Continuous Pulse Research Articles

Comparative transcriptome analysis of gene expression patterns on B16F10 melanoma cells under Photobiomodulation of different light modes

Cutaneous melanoma is one of the aggressive cancers. Recent studies have shown that Photobiomodulation (PBM) can inhibit the proliferation of melanoma cells. However, it is not clear that the effect of PBM light mode on the inhibition of melanoma cells. Herein, we investigated the difference of influence between continuous wave (CW) and Pulse PBM on B16F10 melanoma cells. Our results suggested that Pulse mode had a more significant inhibition on the viability of B16F10 melanoma cells than CW mode under the PBM light parameter of wavelength, dose, and average irradiance at 457 nm, 1.14 J/cm2, and 0.19 mW/cm2. Besides, we revealed the differentially expressed genes of B16F10 melanoma cells under the various treatments of PBM light mode (not PBM treatment, CW mode, and Pulse mode) by RNA sequencing. Together, our data suggested that Pulse-PBM can improve the effect of PBM on cells significantly and there may be different molecular mechanisms between Pulse and CW mode including anti-proliferative and cell necrosis. The study shed new light on investigating the molecular mechanisms of various PBM light modes on B16F10 melanoma cells.

Pragmatic Recommendations for the Management of Acute Respiratory Failure and Mechanical Ventilation in Patients with COVID-19 in Low- and Middle-Income Countries.

ABSTRACTManagement of patients with severe or critical COVID-19 is mainly modeled after care for patients with severe pneumonia or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) from other causes, and these recommendations are based on evidence that often originates from investigations in resource-rich intensive care units located in high-income countries. Often, it is impractical to apply these recommendations to resource-restricted settings, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). We report on a set of pragmatic recommendations for acute respiratory failure and mechanical ventilation management in patients with severe/critical COVID-19 in LMICs. We suggest starting supplementary oxygen when SpO2 is persistently lower than 94%. We recommend supplemental oxygen to keep SpO2 at 88–95% and suggest higher targets in settings where continuous pulse oximetry is not available but intermittent pulse oximetry is. We suggest a trial of awake prone positioning in patients who remain hypoxemic; however, this requires close monitoring, and clear failure and escalation criteria. In places with an adequate number and trained staff, the strategy seems safe. We recommend to intubate based on signs of respiratory distress more than on refractory hypoxemia alone, and we recommend close monitoring for respiratory worsening and early intubation if worsening occurs. We recommend low–tidal volume ventilation combined with FiO2 and positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) management based on a high FiO2/low PEEP table. We recommend against using routine recruitment maneuvers, unless as a rescue therapy in refractory hypoxemia, and we recommend using prone positioning for 12–16 hours in case of refractory hypoxemia (PaO2/FiO2 < 150 mmHg, FiO2 ≥ 0.6 and PEEP ≥ 10 cmH2O) in intubated patients as standard in ARDS patients. We also recommend against sharing one ventilator for multiple patients. We recommend daily assessments for readiness for weaning by a low-level pressure support and recommend against using a T-piece trial because of aerosolization risk.

V₂C-Based Memristor for Applications of Low Power Electronic Synapse

Transition metal carbide/nitride (MXenes) have attracted widespread attention in recent years due to their unique structure and excellent electrochemical performance. In addition, MXene materials have adjustable interlayer spacing as well as rich functional groups on the bonding end, which provides great potential to enhance the performance of energy devices. However, three-atoms V2C-based MXene was rarely investigated for memristors and its effects on devices are still unknown. In this work, we synthesized V2C MXene and fabricated Ag/V2C/TiO2/W structural memristors. The advantages of V2C on memristors were explored including the coexistence of volatile threshold switching (TS) and non-volatile memory switching (MS) behaviors, low Set and Reset voltages, and small cycle-to-cycle and device-to-device variations. Moreover, the space charge limited current (SCLC) model is the dominant switching mechanism. Additionally, two types of synaptic plasticity, i.e., long-term potentiation/depression (LTP/LTD), have been achieved by continuous pulse stimulations. These results in this study are of great significance for disclosing the possibilities of low power electronic synapses with V2C.

Combination of eddy current and heat treatment for crack healing and mechanical-property improvement in magnesium alloy tube

The continuous eddy current pulse treatment (ECPT) combined with heat treatment was employed to heal the microcracks in spin formed Mg alloy tubes and improve their mechanical properties in this study. The results show that all the microcracks in different tube specimens were almost healed after different continuous ECPT schemes up to 15 cycles. The schemes with less cooling intervals exhibited better healing effect and increased the strength and elongation of Mg alloy tubes more obviously. After aging treatment, the strength improvement of the specimens with ECPT was more remarkable than that of the specimens without ECPT, and the elongation decrease of the specimens with ECPT was less evident than that of specimens without ECPT due to the segregation of RE elements on the crack surface. Besides, after solution treatment, the strength reduction and ductility improvement of the specimens with ECPT were more pronounced than that of the specimens without ECPT owing to the notable decrease of dislocation density of the specimens with ECPT. Both narrowed cracks induced by ECPT and the segregation of precipitates in the vicinity of microcrack surface during aging treatment contributed to the maximum strength in the as-spun specimens with ECPT followed by aging treatment.

Acute Airway Compromise After Isolated Mandibular Subcondyle Fracture in a Patient With a Hemi-Mandible: A Case Report

Evaluation of the airway is the first step in any trauma protocol, and this is particularly important in instances of facial trauma. While airway compromise is not uncommon in blunt or penetrating facial trauma, it is rarely a significant concern in instances of an isolated mandibular fracture. We report a rare case of immediate airway compromise in an elderly, edentulous female who sustained an isolated mandibular subcondyle fracture, complicated by her history of a remote hemimandibulectomy for management of her oral cancer. Initial airway management was performed conservatively with prone or lateral positioning under continuous pulse oximetry monitoring in the intensive care unit, followed promptly by open anatomic reduction and internal fixation of the fracture under more optimal operative conditions. After stabilizing the subcondylar fracture, the patient followed a mechanical soft/no-chew diet for 6 weeks until the fracture was healed. She has experienced no airway concerns since her surgery. This case report stresses the importance of a comprehensive evaluation of the airway in facial trauma patients with altered baseline anatomy, as well as highlights the considerations for emergent surgical airway versus immediate or delayed surgical fracture fixation.

Superior light-resistant dithieno[3,2-b:2',3'-d]arsole-based polymers exhibiting ultrastable amplified spontaneous emission.

Herein, by amplified spontaneous emission measurements, dithieno[3,2-b:2',3'-d]arsole (DTA)-bithiophene (DTA-BT) and DTA-ethynylbenzene (DTA-EB) polymer films exhibited considerable photostability under continuous pulsed pumping excitation for at least 15 h at the pumping energies, 28.9 and 20.7 μJ, respectively, showing an outstanding high light-resistance among the polymer-based gain media.

Wearable triboelectric nanogenerators for heart rate monitoring

Cardiovascular diseases are currently the leading cause of death globally and are projected to remain the leading cause in 2040, making heart rate an important physiological indicator that should be regularly monitored. Current heart rate monitoring techniques, including photoplethysmography and electrocardiography, are inconvenient for continuous biomonitoring in a wearable way. With a collection of compelling features, such as light weight and high sensitivity, triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have become an emerging and cost-effective biotechnology for long-term and continuous heart rate monitoring in a wearable manner. In this review, we systematically discuss the biomechanics of heart beat, working mechanisms of TENGs, and exemplary applications of TENGs for self-powered heart rate monitoring. Finally, we conclude with a discussion of the potential for technology development in the future.

A Randomised Controlled Trial on the Efficacy and Safety of Oral Ketamine in Neonatal Circumcision

Introduction: Procedural analgesia use in neonatal circumcision is not widespread in the developing world. An easy-to-administer, adequate and safe analgesia will encourage usage in neonatal circumcision. Orally administered ketamine may prove effective and safe, and may encourage procedural analgesia use in neonatal circumcision. Aim: To determine the analgesic efficacy of oral ketamine in Plastibell® neonatal circumcision. Materials and Methods: A hospital based randomised double blind controlled study was conducted at the paediatric surgery unit of the hospital, from March 2015 to December 2015. Total 121 neonates were sequentially recruited, and randomised into two groups. Group A received oral ketamine, and Group B received plain syrup (placebo) as procedural analgesia. Continuous pulse oximeter monitoring was done before, during and immediately after the procedure. The pre-procedural and intra-procedural peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) and Pulse Rate (PR) were determined at the various stages. Also, the Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS) scores were assessed during the stages of the procedure. Differences in mean scores were analysed. Mann-Whitney U test and Independent t-test were used to compare means of continuous variable, while Fisher’s exact test was used to compare categorical variables. Significance was set at p&lt;0.05. Results: Sixty-one neonates received oral ketamine, while 60 received placebo. The intraoperative mean SpO2 were lower in the placebo group and significant at the tying stage with p=0.022. The mean intraoperative PR was higher in the placebo group and significant at dorsal-slit, tying and excision stages (p&lt;0.05). The mean intraoperative NIPS scores were significantly higher in the placebo group. Conclusion: Oral ketamine provides effective and safe analgesia for neonatal Plastibell® circumcision in comparison to placebo.

Noise cancellation for continuous wave mud pulse telemetry based on empirical mode decomposition and particle swarm optimization

Mud pulse telemetry (MPT) is the most widely implemented communication method in measurement while drilling (MWD) systems. However, the signal-to-noise ratio of received signals on surface in MPT systems is relatively low because of the various background noises the signals have been exposed to during the drilling process. Due to the reciprocating action of the mud pump, pump noise could be the most detrimental factor to the mud pulse signal. Hence, pump noise cancellation plays an important role in the mud pulse telemetry. This paper presents a novel approach for pump noise cancellation by making use of the optimal signal reconstruction based on the combination of the empirical mode decomposition (EMD) and the particle swarm optimization (PSO). The proposed method comprises the pump noise recovery and the pump noise subtraction. The pump noise recovery is implemented by EMD decomposing the pump noise into a series of subcomponents and by PSO searching for the optimal weights to reconstruct the pump noise. Then the pump noise is subtracted from the received signal. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed method, both simulation tests and field experiment were carried out. The noise cancellation results of the simulation tests showed a good agreement with the modulated signal. In the experiment, the downhole information data was successfully demodulated after the implementation of the EMD-PSO based noise cancellation method. Meanwhile, the proposed method could achieve a lower bit error rate than the pump noise filter method. The findings of this study indicate that the optimal signal reconstruction has a promising application in MPT systems in the future.

Brachialis Pulse Wave Measurements with Ultra-Wide Band and Continuous Wave Radar, Photoplethysmography and Ultrasonic Doppler Sensors.

The measurement and analysis of the arterial pulse wave provides information about the state of vascular health. When measuring blood pressure according to Riva-Rocci, the systolic and diastolic blood pressure is measured non-invasively with an inflatable pressure cuff on the upper arm. Today’s blood pressure monitors analyze the pulse wave in reference to the rising or falling cuff pressure. With the help of additional pulse wave analysis, one can determine the pulse rate and the heart rate variability. In this paper, we investigated the concept, the construction, and the limitations of ultrawideband (UWB) radar and continuous wave (CW) radar, which provide continuous and non-invasive pulse wave measurements. We integrated the sensors into a complete measurement system. We measured the pulse wave of the cuff pressure, the radar sensor (both UWB and CW), the optical sensor, and ultrasonic Doppler as a reference. We discussed the results and the sensor characteristics. The main conclusion was that the resolution of the pulse radar was too low, even with a maximum bandwidth of 10 GHz, to measure pulse waves reliably. The continuous wave radar provides promising results for a phantom if adjusted properly with phase shifts and frequency. In the future, we intend to develop a CW radar solution with frequency adaption.

Brexanolone: A Novel Drug for the Treatment of Postpartum Depression

Objectives: To review the pharmacology, efficacy, and safety of Brexanolone and define its role in the treatment of postpartum depression. Date Sources: A MEDLINE/PubMed search was conducted (1980-May 2020) using the following keywords: postpartum depression, antidepressants, pharmacologic therapy, drug therapy, and brexanolone to identify relevant articles. Study Selection/Data Extraction: Literature search was limited to human studies published in the English language. Phase I, II, and III studies evaluating the pharmacology, efficacy, safety of brexanolone for postpartum depression were included. Bibliographies of relevant articles evaluating postpartum depression and treatment were reviewed for additional citations and background information. Data Synthesis: Brexanolone is a soluble, proprietary, injectable formulation of allopregnanolone, a neuroactive steroid that modulates neuronal excitability. Allopregnanolone levels increase during pregnancy and decrease substantially after birth. These fluctuations have profound effects on anxiety and depression. Three clinical trials established the efficacy and safety of brexanolone in the treatment of postpartum depression. In all 3 trials, brexanolone had an acceptable safety profile and was well tolerated. The most common adverse effects were loss of consciousness, sedation, dry mouth, headache, dizziness, and flushing. Due to sudden loss of consciousness and excessive sedation, continuous pulse oximetry is recommended. Conclusion: Brexanolone has a novel mechanism of action and appears to be safe and effective for the treatment of moderate to severe postpartum depression. At present, high cost, serious adverse effects, and restricted access may limit its use in clinical practice.

Terahertz-field-induced near-cutoff even-order harmonics in a femtosecond laser

High-order harmonic generation by femtosecond laser pulse in the presence of a moderately strong terahertz (THz) field is studied under the strong field approximation, showing a simple proportionality of near-cutoff even-order harmonic (NCEH) amplitude to the THz electric field. The formation of the THz induced-NCEHs is analytically shown for both continuous wave and Gaussian pulse. The perturbation analysis with regard to the frequency ratio of the THz field to the femtosecond pulse shows the THz-induced NCEHs originates from its first-order correction, and the available parametric conditions for the phenomenon is also clarified. As the complete characterization of the time-domain waveform of broadband THz field is essential for a wide variety of applications, the work provides an alternative time-resolved field-detection technique, allowing for a robust broadband characterization of pulses in THz spectral range.

Al-based memristor applied to habituation sensory nervous system

Sensory nervous system (SNS) can build the connections between organism and outside environment. Both of synapse and neuron are cornerstones of human biological system, which can transmit information to human brain and receive the feedback from central nervous system. Finally, the corresponding responses to the external information are performed. However, the information from outside environment should be received by SNS all the time. It is important for organism to distinguish between the stimuli that required attention and those that are irrelevant and no need to response. Habituation is one of fundamental properties of SNS to form such discrimination. It plays an important role for organism to adapt the environment and filter out irrelevantly repetitive information. In this study, an nc-Al/AlN structured based memristor with a thickness of 40 nm is produced by the sputtering method. The top and bottom electrode are of Ag and Al respectively, forming a sandwiched structure device. Habituation is found in the nc-Al/AlN thin film based memristor which has been rarely reported before. Both of current-voltage (&lt;i&gt;I&lt;/i&gt;-&lt;i&gt;V&lt;/i&gt; ) and pulse voltage measurement are executed on this device at room temperature. In the &lt;i&gt;I&lt;/i&gt;-&lt;i&gt;V&lt;/i&gt; measurement, the memristor shows unipolar switching properties which may be caused by conductive filament connecting or breaking. In the voltage pulse measurement, pulse interval is an important factor to affect memristor conduction. If the pulse interval is quite large, that is, the pulse frequency is low, the memristor will get maximized conduction very slow or in infinity time. If choosing an appropriate pulse voltage and interval value, the habituation will be observed after several stimulus pulses. The larger pulse interval needs more pulse numbers to cause memristor to be habituated, but which results in higher device conduction finally. A habituation memristor can act as synapse and connect with neuron to build the whole leaky integrate-and-fire (LIF) model which is quite often used in circuit design to mimic a real organism neuron behavior. In this model, neuron could be fired only when it gets enough stimuli from previous neuron. If the stimulus pulse frequency is low, there is observed no firing phenomenon in this case. In this study, the input signal of LIF model is a continuous voltage pulse with an amplitude of 1.2 V and interval of 5 ms. Such an input signal will be transmitted by habituation memristor to a neuron electronic element. The output signal is the pulse generated by neuron when it is fired. According to the results, the frequency of output signal is smaller than input information which complies with the basic characteristics of habituation. It is supposed that organisms should not response to this repetitive pulse any more and it will make neuron have more capabilities to handle following information.

Prevalence of Continuous Pulse Oximetry Monitoring in Hospitalized Children With Bronchiolitis Not Requiring Supplemental Oxygen

CP Bonafide, R Xiao, PW Brady. JAMA . 2020;323(15):1467–1477 To measure continuous pulse oximetry use in children with bronchiolitis. A multicenter cross-sectional study was performed in pediatric wards in 56 US and Canadian hospitals in the Pediatric Research in Inpatient Settings Network from December 1, 2018, through March 31, 2019. Participants included a convenience sample of patients aged 8 weeks through 23 months with bronchiolitis who were not receiving active supplemental oxygen administration. Patients with extreme prematurity, cyanotic congenital heart disease, pulmonary hypertension, …

Autonomic Nerve Activation Observed for Hemodialysis Patients While Squeezing a Soft Ball

In this study, a medical grade pulse rate (PR) instrument was used to monitor hemodialysis patients, and the wearable product was applied for the 4 h observation. Electrocardiogram (ECG) and photoplethysmography (PPG) data were simultaneously collected to observe physiological phenomena in patients undergoing hemodialysis. The analyzed results of 38 patients undergoing the treatment (as sympathetic/parasympathetic balance indicators before-hemodialysis (HD), and after-HD) and autonomic nerve activation for the pulse rate (PR) measurement accompanied by squeezing a soft ball were also observed. The results prove the pulse rate measurement while squeezing the soft ball and analyze data, and we show that the analyzed results have a very concentrated normal distribution. This study presents oxygen saturation (SpO2) and continuous pulse rate distribution curves during the 4 h observation of the hemodialysis patients and we show that some patients undergoing kidney dialysis have sleep apnea. They become lethargic during dialysis and experience severe hypoxia due to intermittent respiratory arrest. Studies have confirmed that such monitoring and biofeedback designs can reduce the incidence of hypotension during dialysis.

Stereotactic EEG Practices: A Survey of United States Tertiary Referral Epilepsy Centers.

Stereotactic EEG (SEEG) is being increasingly used in the intracranial evaluation of refractory epilepsy in the United States. In this study, the authors describe current practice of SEEG among National Association of Epilepsy Centers tertiary referral (level IV) centers. Using the Survey Monkey platform, a survey was sent to all National Association of Epilepsy Centers level IV center directors. Of 192 centers polled, 104 directors completed the survey (54% response rate). Ninety-two percent currently perform SEEG. Of these, 55% of institutions reported that greater than 75% of their invasive electrode cases used SEEG. Stereotactic EEG was commonly used over subdural electrodes in cases of suspected mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (87%), nonlesional frontal lobe epilepsy (79%), insular epilepsy (100%), and individuals with prior epilepsy surgery (74%). Most centers (72%) used single-lead electrocardiogram monitoring concurrently with SEEG, but less than half used continuous pulse oximetry (47%) and only a few used respiratory belts (3%). Other significant intercenter technical variabilities included electrode nomenclature and choice of reference electrode. Patient care protocols varied among centers in patient-to-nurse ratio and allowed patient activity. Half of all centers had personnel who had prior experience in SEEG (50.5%); 20% of centers had adopted SEEG without any formal training. Stereotactic EEG has become the principal method for intracranial EEG monitoring in the majority of epilepsy surgery centers in the United States. Most report similar indications for use of SEEG, though significant variability exists in the utilization of concurrent cardiopulmonary monitoring as well as several technical and patient care practices. There is significant variability in level of background training in SEEG among practitioners. The study highlights the need for consensus statements and guidelines to benchmark SEEG practice and develop uniform standards in the United States.

Quantitative detection of sleep apnea with wearable watch device.

The spread of wearable watch devices with photoplethysmography (PPG) sensors has made it possible to use continuous pulse wave data during daily life. We examined if PPG pulse wave data can be used to detect sleep apnea, a common but underdiagnosed health problem associated with impaired quality of life and increased cardiovascular risk. In 41 patients undergoing diagnostic polysomnography (PSG) for sleep apnea, PPG was recorded simultaneously with a wearable watch device. The pulse interval data were analyzed by an automated algorithm called auto-correlated wave detection with adaptive threshold (ACAT) which was developed for electrocardiogram (ECG) to detect the cyclic variation of heart rate (CVHR), a characteristic heart rate pattern accompanying sleep apnea episodes. The median (IQR) apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) was 17.2 (4.4-28.4) and 22 (54%) subjects had AHI ≥15. The hourly frequency of CVHR (Fcv) detected by the ACAT algorithm closely correlated with AHI (r = 0.81), while none of the time-domain, frequency-domain, or non-linear indices of pulse interval variability showed significant correlation. The Fcv was greater in subjects with AHI ≥15 (19.6 ± 12.3 /h) than in those with AHI <15 (6.4 ± 4.6 /h), and was able to discriminate them with 82% sensitivity, 89% specificity, and 85% accuracy. The classification performance was comparable to that obtained when the ACAT algorithm was applied to ECG R-R intervals during the PSG. The analysis of wearable watch PPG by the ACAT algorithm could be used for the quantitative screening of sleep apnea.

Effect of low dose He-Ne laser on stored human Blood

The aim of the present work is to study the effect of He-Ne laser (632.8 nm, 2 mm spot diameter, 30 mW, and continuous pulse) on the properties of human blood during different storage periods and seeking for the optimum laser dose to enhance blood shelf life. Human blood from five healthy donors was collected in human blood bags under the supervision of the center blood bank. The control and treated samples were stored in center blood bank refrigerator at 2-60C. The collected blood was divided into 4 groups, one for the control sample and the three other groups for the irradiation with different doses of He-Ne laser (0.0287, 0.0563 and 0.198 J/cm2 ). Each group was sub-divided into 6 samples to perform during storage days (9, 24, 30, 35, 42, & 50). The measurements of the fragility (Ϝ) and viscosity (η) values of all samples during the storage days suggested that the He-Ne laser at a dose 0.198 J/cm2 is working to increase the resistance of the membrane of the red blood cells (RBC) and consequently the storage period increases form 35 day to 42 days. In addition, viscosity for human blood before and after exposure to He-Ne laser dose of 0.198 J/cm2 reflects the validity of the blood during the storage period. The obtained data proved that the ability of using the recommended He-Ne laser dose 0.198 J/cm2 to improve the rheological properties and prolong the storage period of human blood from 35 days to 42 days.

Nonlinear Partial Differential Equations in Marine Dynamics

Yang, C., 2020. Nonlinear partial differential equations in marine dynamics. In: Li, L. and Huang, X. (eds.), Sustainable Development in Coastal Regions: A Perspective of Environment, Economy, and Technology. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 112, pp. 356-358. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.In the development of ocean dynamics, nonlinear partial differential equations have important applications. Dynamic equation can be divided into continuous equation and pulse equation, the general dynamic equation including the form's equation, form equation flushing, jagged periodic impulsive equation, step frequency pulse equation, linear frequency modulation equation, nonlinear frequency modulation, phase coded equation, etc., here introduces commonly used equation of linear frequency modulation, nonlinear frequency modulation, phase coded equation, etc. In order to further improve the processing capacity of the dynamic equation, on the basis of the detailed analysis of the nonlinear partial differential model algorithm, the Mat lab tool was used to realize the simulation verification of the algorithm model. The principles of pulse pressure, MTI, MTD, CFAR, ranging, velocity measurement and Angle measurement were analyzed and elaborated.

Study of Parameters Identification Method of Li-Ion Battery Model for EV Power Profile Based on Transient Characteristics Data

Power simulation of lithium ion battery through battery model is of great significance for dynamic response simulation, heat generation calculation and charge-discharge strategy development. The accuracy and applicability of the model become crucial. In order to demonstrate the battery transient characteristics more effectively, a novel identification method for parameters of the 2 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">nd</sup> order RC equivalent circuit model was proposed. Based on the derived evolution law of battery transient characteristics under the continuous pulse excitation, four feature points are extracted for parameter identification in each cycle. The proposed method reduced the time cost of identification from 11796.88s to 0.06s while ensuring that the error of voltage doesn't exceed 2.2mV. In order to verify the power profiles applicability of the proposed method, applicability analysis of power profile for different identification methods was carried out including the methods using different amount of data (4N points, 200 points, 6000 points) under unidirectional current pulse excitation (UCPE), bidirectional current pulse excitation (BCPE) and unidirectional voltage pulse excitation (UVPE). It was illustrated that the identification process using data of multiple cycles could significantly reduce errors, including maximum error and average error. What's more, the proposed method under UCPE had the lowest maximum error of 0.420% in voltage simulation and -0.421% in the current simulation of power profiles. Compared with the conventional method (using 200 points of single pulse data for parameter identification), the proposed method can reduce the average voltage error and the maximum error by 62.5% and 11.8% respectively under the DST power profile.