Continuous Information Transmission Research Articles

Event-triggered synchronisation of unknown heterogeneous coupled harmonic oscillators

This note concentrates on event-triggered synchronisation problem of unknown heterogeneous coupled harmonic oscillators (CHOs). We develop an event-triggered synchronisation algorithm that does not rely on any continuous information transmission among oscillators and global topology information. For this end, we first design an observer to estimate unknown system parameter for each oscillator. Second, each oscillator uses information received from its neighbours to estimate the frequency of leader oscillator and its neighbours' states. Based on estimated frequencies and states, we design an adaptive synchronisation algorithm for CHOs to solve synchronisation problem. We prove that CHOs, under proposed synchronisation algorithm, reach state synchronisation, and there is no Zeno behaviour. In the end, a simulation is presented to check proposed synchronisation algorithm.

Fuzzy Adaptive Event-Triggered Consensus Control for Nonlinear Multiagent Systems Under Jointly Connected Switching Networks.

This article studies the fuzzy adaptive event-triggered (ET) consensus control issue of nonlinear multiagent systems (NMASs) under jointly connected switching networks. Since the leader and its high-order derivatives are unknown under jointly connected switching networks, a novel distributed ET reference generator equipped with an ET mechanism is constructed to estimate them. Meanwhile, the continuous information transmission among agents is avoided and the network channel utilization is optimized. Subsequently, fuzzy logic systems (FLSs) are employed to approximate unknown dynamics, and a fuzzy adaptive ET consensus control algorithm only using intermittent communication is designed by backstepping control methodology. It is demonstrated that all the closed-loop signals are semi-globally uniformly ultimately bounded (SGUUB), with the tracking errors converging to a small neighborhood around zero. Finally, we apply the developed fuzzy adaptive ET consensus control algorithm to unmanned surface vehicles (USVs), and the simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed ET consensus control algorithm.

Adaptive Bipartite Output Tracking Consensus in Switching Networks of Heterogeneous Linear Multiagent Systems Based on Edge Events.

This article focuses on the problem of adaptive bipartite output tracking for a class of heterogeneous linear multiagent systems (MASs) by asynchronous edge-event-triggered communications under jointly connected signed topologies. By designing the observers to estimate the states of followers and the dynamic compensators to estimate the states of zero input and nonzero input leader, respectively, the fully distributed edge-event-triggered control protocol is presented. Moreover, it is proven that the bipartite output tracking problem is implemented, and the systems do not exhibit Zeno behavior under a fully distributed control strategy with edge-event-triggered mechanisms. Compared with the existing works, one of the highlights of this article is the design of triggering mechanisms, under which the leader avoids continuous information transmission and any pair of followers that make up the edge asynchronously transmit information through the edge. The methods greatly avoid unnecessary information transmission in the systems. Finally, several simulation examples are introduced to demonstrate the theoretical results obtained in this article.

Distributed bipartite consensus for multi-agent systems with dynamic event-triggered mechanism

This paper address the distributed bipartite consensus problem of multi-agent systems (MASs) under undirected and directed topologies with dynamic event-triggered (DET) mechanism. The relationship among agents not only collaborative interaction but also competitive interaction are taken into account. A novel DET control protocol is raised with internal dynamic variables to guarantee that each agent can reach the bipartite consensus. Compared with the existing static triggering laws, the introduced DET strategy can significantly enlarge the interval time between two triggering instants. In addition, continuous information transmission in either controller updating or between agent and its neighbors is not demanded, which implies that the communication frequency can be extremely decreased. It is also proven that Zeno behavior does not occur. Finally, two numerical examples verify the validity of the presented theoretical results.

Analyzing the code structures of multidimensional signals for a continuous information transmission channel

One of the directions to improve the efficiency of modern telecommunication systems is the transition to the use of multidimensional signals for continuous channels of information transmission. As a result of studies carried out in recent years, it has been established that it is possible to ensure high quality of information transmission in continuous channels by combining demodulation and decoding operations into a single procedure that involves the construction of a code construct for a multidimensional signal. This paper considers issues related to estimating the possibility to improve the efficiency of continuous information transmission channel by changing the signal distance of the code structure. It has been established that the code structures of such types as a hierarchical code construct of signals, a hierarchical code construct of signals with Euclidean metric, a reversible code construct of signals, a reversible code construct of signals with Euclidean metric have the potential, when used, to increase the speed of information transmission along a continuous channel. With a signal distance reduced by 10 percent or larger, it could increase by two times or faster. The estimation of the effect of reducing a signal distance on the efficiency of certain types of code structures was carried out. It has been established that the hierarchical reversible code construct, compared to the hierarchical code construct, provides a win of up to two or more times in the speed of information transmission with a halved signal distance. Implementing the modulation procedure has no fundamental difficulties, on the condition that for each code of the code construct the encoding procedure is known when using binary codes. The results reported here make it possible to build an acceptably complex demodulation procedure according to the specified types of code structures

Distributed edge-event triggered consensus control for multi-agent systems by edge-based asynchronous communications

This paper investigates the consensus problem for a class of nonlinear multi-agent systems (MASs) under static and dynamic distributed edge-event triggered control protocols. The novel asynchronous edge-event triggered mechanisms are proposed to avoid continuous information transmission between neighbors, under which each subsystem does not exhibit the Zeno behavior. Compared with the existing works, the highlight of this paper is based on edge communication and the construction of triggering mechanism depends on the information of the edge. Moreover, compared with the event-triggered mechanism, the edge-event triggered mechanism is a more distributed information exchange mode and each agent transmits information to its out-neighbors asynchronously, thus effectively reducing the use of system resources. Finally, a practice simulation example is introduced to demonstrate the main results of this paper. Moreover, in order to highlight the advantages of our methods, a comparative experiment is performed.

Event‐triggered leader‐following consensus for multi‐agent systems with external disturbances under fixed and switching topologies

In this study, the event-triggered leader-following consensus problem for multi-agent systems with external disturbances is addressed under fixed and switching topologies. First, based on an extended state observer, a novel distributed event-triggered protocol is designed under a fixed topology to achieve consensus disturbance rejection and eliminate Zeno behaviour. Second, for the case of switching topologies which do not always have a directed spanning tree, an observer-based event-triggered protocol is proposed with topology-dependent average dwell time. Moreover, both protocols presented are without the requirement of continuous information transmission among neighbouring agents. Finally, two numerical examples are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the results.

Encryption-free data transmission and hand-over in two-tier body area networks

Background and Objective: Deployment of Body Area Networks (BAN) in hospitals can enable real time data collection and analysis for patient health. Such networks have a two-tier structure: the primary layer consists of nodes that are installed on hospital facilities, while the second tier contains sensors on patient body. The unique two-tier network structure poses challenges to secure and continuous information transmission between sensors and data servers, especially when patients are moving. We plan to design a suite of mechanisms to support power efficient and secure data collection and smooth hand-over of sensors when patients move freely in a hospital.Methods: We assume that both group and individual secrets can be provided to BAN sensors when a patient checks in to the hospital. We first design mechanisms that use hash chains and double exclusive-or operations to protect data confidentiality and authenticity from BAN sensors. When a patient moves, the top tier nodes installed on the hospital facilities can provide smooth hand-over of the BAN sensors through secret updates. Our mechanisms can support network dynamics and changes of sensors in BAN networks.Results: We present the proposed mechanisms in details. We analyze the power efficiency of the approaches. We compare the power consumption of the proposed approach to those of the three security levels of IEEE 802.15.6 standard. Using formal methods, we prove the safety of the mechanisms. We also study the robustness of the approaches against various attacks.Conclusions: In summary, we design a suite of mechanisms to support secure and continuous data collection from body sensors on patients in hospitals. The approaches are secure and efficient, which satisfy the requirements of future smart health applications.

열차상태정보 실시간전송장치의 LTE 데이터 전송품질시험방안에 대한 연구

Considering the linkage of the information about the railway car that is currently operated and the necessity of continuous information transmission, the research was carried out considering the development of the technology for improving the performance of existing devices. Information on the current trains is provided to the ground operator on a limited basis for some important information. It has not been possible to convey a lot of information to the ground operator because the communication status and information transmission ability and security may be troublesome to transmit a lot of information known to an engineer or a train to a ground operator. TSMD(Train Safety Monitoring Device) is possible to expect the effect of securing the safety of the operation of the train and improving the operation efficiency because it is transmitted to the ground operator in real time. This paper reviews the research results of the LTE data transmission quality measurement test of the real-time transmission device of train condition information.

Tracking analysis of coupled continuous networks based on discontinuous iterative learning control

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the tracking problem of coupled continuous networks by applying the discontinuous iterative learning control (ILC) method. Two discontinuous ILC schemes with impulsive and zero-order hold (ZOH) sampled-data are introduced because of considering the instantaneous perturbations and the difficulties of measuring the continuous information transmission. Then, some criteria are then proposed to resolve the tracking problem of continuous networks in a finite interval by using the Bellman–Gronwall Lemma. Finally, simulation results are shown to illustrate the effectiveness of the obtained criteria.

A self-powered wireless sensor network for dynamic management of queues at traffic lights

Abstract The dynamic management of traffic light cycles is a really interesting research issue considering modern technologies, which can be used in order to optimise road junctions and then improve living conditions of the roads. Wireless sensor networks represent the most suitable technology, as they are easy to deploy and manage. The data relating to road traffic flows can be detected by the sensor network and then processed through the innovative approach, proposed in this work, in order to determine the right green times at traffic lights. Although wireless sensor networks are characterized by very low consumption devices, the continuous information transmission reduces the life cycle of the whole network. To this end, the proposed architecture provides a technique to power the sensor nodes based on piezoelectric materials, which allow producing potential energy taking advantage of the vibration produced by the passage of vehicles on the road.

Study of the Track–Train Continuous Information Transmission Process in a High-Speed Railway

In the experiments and practical applications in a high-speed railway, it is observed that the carrier frequency of the sampled signal in a track circuit reader (TCR) is changed with train speed and goes beyond the upper permissive range prescribed for a jointless track circuit (JTC) in some cases. This can directly affect the availability of train target speed in train control systems and thus has an effect on the generation of the distance-to-go profile. It not only reduces the safety and efficiency of train traveling but also limits the improvement of train speed. To find the primary cause of the deviation in carrier frequency of the sampled signal in TCR (CFSST), this paper models the track-to-train continuous information transmission process using the transmission line theory based on the structures and principles of JTC and TCR. Then, the relation between the deviation in CFSST and the train speed is derived. Experimental results in high-speed railway have verified the correctness of the analysis, and the study can provides a strong theoretical basis for improving the safety level of railway traffic. Moreover, it can be a good reference for other countries where the similar track circuits are applied.

An electrophysiological study of the selection of the color and shape of alphanumeric characters in response choice

We examined the functional and temporal organization of task-directed selective processing of the color and shape of alphanumeric characters. Dependent variables were measures derived from event-related brain potentials (onset latency of selection negativity (SN) and the lateralized readiness potential). We found SNs related to the relevance for correct task-performance of the color, the global shape and the local shape of the characters. The onset latencies of these SNs suggested that color and global shape were identified at the same time and earlier than local shape. The absence of an SN to global shape if the color was irrelevant suggested that selection on the basis of the global shape depended hierarchically on that of color. Selection of the local shape was independent of color relevance. The lateralized readiness potentials suggested that response selection occurred when the conjunction of color, global shape and local shape had been identified. No evidence was found for temporal overlap between stimulus identification and response selection. These findings show that selective, task-directed processing can be studied at multiple levels in a single paradigm. They are inconsistent with the central assumption of several continuous information transmission models that relevant partial information is used to activate associated responses as soon as it becomes available.

Queueing network modeling of elementary mental processes.

This article examines the use of reaction time (RT) to infer the possible configurations of mental systems and presents a class of queueing network models of elementary mental processes. The models consider the temporal issue of discrete versus continuous information transmission in conjunction with the architectural issue of serial versus network arrangement of mental processes. Five elementary but important types of queueing networks are described in detail with regard to their predictions for RT behavior, and they are used to re-examine existing models for psychological processes. As continuous-transmission networks in the general form, queueing network models include the existing discrete and continuous serial models and discrete network models as special cases, cover a broader range of temporal and architectural structures that mental processes might assume, and can be subjected to empirical tests.

Psychophysiological evidence for continuous information transmission between visual search and response processes.

This study was designed to test whether information transmission between the perceptual and motor levels occurs continuously or in discrete steps. Ss performed visual search across nontargets that shared visual features with one of two possible targets, each assigned to a different response. In addition to reaction time, psychophysiological measures were used to assess the duration of target search and the onset of central and peripheral motor activity. Nontargets sharing features with a target selectively activated the response associated with that target, even when it was not present in the display. This suggests that information transmission to the motor level can consist of fine-grained visual information and that visual search and response selection occur in parallel.

Psychophysiological evidence for continuous information transmission between visual search and response processes.

Psychophysiological evidence for continuous information transmission between visual search and response processes.

The effects of coding procedure on human information transmission

Three different coding schemes, i.e., transformations between stimuli and responses, were used in a continuous information transmission situation. The stimuli were groups of binary digits and S was required to transform these into verbal equivalents of combinations formed by taking various sets of the English letters. Three codes, one based on communication theory, one based on Miller’s (1956) chunking hypothesis, and a combination of the first two were used. In addition, two levels of stimulus redundancy, zero and 0.5 were used. Time to complete the task and errors were the de-pendent variables. The Ss were run for twelve days. The basic result was that Ss transmitted information at a constant rate regardless of the code or redundancy level used.