Continuous Margin Research Articles

Ceramic laminate veneers: effect of preparation design and ceramic thickness on fracture resistance and marginal quality in vitro.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of five different preparation designs and two different ceramic thicknesses on margin quality and fracture resistance of ceramic laminate veneers after thermomechanical loading in vitro. Eighty human central incisors were randomly assigned to 10 groups (n = 8) with five different preparation designs: non-prep (NP), minimally invasive (MI) = exclusively enamel-bonded, semi-invasive (SI) = 50% bonded in dentin, invasive (I) = 100% in dentin, and semi-invasive with two additional class III composite resin restorations (SI-C). IPS InLine veneers were fabricated in two thicknesses (L1 = 0.2-0.5mm; L2 = 0.5-1.2mm). After adhesive luting (OptiBond FL, Variolink Veneer) with light curing and polishing, specimens were stored in distilled water at 37°C for 21days, then thermocycled (2000 cycles between + 5 and + 55°C), and finally mechanically loaded at the incisal edge at an angle of 45° for 2,000,000 cycles at 50N und further 1,000,000 cycles at 100N. Impressions were taken initially, after thermocycling, and after every 250,000 mechanical cycles in order to evaluate cracks and margin quality under a SEM. The veneers were evaluated in a light microscope (× 20) for cracks, chippings, partial, and catastrophic fractures. Margin quality after three million cycles revealed medians for continuous margin of 82-95% without significant differences among groups, neither at the ceramic/composite (p = 0.943) nor at the tooth/composite interface (p = 0.571). Visual inspection of veneers exhibited 22 cracks, 11 chippings, 4 partial and 4 catastrophic fractures in 38 of 80 veneers. The statistical ranking regarding fracture risk (p ≤ 0.05) was: IL1 = SIL1 = MIL1 = IL2 = CL1 = CL2, MIL2 = NPL1 = NPL2 = SIL2, IL2 = CL1 = CL2 = MIL2 = NPL1 = NPL2 = SIL2. Even after three million cycles with up to 100N, all groups showed high survival rates. However, the fracture risk increases with thin veneers and preparations with medium to high dentin portions when compared to thicker veneers with preparations in enamel or partially in dentin (p ≤ 0.05). Preexisting resin composite restorations did not show any significant influence on margin quality and facture risk (p > 0.05). Ceramic laminate veneers are extremely durable with thin veneers and substantial enamel loss being main risk factors for fracture.

Foreword for 'On the Margins of Trans Legal Chang'", A Special Issue of the Canadian Journal of Law and Society / Revue Canadienne Droit Et Société

This is the foreword for On the Margins of Trans Legal Change, a special issue of the Canadian Journal of Law and Society, Volume 35, Issue 2, 2020. Despite recent legal changes in Canada, marginalization and exclusion remain part of the lived realities of many trans individuals. At this moment of formal trans equality amidst continued marginalization for many trans people, this special issue provides a forum for critical reflection and offers potential roadmaps for future advocacy and scholarship. It is attuned to ways that law contributes to everyday experiences of exclusions, while acknowledging the protections it may grant in some circumstances. The special issue turns our critical, legal, and emotional gaze toward those trans people at the margins, placing their lived realities as the epistemological cornerstone of inquiry and action. The articles in this special issue share an interest in lived experience as an essential methodology. The special issue starts with an introduction by Brenda Cossman and Robert Leckey followed by the keynote discussion at the “On the Margins of Trans Legal Change” symposium by Dalia Tourki and Viviane Namaste, in both English and French. It centres Canadian scholars from diverse disciplines who study law and society in both English and French: Dan Irving and Nathan Hoo untangle the dynamics of employment discrimination; William Hebert looks at the realities of trans people’s lives in Canadian prisons; Kyle Kirkup, Lee Airton, Allison McMillan, and Jacob DesRochers assess how human rights protections of gender identity and expression are implemented within Ontario schools; Leon Laidlaw explores university students’ experience of gender-segregated spaces; Samuel Singer argues for agile, pragmatic, and intersectional legal strategies for trans justice that go beyond human rights law; Florence Ashley unpacks the limitations of the Quebec trans legal subject; Jake Pyne juxtaposes the autistic and trans legal subject in relation to conversion therapy, and Alexandre Baril, Marjorie Silverman, Marie-Claire Gauthier, and Maude Levesque consider end of life planning for trans people with dementia.

Federal Sentencing Disparities and Marginalized Offenders: Revisiting Cumulative Disadvantage Theory Through Individual-Level Variables

Over the past several decades, sentencing reforms have claimed to establish guidelines to reduce sentencing disparity; yet, recent studies continue to find discrepancies in sentencing outcomes. The current study explored individual factors using data from the U.S. Sentencing Commission (FY 2010) to further analyze these variables through the lens of cumulative disadvantage theory. The factors included the influence of age, race, sex (gender), offense type, instant offense score, and overall criminal history score on sentencing length (in months). Hierarchical regression revealed being identified as Black, committing fraud/white collar crime or a property offense, and overall criminal history were able to significantly predict sentence length—findings consistent with cumulative disadvantage theory. Contrary to previous studies, the current results suggest that age may have a positive relationship with sentencing length. The findings are not without limitations but do provide a modern-day picture of continued marginalization of certain defendants within the criminal justice system.

Intersecting Human Development, Social Justice and Gender Equity: A Capability Option

The greatest achievement of any education system lies in its ability to harness and develop human capabilities indiscriminately. This paper aims to show that the development of capabilities is crucial in bolstering individual well-being while at the same time propelling human beings to function adequately at various levels in society. I argue that, for a symmetrical development of capabilities to be attained for all, institutionalised unfreedoms that are perpetuated through entrenched classism, racism and sexism need to be addressed. The claims in this paper respond to the dilemma of continued marginalisation of women in South African higher education by arguing that a capability approach (CA) to human development should be considered as a possible framework through which gender and gendering can be investigated and evaluated. The paper has adopted a critical exploration methodology in discussing theories of social justice and a capability approach to human development. The paper concludes that education is an essential component of human development that should be enjoyed by all regardless of their creed, gender, race or social class.

How Do the Etching Mode and Thermomechanical Loading Influence the Marginal Integrity of Universal Adhesives?

This study evaluated the effect of etching mode and thermomechanical loading on universal adhesives. Two universal adhesives, Peak Universal and Adhese Universal, were used in two etching modes as the experimental groups: Peak Universal etch-and-rinse (PER), Peak Universal self-etch (PSE), Adhese Universal etch-and-rinse (AER), and Adhese Universal self-etch (ASE). Two adhesives considered gold standards were used as control groups: OptiBond FL (OER) was used as a control group for the etch-and-rinse (ER) mode, and Clearfil SE Bond (CSE) was used as a control group for the self-etch (SE) mode. Standardized class V cavities were created on the buccal and lingual surface in 30 extracted caries-free human third molars. Each adhesive and resin composite was applied according to the manufacturer's instructions. The specimens were subjected to thermomechanical loading (TML) immediately after the fillings were placed. Before and after TML, replicas and photographs of the fillings were performed and evaluated quantitatively and qualitatively. The Mann-Whitney U-test or Kruskal-Wallis test was used for quantitative analyses, and Fisher exact test was used for qualitative analysis. Adhese Universal achieved a significantly higher percentage of continuous margin in the enamel than Peak Universal for the two types of etching both before and after TML (except for the SE group after TML). In dentin, the greatest percentage of continuous margin was achieved for Adhese Universal in the ER group (100%) before TML and for both universal adhesives in the SE groups (61%) after TML. For both etching modes and both time points, Adhese Universal had a greater percentage of continuous margin than Peak Universal for the whole margin. For the ER approach, significant differences were observed both before and after TML, and for the SE approach, significant differences were observed before TML. TML did not cause a significant decrease in the percentage of continuous margin in the enamel, but the results were the opposite in dentin. A qualitative assessment using World Dental Federation criteria did not show statistically significant differences between the groups. Scanning electron microscope assessment of marginal integrity showed that the evaluated factors such as etching mode and TML significantly influenced the marginal integrity of the universal adhesives. The replica method shows that laboratory and clinical assessment methods complement each other and give a broader view of marginal integrity.

Local Content Policies in the Mining Sector in Zambia: A Synthesis of Its Benefits

There has been lots of questions as to why there is continued marginalization of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the mines despite local content policies. A recent report regarding estimates of input goods and services to the mines in Zambia show an accumulation requirement of US$5 billion annually and the share of domestic firms in the mining market is less than 4 per cent, while that of indigenous firms is about 1 per cent. This raises lots of questions as to what extent local content help SMEs to supply to the mines. Local content policies are legal requirements to empower local SMEs so that a share of factors of production in form of labour, supplies of goods and technology required at various stages of the value chain is sourced from the domestic economy. A survey of 350 SMEs answered a questionnaire to determine how local content policies help them to supply to the mines. It was found out that the local content only helped SMEs to improve their skills and capacity and not to help them supply to the mines or employment of the local people. The study recommends that a mining commission of Zambia be formed with executive powers to enhance the inclusion of local SMEs to the mines. Further, a local content committee and economic empowerment must be institutionalized to improve the position of SMEs and enhance economic empowerment respectively Keywords: Local content, global value chain, small and medium enterprises DOI : 10.7176/EJBM/11-33-05 Publication date: November 30 th 2019

Performance of success and failure in grassroots conservation and development interventions: Gender dynamics in participatory forest management in India

Co-governance of forests, or participatory forest management, has been a wide-spread conservation and development (C&D) intervention in India for over two decades. The practice began in the 1990s as Joint Forest Management (JFM), where local communities – organised into forest protection committees (FPCs) – worked in cooperation with various state forest departments. Later on, this intervention took shape of Community Forest Management (CFM), where communities managed their forests largely independent of the forest departments. Under both the JFM and CFM models, gender mainstreaming – enabling equal distribution of opportunities and services across genders – held a pivotal position. This study shows that despite continued marginalisation, female FPC members often performed as if initiatives were successful. Thus, the central question investigated in this paper is: "Why women performed success in participatory forest management interventions while experiencing marginalisation in the FPC?” This paper adopts an ethnographic case study methodology (immersion), utilising in-depth ethnographic case studies from three states of India for analysing performances of success and the resulting dynamics of participation, to explain the gendered nuances of the grassroots conservation and development interventions. The concept of 'situated agency' of community actors is explored to understand the practices around the performances of success in C&D interventions in forest-dependent communities in India. The paper argues that these performances hold the promise of a slow, but steady progress towards the creation of a gender-sensitive system in an otherwise patriarchal social structure.

The BreakBeat Poets Volume 2: Black Girl Magic

The BreakBeat Poets Volume 2: Black Girl Magic

The Teacher, the Activist, and the Maulvi: Emancipatory visions and insurgent citizenship among Gujjars in Himachal Pradesh

AbstractExploring the intersection of state, religion, and ethnicity, this article considers the opportunities for individual and collective advancement available to Muslim Gujjars in Chamba district of Himachal Pradesh. Following the lives of three prominent members of the community—a teacher, a political activist, and a maulvi—it considers their respective orientations to the state and their relationships with their fellow Gujjars, to illustrate the different ways in which Gujjars have sought to transcend their marginal and subordinated position as an ethnic and religious minority. With state-promoted schemes of affirmative action and reservation offering only limited opportunities for social and economic advancement, we see how Gujjars have responded to their continued marginalization, first through political mobilization as an ethnic group and, more recently, through the establishment of Islamic educational institutions and association with Tablighi Jama'at. This leads to an evaluation of the emancipatory potentials and contradictions of insurgent citizenship when mobilized around specific aspects of ethnic and religious identity. Against a backdrop of economic liberalization and accompanying shifts in civil society, I show how the distribution of rewards that derive from strategies of assimilation, engagement, and withdrawal are structured in particular ways, including by class and gender.

Can surface protection prevent damage in margins of composite resin restorations after simulated endogenous erosion?

Aim: The study investigated the effect of using surface protection agents in the adaptation of external and internal margins of restorations subjected to simulated erosion. Methods: Cavities with margins in dentin were prepared in bovine incisors (n=120). Adhesive restorations were placed using a three-step etch&rinse adhesive system and nanofilled composite resin. The specimens were divided into four groups, according to the surface protection: negative control, topical application of fluoride (TAF), resin sealant and resin-modified glass ionomer varnish (RMGI varnish). Afterwards, they were divided into three sub-groups, according to the exposure to a simulated solution of gastric acid (DES) (5% HCl, pH=2,2) and subsequent remineralization (RE): negative control, 9 and 18 cycles of DES-RE. The evaluation of the tooth-restoration interface was performed on the internal and frontal images with the aid of a stereoscopic microscope (15x), and the percentage of continuous margins without adhesive failures was quantified. Results: In the external margins, only those groups with surface protection using sealants (resin and glass-ionomer) did not exhibit a significant decrease in the percentage of continuous margins after the erosive challenges. After 18 cycles of DES-RE, the use of resin-modified glass ionomer varnish resulted in the highest percentage of continuous margins. Conclusion: It was concluded that physically covering the surfaces with a sealing agent preserved the marginal adaptation of composite resin restorations exposed to endogenous erosive challenges.

Clinical Evaluation of Three Types of CAD/CAM Inlay/ Onlay Materials After 1-Year Clinical Follow Up.

To evaluate the clinical performance and the marginal adaptation of inlay/ onlay restorations made of lithium of a new lithium disilicate strengthened, lithium alumino-silicate glass-ceramic (LAS) material compared with a conventional lithium-disilicate glass-ceramic (LDS) and new-generation polymer-based CAD/CAM resin composite (CS) materials over one year. Seventy-five inlay-onlay restorations were placed in 35 patients. The restorations were assigned and randomized to three groups as LDS, LAS, and CS. Clinical evaluations were performed after one week, six months, and one year after the cementation, according to the modified United States Public Health Services (USPHS) criteria. The marginal quality analyses of 21 samples (n=7) were assessed under a scanning electron microscope. The data were analyzed by using Friedman, Wilcoxon Signed Ranks, Chi-square and Paired t-tests (p⟨0.05). No statistically significant difference (p⟩0.05) was found between groups in the modified USPHS, gingival index, and plaque index evaluations, and the total success rate was 100% for three groups after one year. Following SEM evaluations in all groups, continuous margin percentages were decreased, but these results were not statistically significant (p⟩0.05). Lithium disilicate-strengthened lithium aluminosilicate glass-ceramics can be considered a reliable material for an option for posterior onlay/inlay restorations.

Twenty-five years of children's geographies: a planner's perspective

ABSTRACTThis paper considers the key trends and changes that have taken place in my 25 years of children's geographies research. I reflect on the growing awareness of children in research but also the continued marginalisation of children and children's concerns in my own planning profession, and the continuing need for a greater presence for Majority world children in research. I ask if we as children's geographers can rise to the growing global challenges children face. To do so will require greater interdisciplinary work and recognition of the ever more complex and dynamic nature of societies if we are to create a robust forward-looking research agenda with and for children.

Demarcating Gender and Sexual Diversity on the Structural Landscape of Social Work

The importance of demarcating gender and sexually diverse populations in structural social work theory is discussed from a differently centred cultural group perspective highlighting distinct qualities that fall outside normative gender identities and heterosexuality. Historical oppression experienced by these populations has likened their inclusion in structural social work theory yet the continued marginalization of these populations and associated implications are not to be lost sight of. A means of bringing currency to structural social work theory with regard to these populations is to embrace liberationist goals taking intersectionality into consideration. Such goals are in alliance with the social work values of acceptance, self-determination and respect working towards social justice and emancipation, and go far beyond the rights-claims equality agenda that sustains a slightly varied hegemony, giving the social location of gender and sexually diverse groups relevancy and viability on the structural landscape of social work.

Influence of preparation designs on marginal adaptation and failure load of full-coverage occlusal veneers after thermomechanical aging simulation.

To evaluate the fracture resistance and marginal quality of maxillary molars restored using lithium disilicate glass-ceramic (LDG) occlusal veneers with two preparation designs. Sixteen extracted maxillary molars were assigned to two groups (n = 8). In group 1 (G1), the teeth received a preparation for a conservative full-coverage occlusal veneer restoration with a 90° rounded shoulder margin. In group 2 (G2), the teeth underwent a 1-mm cusp reduction with a marginal chamfer. LDG restorations (IPS e.max CAD) were obtained with the Cerec 3 CAD/CAM system and luted with Variolink II cement. After thermomechanical aging (1 250 000 cycles), the specimens were loaded to fracture. A semiquantitative marginal seal evaluation was performed observing resin replicas of the specimens at the scanning electron microscope. Cement thickness was assessed at the stereomicroscope on sectioned specimens. Collected data were statistically analyzed by parametric and nonparametric tests. The maximum load to fracture was 2395.01 ± 150.96 N in G1 and 2408.39 ± 112.66 N in G2. Most of the observed specimens exhibited restorable fractures and continuous margins. Cement thickness was 132 ± 38 μm in G1 and 150 ± 41 μm in G2. No differences between the groups emerged. This study demonstrated similar satisfactory performance of the two considered preparations designs for occlusal veneer with LDG. A new minimally invasive occlusal veneer preparation with marginal chamfer exhibited promising fracture resistance and marginal adaptation that were comparable to those of a standard conservative preparation for the restoration of molars with CAD/CAM lithium disilicate occlusal veneers.

A descriptive literature review of the continued marginalisation of female entrepreneurs in sub-Saharan Africa

A descriptive literature review of the continued marginalisation of female entrepreneurs in sub-Saharan Africa

THE FEMINIST AGENDA, A FALL OF HIERARCHAL REDRESS OR AN ATTEMPT TO ESTABLISHING AN ‘EQUAL’ SOCIETY GONE WRONG: AN INTERNAL CRITIQUE TO FEMINIST THEORIES

The aim of this paper is to interrogate the post-1994 feminist approaches to jurisprudential discourse. This interrogation will include a consideration as to whether critical instead of ‘traditional’ feminist theories contribute in transforming or decolonising South African law and jurisprudence. It is my suggestion that the inquiry to address ‘gender equality’ before and without addressing issues of racism and racial classism simultaneously in South Africa contributes effectively to the continued marginalisation of black women. As such, my position attempts to engage with the critical feminist approaches in order to address the prejudices that traditional feminist approaches impose on black women. The focal theoretical point of departure for this interrogation is critical race feminism.2 Critical race feminism proposes a progressive initiative for addressing the inconsistencies embodied within the traditional feminist approaches and is thus suitable for the South African post-apartheid context as it may trigger ‘transformative possibilities’.3 It is my contention that in order to address the marginalisation of black women, the traditional feminist approaches (such as the dominant feminist approaches) must be done away with for they are a hindrance to legal reform, as they prejudice the very structure they claim to protect.

A descriptive literature review of the continued marginalisation of female entrepreneurs in sub-Saharan Africa

Sustaining entrepreneurship requires the participation of every member of society including women. Although they are actively involved as owners and/or managers of small and or/medium enterprises, ...

Conversations with Colleagues: On Becoming an American Jewish Historian ed. by Jeffrey S. Gurock

Reviewed by: Conversations with Colleagues: On Becoming an American Jewish Historian ed. by Jeffrey S. Gurock Leslie Woodcock Tentler Conversations with Colleagues: On Becoming an American Jewish Historian. Edited by Jeffrey S. Gurock. Boston: Academic Studies Press, 2018. 270 pp. This is a most unusual book, for which I am a most unusual reviewer. The sixteen essays that make up Conversations with Colleagues are scholarly autobiographies, as much personal as intellectual in content. "The personal always fuels and impacts what drives our work," as Shuly Rubin Schwartz explains in the course of her contribution (196). As for me, I am a historian of American Catholicism, only partly familiar with the work of the scholars who are featured in this thoughtful volume. What could possibly justify my reviewer's role? Only this, perhaps: that the trajectory of American Jewish history over the past century has been strikingly similar to that of American Catholic history. Scholars in these [End Page 557] two seemingly disparate fields also face a similar dilemma as they look to the future. Practitioners in both fields of study would presumably benefit from mutual exchange. Like the field of American Jewish history, American Catholic history prior to the mid-twentieth century was largely the province of well-intentioned amateurs. The overriding concern in both cases was to shore up the bonds of community—a multi-ethnic community, in both instances—and to establish the American bona fides of the group in question. The question of how to be simultaneously both American and Jewish is the fundamental question, as Jonathan D. Sarna notes in his essay; the same could be said of Catholics. The late 1940s saw the advent in both fields of study of a new generation of professional historians—small in number, to be sure, but often distinguished in their output. They frequently served as mentors to a rising generation of graduate students who ultimately transformed both fields in the 1970s and after, due both to their numbers and generous sense of who mattered as historical actors. Women appeared on the social-historical stage, along with ethnic and racial and, more tentatively, sexual minorities. A new emphasis on quantification opened up important insights into the demographic past. The explosion of creative scholarship in both fields did not attract much attention from the larger American historical enterprise. As late as 1995, Deborah Dash Moore could deliver a conference paper decrying the continued marginality of American Jewish history to the American historical profession and indeed to Judaic studies, as well. I had published an article just two years earlier called "On the Margins: The State of American Catholic History." The accumulation of solid historical work and growing numbers of graduate student acolytes did eventually make a difference. Both fields now enjoy what might be called prosperity, although that state is more robust for historians of American Judaism. Catholic and Jewish studies programs and endowed chairs in both fields have proliferated over the past two decades, even at secular universities. "I struggled to win recognition from Vassar's history department as an American Jewish historian," Moore remembers of her early days in that college's Department of Religion, back in the 1970s (123). She now holds a named chair of Jewish history at the University of Michigan. The frustrations engendered by the years of marginality linger in some of the essays, perhaps especially those by women, who fought for acceptance on two fronts. Historians of women, who struggled for recognition in the profession at large, have often been reluctant to incorporate Jewish women into their liberationist narrative, from which Catholic women have also been excluded. But the essays mainly speak of success—success both in personal terms and in terms of the field these [End Page 558] scholars have done so much to transform. Many practitioners in my own field of study could tell a similar story. But therein lurks a certain danger. Both Catholics and Jews, after all, are part of a larger American narrative and even a transnational one, given the global connections of both communities. Making those connections is not easy, even for historians who are broadly trained. Might it not be the case that the more our...

In vitro Comparative Study on the Marginal Adaptation of Direct, Semi-direct and Indirect Composite Resins Restorations to Dentine and Dental Cementum

The aim of the present study is to compare the marginal adaptation of direct, semi-direct and indirect restorations made with nanofill and microhybrid composite materials and ormocers materials bonded with SE adhesives at the dentin and cementum. 120 standardized class II cavities were prepared (40 for each techniques- RD, RSD, RI) with the gingival margin over and below to the cementum-enamel junction. The teeth (n= 20) were restored using one of three adhesive systems (OptiBond XTR, G-Premio Bond bottle refill, Futurabond U) with incrementally placed composite restorations and ormocers. After applying the various restorations, the teeth were prepared for SEM analysis to check the marginal adaptation by the presence of continuous margins or gaps. Comparative analysis of treatment methods and materials used was performed by statistical analysis of Chi-square test data, the statistical significance was p [0.05 and Fisher�s Exact Test for validation of results. It was found that among the three materials used for RD, RSD, RI both at the dentin and the cementum, there are no significant differences (RD d = 0.661, RSD/d = 0.755, RSD/c = 0.942; RI/d = 0.739; RI/c = 0.985). Comparison between the presence of continuous margins/gaps subgingivally and supragingivally at the three types of restorations shows that there are significant differences between the marginal adaptation at the cementum and dentin to all the restoration techniques used (p [0.05). Direct and indirect restorations with nanocomposites and ormocers bonded with 1-step SE adhesive are the best solutions for restoring the posterior teeth.

Computationally efficient Bayesian estimation of high-dimensional Archimedean copulas with discrete and mixed margins

Estimating copulas with discrete marginal distributions is challenging, especially in high dimensions, because computing the likelihood contribution of each observation requires evaluating $$2^{J}$$ terms, with J the number of discrete variables. Our article focuses on the estimation of Archimedean copulas, for example, Clayton and Gumbel copulas. Currently, data augmentation methods are used to carry out inference for discrete copulas and, in practice, the computation becomes infeasible when J is large. Our article proposes two new fast Bayesian approaches for estimating high-dimensional Archimedean copulas with discrete margins, or a combination of discrete and continuous margins. Both methods are based on recent advances in Bayesian methodology that work with an unbiased estimate of the likelihood rather than the likelihood itself, and our key observation is that we can estimate the likelihood of a discrete Archimedean copula unbiasedly with much less computation than evaluating the likelihood exactly or with current simulation methods that are based on augmenting the model with latent variables. The first approach builds on the pseudo-marginal method that allows Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation from the posterior distribution using only an unbiased estimate of the likelihood. The second approach is based on a variational Bayes approximation to the posterior and also uses an unbiased estimate of the likelihood. We show that the two new approaches enable us to carry out Bayesian inference for high values of J for the Archimedean copulas where the computation was previously too expensive. The methodology is illustrated through several real and simulated data examples.