State Of Continuous Evolution Research Articles

Frequency and Inertia Response Effects, Capabilities, and Possibilities in Renewable Energy Sources

Background & Objectives: The global power system is in a state of continuous evolution, incorporating more and more renewable energy systems. The converter-based systems are void of inherent inertia control behavior and are unable to curb minor frequency deviations. The traditional power system, on the other hand, is made up majorly of synchronous generators that have their inertia and governor response for frequency control. For improved inertial and primary frequency response, the existing frequency control methods need to be modified and an additional power reserve is to be maintained mandatorily for this purpose. Energy self-sufficient renewable distributed generator systems can be made possible through optimum active power control techniques. Also, when major global blackouts were analyzed for causes, solutions, and precautions, load shedding techniques were found to be a useful tool to prevent frequency collapse due to power imbalances. The pre-existing load shedding techniques were designed for traditional power systems and were tuned to eliminate low inertia generators as the first step to system stability restoration. To incorporate emerging energy possibilities, the changes in the mixed power system must be addressed and new frequency control capabilities of these systems must be researched. Discussion: In this paper, the power reserve control schemes that enable frequency regulation in the widely incorporated solar photovoltaic and wind turbine generating systems are discussed. Techniques for Under Frequency Load Shedding (UFLS) that can be effectively implemented in renewable energy enabled micro-grid environment for frequency regulation are also briefly discussed. The paper intends to study frequency control schemes and technologies that promote the development of self- sustaining micro-grids. Conclusion: The area of renewable energy research is fast emerging with immense scope for future developments. The comprehensive literature study confirms the possibilities of frequency and inertia response enhancement through optimum energy conservation and control of distributed energy systems.

Raising Information Security Awareness in the Field of Urban and Regional Planning

IT is being increasingly used in most areas of life. With the IoT, this technology is set to be in a state of continuous evolution in urban and regional settings. The ongoing development of digitalization processes also increases the possibilities of abuse—both at the technical and interpersonal level. Better information security (IS) awareness (ISA) and knowledge about the dangers that accompany digitalization and the corresponding protective measures are important in private and work life. However, ISA is often overlooked. Training the relevant awareness and skills should also be included in urban and regional planning for citizens. This article thus provides a review of the scientific literature of leading academic journals in the area of IS and the transfer of scientific knowledge for practical purposes. The article presents Serious Games as a way to achieve a deeper understanding of how to promote sustainable ISA using creative methods. Furthermore, ideas of how to apply the Fun Theory and its practice to integrate awareness into modern urban and regional planning will be discussed.

What remains to be discovered? Manifesto for researching the interactive business world

PurposeThe purpose of this viewpoint paper is to summarise the key findings of the industrial marketing and purchasing (IMP) research – especially for those who are unaware or unfamiliar with this research community – and above all, to point at some directions of development.Design/methodology/approachThe authors draw on IMP research studies.FindingsThe authors identify three avenues for further research. The first is related to the need for a sharper, more elaborated and nuanced pictures of the business world, which is in a state of continuous evolution. Second, to present research on business movements from new angles and elaborate sequences of effects and larger patterns of change, there is a need for methodological and conceptual development. The third avenue for further research concerns the provision of normative recommendations to business and policymakers on how to cope with, and make use of, interactivity and interdependences.Originality/valueThe authors outline the areas in which they currently see the greatest “need for better understanding”, aware of the limits in what they know.

Exploring the anatomy of Geographic Information Systems and Technology (GIS&T) textbooks

AbstractChoosing a textbook is among the most important decisions instructors make in preparation for an academic term. Geographic Information Systems and Technology (GIS&T) textbook development has been influenced by a unique set of circumstances, mainly the rapid development of the discipline within an interdisciplinary environment, which has resulted in a continuous state of evolution. We examine the anatomy of GIS&T textbooks through a comparison of their organization, content, and depth of coverage. Specifically, utilizing the Geographic Information Science and Technology Body of Knowledge (BoK) as a comprehensive reference, we categorize the content of 26 of the most widely used introductory GIS textbooks. Our results show that there has been consistent coverage of topics over time, with analytical methods and geospatial data being the most prominent topics covered in texts. However, individual textbooks place varying emphasis on the BoK knowledge areas, which is potentially useful to instructors seeking books that emphasize particular knowledge areas. Additionally, long‐term trends indicate a shift toward an emphasis on new forms of geospatial data (e.g., social media). Ongoing efforts to expand and revise the BoK reflect how the discipline continues to manage its own evolution as new geographic research linked to GIS and GIScience emerges.

Overview of Emerging Zoonoses in India: Areas of Concern

Zoonotic diseases shared by vertebrates and humans in Nature. An updated literature survey indicated that 816 of 1407 (58%) human pathogens which included viruses with prions (208), bacteria with rickettsia (538), fungi with microsporidia (317), protozoa (57) and helminths (287) were zoonotic, were capable of being transmitted naturally between animals and humans. Of these 77 (37%), 54 (10%), 22 (7%), 14 (25%) and 10 (3%) were emerging or reemerging, respectively. The risk factors precipitating the occurrence of EZD are many and are in a state of continuous evolution and agents relevant to South-East Asia. These include avian influenza, rabies, Japanese encephalitis, leptospirosis, Hanta virus, SARS, Nipah virus, cysticercosis, echinococcosis and schistosomosis. In addition, plague and anthrax are also considered important in India.

Cell therapy of peripheral arterial disease: from experimental findings to clinical trials.

The age-adjusted prevalence of peripheral arterial disease in the US population was estimated to approach 12% in 1985, and as the population ages, the overall population having peripheral arterial disease is predicted to rise. The clinical consequences of occlusive peripheral arterial disease include intermittent claudication, that is, pain with walking, and critical limb ischemia (CLI), which includes pain at rest and loss of tissue integrity in the distal limbs, which may ultimately lead to amputation of a portion of the lower extremity. The risk factors for CLI are similar to those linked to coronary artery disease and include advanced age, smoking, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension. The worldwide incidence of CLI was estimated to be 500 to 1000 cases per million people per year in 1991. The prognosis is poor for CLI subjects with advanced limb disease. One study of >400 such subjects in the United Kingdom found that 25% required amputation and 20% (including some subjects who had required amputation) died within 1 year. In the United States, ≈280 lower-limb amputations for ischemic disease are performed per million people each year. The first objective in treating CLI is to increase blood circulation to the affected limb. Theoretically, increased blood flow could be achieved by increasing the number of vessels that supply the ischemic tissue with blood. The use of pharmacological agents to induce new blood vessel growth for the treatment or prevention of pathological clinical conditions has been called therapeutic angiogenesis. Since the identification of the endothelial progenitor cell in 1997 by Asahara and Isner, the field of cell-based therapies for peripheral arterial disease has been in a state of continuous evolution. Here, we review the current state of that field.

NASPGHAN Guidelines for Training in Pediatric Gastroenterology

G.G.C. has received com M.C. has served on th served on the board o and Enteral Nutrition; her institution has rec collaborative and Prov pensation from Child L.A.G. has received c received compensatio employment, expert t stocks/stock options; LLC, consulted to No received or has grants Institutes of Health, th holds equity interest in has received compens Fibrosis Foundation; M Abbott Laboratories, Foundation, the Natio Diseases/National Ins ticals; E.A.R. has rece sionalism & Ethical institution has receive as the medical editor has received compen Pharmaceuticals, and Nutrition; J.T. has rec Pediatrics, Prometheu conflicts of interest. Copyright # 2012 by E Hepatology, and Nut Gastroenterology, He DOI: 10.1097/MPG.0b01

Understanding RFID Technology within a Business Intelligence Framework

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology provides new and exciting opportunities for increasing organizational, financial, and operational performance. With its focus on organizational efficiency and effectiveness, RFID technology is superior to barcodes in its ability to provide source automation features that increase the speed and volume of data collection for analysis. Today, applications that employ RFID are growing rapidly and this technology is in a continuous state of evolution and growth. As it continues to progress, RFID provides us with new opportunities to use business intelligence (BI) to monitor organizational operations and learn more about markets, as well as consumer attitudes, behaviors, and product preferences. This technology can even be used to prevent potentially faulty or spoiled products from ending up in the hands of consumers. However, RFID offers significant challenges to organizations that attempt to employ this technology. Most significantly, there exists the potential for RFID to overwhelm data collection and BI analytic efforts if organizations fail to effectively address RFID data integration issues. To this end, the purpose of this article is to explicate the dynamic technology of RFID and how it is being used today. Additionally, this article will provide insights into how RFID technology is evolving and how this technology relates to BI and issues related to data integration. This knowledge has never been more essential. While IT academic research into RFID development and issues has declined in recent years, RFID continues to be a vital area of exploration, especially as it relates to BI in the 21st century.

Understanding and management of acquired apraxia of speech: Contribution of the Department of Veterans Affairs

Background: Acquired apraxia of speech (AOS) is a neurogenic disorder involving the ability to plan and/or program speech production. Our understanding of the characteristics, nature, and treatment of AOS has been in a continual state of evolution. Significant inroads have been made concerning our knowledge of AOS and its management and the Department of Veterans Affairs (DVA) has played a substantial role in adding to that knowledge base. Aims: The Department of Veterans Affairs has been a long‐standing source of support for research involving neurogenic speech and language disorders. The purpose of this article is to highlight the contributions made by the DVA and its investigators to our understanding and treatment of AOS. Methods & Procedures: Searches of electronic databases were conducted to identify DVA authors of AOS research reports. Additionally, records of DVA, Rehabilitation Research and Development grant funding were reviewed to determine DVA investigators who had conducted research pertinent to AOS. Outcomes & Results: Numerous DVA investigators have been involved in AOS research and several DVA researchers have been leaders in this area of inquiry. Research by DVA investigators has significantly advanced the state of our knowledge of AOS. Conclusion: The current AOS knowledge base rests heavily on research conducted by investigators affiliated with the DVA.

A history of microarrays in biomedicine

The fundamental strategy of the current postgenomic era or the era of functional genomics is to expand the scale of biologic research from studying single genes or proteins to studying all genes or proteins simultaneously using a systematic approach. As recently developed methods for obtaining genome-wide mRNA expression data, oligonucleotide and DNA microarrays are particularly powerful in the context of knowing the entire genome sequence and can provide a global view of changes in gene expression patterns in response to physiologic alterations or manipulation of transcriptional regulators. In biomedical research, such an approach will ultimately determine biologic behavior of both normal and diseased tissues, which may provide insights into disease mechanisms and identify novel markers and candidates for diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic intervention. However, microarray technology is still in a continuous state of evolution and development, and it may take time to implement microarrays as a routine medical device. Many limitations exist and many challenges remain to be achieved to help inclusion of microarrays in clinical medicine. In this review, a brief history of microarrays in biomedical research is provided, including experimental overview, limitations, challenges and future developments.

Breast Cancer Advocacy in Clinical Care

Although still in a continual state of evolution, breast cancer advocacy has come of age in the last few years. Advocacy is a very broad term that can be defined as the viewpoint of a breast cancer patient or survivor, or a viewpoint that is fully patient centered. In the area of clinical care and research, a cooperative atmosphere has developed that has required a close working relationship and understanding of cultures between advocates and those in the professional medical care and research communities. Interaction with patients and decision makers, which reflects individual values and preferences, requires a firm knowledge of medical outcomes; in this way, the advantages and disadvantages of a screening, diagnostic, or treatment plan can be analyzed. Moreover, a clear communication strategy needs to be in place to convey these concepts to patients and to elicit their individual choices and concerns. The development of optimal, shared decision making will require ongoing innovations in all these areas, and some are now being piloted and tested in the areas of screening, prevention, and treatment. The role of advocacy in research has likewise involved a sharp learning curve from both sides. Multiple models of mutual education, exchange of ideas, and the conversion of this interaction into research strategies are now in place in many settings. The intent of such interaction is to move forward with discovery and clinical application in a way that forces a rethinking and innovation of approaches but emphasizes proper scientific methodology. Patient-focused themes of relevance to patients with breast cancer, timely translation to the clinic, and a broader scope of research and ideas are all being integrated into the scientific review process. An emphasis on advocacy issues, along with stepwise scientific progress, will be essential in the new era of rapid technology development, clinical testing, and adoption into the standard of patient care.

Computing with continuous change

A central challenge in computer science and knowledge representation is the integration of conceptual frameworks for continuous and discrete change, as exemplified by the theory of differential equations and real analysis on the one hand, and the theory of programming languages on the other. We take the first steps towards such an integrated theory by presenting a recipe for the construction of continuous programming languages — languages in which state dynamics can be described by differential equations. The basic idea is to start with an untimed language and extend it uniformly over dense (real) time. We present a concrete mathematical model and language (the Hybrid concurrent constraint programming model, Hybrid cc) instantiating these ideas. The language is intended to be used for modeling and programming hybrid systems. The language is declarative — programs can be understood as formulas that place constraints on the (temporal) evolution of the system, with parallel composition regarded as conjunction. It is expressive — it allows the definition of continuous versions of the preemption control constructs. The language is obtained by extending the general-purpose computational formalism of (default) concurrent constraint programming (Default cc) with a single temporal construct, called hence — hence A is read as asserting that A holds continuously beyond the current instant. Various patterns of temporal activity can be generated from this single construct by use of the other combinators in Default cc. We provide a precise operational semantics according to which execution alternates between (i) points at which discontinuous change can occur, and (ii) open intervals in which the state of the system changes continuously. Transitions from a state of continuous evolution are triggered when some condition starts or stops holding. We show that the denotational semantics is correct for reasoning about the operational semantics, through an adequacy theorem.