the variable quantum efficiency. Moreover, two defense strategies are proposed to solve these practical security problems commonly exist in general chip-based CVQKD systems. This work breaks the inherent viewpoint that the quantum efficiency in the chip-based CVQKD system can still be calibrated in advance, and suggests a more rigorous consideration of practical security for development of chip-based CVQKD.