Continuous Heavy Rain Research Articles

Analysis of the Causes of Deviations in the Implementation of Construction Work Contracts Based on Verdict

Construction Work is the whole or part of the activities that include the construction, operation, maintenance, demolition, and rebuilding that are regulated in a Construction Contract. In the implementation of the Construction Contract, several problems cause deviations. The purpose of this research is to analyze the causes of deviations in a Construction Contract based on Verdict. The research data was obtained from the Supreme Court Repository page by searching for Verdict related to implementing Construction Contracts. The limitation of this research is a case that has been decided in the last 10 years in the District Court in West Sumatra. The search results obtained 9 verdicts. The method used to analyze the data is the Rich Picture Diagram (RPD). Validation and refinement are carried out using the Interview method from the results of secondary data analysis. The outcome of this research is the causes of deviations that are prejudicial to one of the parties and thus fall under civil law such as The occurrence of delays caused by: Contractor negligence during implementation, Contractor achievements not paid by the Owner, negligence of the Planner Consultant, the state of the land is not by the drawing plan, continuous heavy rain that disrupts the work, Kurs strengthen sharply, land acquisition has not been completed by the Owner, the Contractor is not given the opportunity 50 days of completion; Disputes caused by: Owner made unilateral changes to Technical Specifications, Supervisory Consultant's mistake in reporting progress.

A Study on the Installation of Measuring Instruments for Early Warning of Small-scale Reservoirs

Climate change is causing the collapse of 101 reservoirs due to localized torrential rains and continuous heavy rains. To minimize the damage to human life and property, this article focuses on selecting appropriate local instruments for the efficient maintenance and proper arrangement of these instruments to maximize the efficiency of the early warning and predictive warning systems. In this study, six small-scale reservoirs were studied, and two cases were considered and compared, namely an embankment with a central clay core and a simply earth-filled embankment. The results showed that to predict the collapse of the reservoir by piping, it was considered appropriate to apply 50% of the wetness ratio (<i>l/L</i>) by calculating the wet length (<i>l</i>) on the length (L) of the downstream slope of the embankment. Finally, a methodology was presented for selecting the location of the measuring device.

Cause Analysis and Preventive Measures of Guizhou D2809 Train Derailment Accident in Guizhou, China on 4 June 2022.

This paper summarizes the cause of the debris flow impact train accident by investigating the local geological condition, meteorological data and field investigation that happened in Guizhou, China on 4 June 2022. The result showed that the major reason is the continuous heavy rain in the surrounding area, which led to a small landslide at the upper right of the tunnel entrance. Besides, the construction of the Jianrong Expressway in the upper reaches increased the catchment area, which makes the water content of the upper soil increase while the shear strength decreases. Such large-scale catastrophic accidents significantly threaten the local environment and public safety. Therefore, it is urgent to pay special attention to the changes in geological conditions along the line, especially the adverse effects of construction, to improve the early risk warning and post-accident treatment ability.

Dolichospermum lemmermannii (Nostocales) bloom in world s deepest Lake Baikal (East Siberia): abundance, toxicity and factors influencing growth

Abstract. Mass development of the cyanobacteria Dolichospermum (D. lemmermannii as the dominant species) was reported in the coastal zone of Bol shye Koty Bay (western coast of the southern basin), towards the end of July to the beginning of August in 2019. Blooms were observed as 1 1.5-m wide bands adjoining the shoreline and stretched uninterrupted over 2 km. Abundance of cyanobacteria in blooms varied within 7.2 71.9 thousand cell mL-1, with 0.73 7.20 g m-3 biomass attained. Maximal concentration was observed opposite the biological station of Irkutsk State University, a frequently visited place that was hosting participants of several conferences at that time. Hydrochemical analysis of samples collected four days after continuous heavy rains showed much higher concentrations of nutrients in contrast with the data obtained a week before (24 July), which is normal for that season. Nutrient concentrations were elevated relative to long term averages by 3 to 30 fold: with phosphate concentrations up to 0.200 mg L-1, ammonium ions 0.29 mg L-1, and nitrates 0.31 mg L-1. Possible reasons for the harmful freshwater cyanobacterial bloom that is unusual for this part of the lake are discussed. Excessive proliferation of common cyanobacteria D. lemmermannii in the open lake areas was affected by several factors: long-lasting heavy rains, zero wind, high air (from 13 15 at night to 29 in daytime) and water temperatures (from 15 to 19.2 ); and absence of isolated septic tanks in the nearshore zone.

East Asian summer monsoon moisture transport belt and its impact on heavy rainfalls and floods in China

The East Asian summer monsoon brings a large amount of precipitation in East China every year, which is the main source of water resources for China. At the same time, it often causes the severe flooding disasters. The Chinese meteorologists and hydrologists have realized that the moisture transport intensity, the extent and persistence of summer monsoon may play a crucial role in extreme rainstorm processes. This branch of moisture transport belt may be termed as the East Asian summer monsoon moisture transport belt. It can be categorized in the atmospheric river (AR) coined internationally, but it is not a fully same conception, due to its unique regional feature of the East Asian summer monsoon. The monsoon moisture transport belt is a main producer of excessively heavy rainfalls and disastrous floods in this region. Based on the data of the past hundred years, this paper made an update review of the characteristics and formation reasons of the East Asian summer monsoon moisture transport belt. Taking the five strongest continuous heavy rain processes in the Haihe River, Yellow River, Huaihe River and Yangtze River in the past hundred years as examples, the important role of the monsoonal moisture transport belt is analyzed. Finally, it is proposed that climate warming can affect the global water cycle through four aspects, including holding more water vapor in the atmosphere, changes of the atmospheric circulations and radiation forcing with climate warming as well as the regional impact of aerosols.

Monitoring the Hydraulic Performance of Sewers Using Fibre Optic Distributed Temperature Sensing

The hydraulic performance of sewers is a major public concern in industrialised countries. In this study, fibre optic distributed temperature sensing (DTS) is used to monitor the discharge of wastewater for three months to assess the performance of a long underground foul sewer in a village in the UK. DTS cables were installed in the invert of sewer pipes to obtain distributed temperature change data along the sewer network. DTS generates a series of two-dimensional data sets (temperature against distance) that can be visualised in waterfall plots to help identify anomalies. The spatial and temperature resolutions are 2 m and 0.2–0.3 °C, respectively. The monitoring data clearly identify high-temperature plumes, which represent the flow of household wastewater in the sewer. Based on the analysis of the waterfall plots, it is found that the flow velocity is about 0.14 m/s under normal conditions. When continuous moderate rain or heavy rain occurs, water backs up from the water treatment plant to upstream distances of up to 400 m and the water flow velocity in the sewer decreases sharply to about 0.03 m/s, which demonstrates the ability of the DTS to localise anomalies in the sewer network.

EXTRACTION OF SCATTERED SMALL-SCALE LANDSLIDES DISTRIBUTION BY OBJECT-BASED CLASSIFICATION USING OPTICAL HIGH-RESOLUTION SATELLITE IMAGES

Abstract. Continuous heavy rain for a long duration over mountainous terrain, where the elevation is relatively low and the topography is complex leads to multiple small-scale landslides over a wide area. Detailed investigations of small-scale landslides have been effectively carried out using optical high-resolution satellite images with spatial resolution of about 2 m or less. In this study, the sediment-related disaster caused by heavy rain in northern Kyushu, Japan that occurred in July 2017 was selected as a typical example of small-scale landslide. For this landslide event, the applicability of the conventional superpixel segmentation for landslide separation was examined. The applicability of the representative SLIC and SLICO methods in the superpixel segmentation method by image interpretation in the case of a large number of small-scale landslides in a wide area was assessed. These results suggest that in the case of such a disaster, segmentation by the SLICO method will be better. In addition, the set value of the area size for the area division was systematically examined from the distribution tendency of the average NDVI value in the divided area. It was shown that the landslide region can be extracted with relatively high accuracy by the land cover classification process by the NN method by using the appropriate region size examined by the SLICO method.

Deformation characteristics and failure mechanism of a reactivated landslide in Leidashi, Sichuan, China, on August 6, 2019: an emergency investigation report

At approximately 2:00 p.m. (Beijing time) on August 6, 2019, the previously controlled Leidashi landslide was reactivated near group 7 of Zhangjiagou village, Jianyang County, Sichuan Province, China. The 2019 Leidashi landslide damaged two main roads and 44 antisliding piles and posed a threat to another main road. This landslide was a reactivation of the 2010 Leidashi landslide and had an accumulation zone of 2.2 × 106 m3. To explore the deformation characteristics and failure mechanism, detailed field investigations, unmanned aerial vehicle photogrammetry, airborne LiDAR surveys, borehole drilling and inclinometer installation were carried out, and the collected data were analyzed. The results show that the 2019 Leidashi landslide could be divided into main slipping zone and activated zone according to movement state, and the main slipping zone could also be divided into main scarp area, main deposit area, climbing area, uplift area, and local landslide area according to the local movement and geomorphic features. The rapidly increasing landslide thrust caused by short-term but continuous heavy rain caused the failure of the antisliding piles and ultimately reactivated the 2010 landslide.

Phytoplankton community structure during monsoon transition period in the Lembeh strait of north Sulawesi, Indonesia

Phytoplankton community structure based on photosynthetic pigments in the Lembeh strait was studied in April 2017, during the period of monsoon transition. With data of the spatial distribution of phytoplankton community structures and environmental factors, the main factors leading to the changes in phytoplankton community structure and distribution of phytoplankton abundance were discussed. Our results show that the phosphate concentration in the north of the strait was higher than that in the south, while the distribution of nitrogen concentration was just the opposite. The silicate concentration had a significance high concentration in the bottom water of the northern strait, indicating that there was a sinking ocean current from the north. Different from previous surveys, the N/P ratio of water ranges from 2.6 to 4.56, proving that nitrogen is the nutrient limiting factor in this survey, which was due to increased phosphorus concentrations due to continuous heavy rains. The main pigments were Chl b, 19-hex-fucoxanthin and fucoxanthin during the period of monsoon transition. Chl a concentration was significantly higher in the north of the strait than in the south, and Chl a concentration at surface was higher than that at bottom. This is because the thrive of cyanobacteria in the northern strait, which were the main group in the Lembeh strait during monsoon transition. They can grow and reproduce in the nutrient-poor sea water, since they can use phosphonates as a source of phosphorus during metabolic processes. Compared with surveys conducted during SE monsoonal period, the abundance of phytoplankton in monsoon transition period was significantly lower. Because the upwelling brought sufficient nutrients to the water, which meet the require of phytoplankton growth, allowing phytoplankton to grow well in SE monsoon. On the whole, the results show that the changes in phytoplankton community structure and distribution of phytoplankton abundance during the monsoon transition period in the Lembeh strait is mainly affected by nutrients.

Simulation of Flood Event in Kelantan on December 2014 as revealed by the HEC-HMS

A devastating flood disaster occurred at Kuala Krai, Kelantan on December 2014. The flood disaster had given a significant destructive impact on the infrastructure and as a result, almost 1,600 homes were lost or destroyed. This extreme flood event killed 25 villages and forced 45,467 people in Kuala Krai, Kelantan to be evacuated from their homes. Continuous heavy rain for over three days from the 21st to the 23rd of December, 2014 was set a rainfall record of 1,295 mm, equivalent to the amount of rain usually seen in a span of 64 days. As a result, the water levels of three major rivers, the Sungai Galas in Dabong, the Sungai Lebir in Tualang and the Sungai Kelantan in Jambatan Gueillemard, rose above the dangerous water levels. It is essential to estimate the extent of flood inundation. The objective of this study is to simulate flood event in December 2014 by using HEC-HMS. The results show the peak discharges and inundations occurred approximately on the 25th December 2014; 18,575.7 m3/s to be almost similar magnitude as reported by DID 2014 Flood Report. These findings led to the conclusion that the HEC-HMS model is useful as a flood analysis tool.

Modal Analysis of Linear Mesoscale Convective System in Fujian Heavy Rainstorm

This paper uses the daily precipitation observation data and Doppler weather radar observation data from 2017 observatories and regional automatic stations in Fujian, China from 2009 to 2015. The characteristics of formation mode, organization mode, moving direction and duration of linear mesoscale convective system during non-typhoon continuous rainstorm in Fujian were analyzed. This paper gives the definition of linear mesoscale convective systems, trailing and parallel mesoscale convective systems. The above characteristics of the linear mesoscale convective system during the continuous heavy rain in Fujian differ greatly from the non-sustained heavy rain process: The linear mesoscale convective system in the continuous heavy rain in Fujian is mainly constructed later, and the trailing and parallel mesoscale convective system is conducive to the occurrence of continuous heavy rain in Fujian. The moving direction of the linear mesoscale convective system and convective monomer is mainly in the east direction, and the system duration is mostly 4 - 10 hours. The formation time of the monomer to form a linear convection time is mainly 1 - 3 hours, which is 2 hours earlier than the organization process of the general linear mesoscale convective system. The linear convective system formed to a dead time of an average of 5 hours, slightly longer than the general linear mesoscale convective system.

The Cause Analysis and Countermeasure Research on Urban Water Logging in Ningbo

As a common concern of the public and a major problem for urban construction and management, urban water logging disasters, especially in coastal cities, which are caused by extreme weather such as typhoons and continuous heavy rains, not only affect the public security of the city, the production and living order of the residents, but also lead to a lot of economic losses. Along with the continuous occurrence of urban water logging disasters, the problems of not paying attention to the drainage project and weak awareness of flood prevention in the process of urban construction have become increasingly conspicuous. Taking Ningbo City as an example, the thesis analyzes the causes of urban water logging disasters from different perspectives, and proposes specific measures to improve the prevention and management ability of urban water logging disasters in Ningbo, so as to offer helpful reference for solving similar problems to solve urban water logging disasters.

<b>First record of the Woolly-necked Stork <I>Ciconia episcopus</I> Boddaert, 1783 (Aves: Ciconiiformes: Ciconiidae) breeding in the lowland wet zone of Sri Lanka</b>

The Woolly-necked Stork Ciconia episcopus is a resident bird species commonly found breeding in the dry lowlands of Sri Lanka, preferably nesting in remote areas with minimal disturbance, although the breeding and nesting behavior has not yet been adequately documented. Here we report its nesting behavior, for the first time in lowland wet zone Sri Lanka, from Thalagolla, Beddawela in Kegalle District. Although its usual breeding season is in the dry zone from February to March with a second breeding cycle from November to early January, here we report breeding in the lowland wet zone from July–October in 2013–2014. Further, it was interesting to note presumably the same couple of birds used the same nest in 2014 with minimum renovation. In 2015 the nest had disintegrated and fallen due to continuous heavy rain and there have been no records till June 2016. Breeding was again recorded from June–September in 2016 with a new nest in a different platform of twigs in the same tree.

Justification of parameters and technology of retaining prism filling to eliminate landslide

The process of dumping on the surface mining is one of the most problematic in terms of industrial safety. The problem is compounded by the fact that the external dumps are often pilled on unprepared base, composed of clay. Therefore, such a situation occurs when a set of external factors leads to considerable deformations of the dumps. In particular, a few years ago on one of Kuzbass open pits there was a major landslide. According to the studies made, the reasons for the landslide were irregularities in the process of stacking, intensive snow melting and continuous heavy rains. All this together led to the deformation of the slope of the lower tiers of the outer dump and to the landslides. This article describes the measures of eliminating the danger zone, designed to prevent further landslides and to ensure safe mining works on external dump. The parameters of grounded prism are discussed and the technology of its piling is offered.

Sustainable vegetable production through the use of low-cost protective structures: a farmer’s experience in Bontoc, southern Leyte, Philippines

For years, Lucio Boie' R. Gerona, a civil engineer by profession but with a passion for business and farming by family orientation, had been dreaming of becoming a progressive farmer. Countless attempts in farming on his self-acquired land in Pamahawan, Bontoc, southern Leyte, Philippines, were made but often failed and/or were non-profitable. Among the many constraints, he found continuous heavy rains the most difficult and almost impossible to manage. With the use of protective structures (curved-roof and vent types with plastic roofing and bamboo framings) as rain shelters, year-round production of vegetables was made possible. Results showed that yields of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), ampalaya (Momordica charantia L.), and two croppings of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) were consistently higher with gross margins of nearly three fold as compared with those in the open field. Yields of two croppings of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus Thunb.), which were planted during the dry months, were also high although statistically comparable with those in the open field, which was understandable since watermelon is a sun-loving crop. With the adoption of the technology, Boie attained rewarding outcomes: sustained productivity and profitability which enabled him to put up other farm improvements (irrigation system, enclosed structures for leafy vegetables, vermiculture shed and mini-piggery to start diversification); capacity building that allowed him to serve as a consultant/resource speaker/panelist in farmer's fora/FFDs/training sessions specifically on protected vegetable cultivation and marketing; and not to mention the enhanced publicity of his farm, which is now a favorite educational trip destination for many people from all walks of life.

ACADEME-LOCAL GOVERNMENT PARTNERSHIP TOWARDS EFFECTIVE APPLICATION OF GEOSPATIAL TECHNOLOGIES FOR SMARTER FLOOD DISASTER MANAGEMENT AT THE LOCAL LEVEL: AN EXAMPLE FROM MINDANAO, PHILIPPINES

In this paper, we discuss how an academe-local government partnership can lead the way for the effective use of geospatial technologies for smarter and geospatially-informed decision making before, during, and after a flood disaster. In Jabonga municipality, in the province of Agusan del Norte, in Mindanao, Philippines, two significant flooding events occurred in the year 2014 which were caused by overflowing water bodies due to continuous heavy rains. These flood events inundated populated areas, caused massive evacuation, made roads un-passable, and greatly damaged sources of incomes such as croplands and other agricultural areas. The partnership between Caraga State University and the local government of Jabonga attempts to improve localized flood disaster management through the development of web-based Near-real Time Flood Event Visualization and Damage Estimations (Flood EViDEns) application. Flood EViDENs utilizes LiDAR-derived elevation and information products as well as other elevation datasets, water level records by monitoring stations, flood simulation models, flood hazard maps, and socio-economic datasets (population, household information, etc.), in order to visualize in near-real time the current and future extent of flooding, to disseminate early warnings, and to provide maps and statistics of areas and communities affected and to be affected by flooding. The development of Flood EViDEns as the main product of the partnership is an important application of geospatial technologies that will allow smarter and geospatially-informed decision making before, during, and after a flood disaster in Jabonga.

ACADEME-LOCAL GOVERNMENT PARTNERSHIP TOWARDS EFFECTIVE APPLICATION OF GEOSPATIAL TECHNOLOGIES FOR SMARTER FLOOD DISASTER MANAGEMENT AT THE LOCAL LEVEL: AN EXAMPLE FROM MINDANAO, PHILIPPINES

Abstract. In this paper, we discuss how an academe-local government partnership can lead the way for the effective use of geospatial technologies for smarter and geospatially-informed decision making before, during, and after a flood disaster. In Jabonga municipality, in the province of Agusan del Norte, in Mindanao, Philippines, two significant flooding events occurred in the year 2014 which were caused by overflowing water bodies due to continuous heavy rains. These flood events inundated populated areas, caused massive evacuation, made roads un-passable, and greatly damaged sources of incomes such as croplands and other agricultural areas. The partnership between Caraga State University and the local government of Jabonga attempts to improve localized flood disaster management through the development of web-based Near-real Time Flood Event Visualization and Damage Estimations (Flood EViDEns) application. Flood EViDENs utilizes LiDAR-derived elevation and information products as well as other elevation datasets, water level records by monitoring stations, flood simulation models, flood hazard maps, and socio-economic datasets (population, household information, etc.), in order to visualize in near-real time the current and future extent of flooding, to disseminate early warnings, and to provide maps and statistics of areas and communities affected and to be affected by flooding. The development of Flood EViDEns as the main product of the partnership is an important application of geospatial technologies that will allow smarter and geospatially-informed decision making before, during, and after a flood disaster in Jabonga.

연속적인 극한호우사상의 발생을 가정한 거대홍수모의

In recent, the series of extreme storm events were occurred by those continuous typhoons and the severe flood damages due to the loss of life and the destruction of property were involved. In this study, we call Mega flood for the Extreme flood occurred by these successive storm events and so we can have a hypothetical Mega flood by assuming that a extreme event can be successively occurred with a certain time interval. Inter Event Time Definition (IETD) method was used to determine the time interval between continuous events in order to simulate Mega flood. Therefore, the continuous extreme rainfall events are determined with IETD then Mega flood is simulated by the consecutive events : (1) consecutive occurrence of two historical extreme events, (2) consecutive occurrence of two design events obtained by the frequency analysis based on the historical data. We have shown that Mega floods by continuous extreme rainfall events were increased by 6-17% when we compared to typical flood by a single event. We can expect that flood damage caused by Mega flood leads to much greater than damage driven by a single rainfall event. The second increase in the flood caused by heavy rain is not much compared to the first flood caused by heavy rain. But Continuous heavy rain brings the two times of flood damage. Therefore, flood damage caused by the virtual Mega flood of is judged to be very large. Here we used the hypothetical rainfall events which can occur Mega floods and this could be used for preparing for unexpected flood disaster by simulating Mega floods defined in this study.

An emergency dispatch model considering the urgency of the requirement for reliefs in different disaster areas

Abstract: Purpose: Frequent sudden-onset disasters which have threatened the survival of human and the development of society force the public to pay an increasing attention to emergency management. A challenging task in the process of emergency management is emergency dispatch of reliefs. An emergency dispatch model considering the urgency of the requirement for reliefs in different disaster areas is proposed in this paper to dispatch reliefs reasonably and reduce the effect of sudden-onset disasters. D esign/methodology/approach: Firstly, quantitative assessment on the urgency of the requirement for reliefs in different disaster areas is done by an evaluation method based on Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation and improved Evidence Reasoning which is proposed in this paper. And then based the quantitative results, an emergency dispatch model aiming to minimize the response time, the distribution cost and the unsatisfied rate of the requirement for reliefs is proposed, which reflects the requests of disaster areas under emergency, including the urgency of requirement, the economy of distribution and the equity of allocation. Finally, the Genetic Algorithm is improved based on the adaptive crossover and mutation probability function to solve the emergency dispatch model. Findings and Originality/value: A case that the Y hydraulic power enterprise carries on emergency dispatch of reliefs under continuous sudden-onset heavy rain is given to illustrate the availability of the emergency dispatch model proposed in this paper. The results show that the emergency dispatch model meets the distribution priority requirement of disaster area with the higher urgency, so that reliefs are supplied more timely. Research limitations/implications: The emergency dispatch model faced to large scale sudden-onset disasters is complex. The quantity of reliefs that disaster area requires and the running time of vehicles are viewed as available information, and the problem that how to obtain the information is not considered. Practical implications: The emergency dispatch model considering the urgency of the requirement for reliefs in different disaster areas is applicable to a realistic emergency dispatch of reliefs under sudden-onset disasters and the research results is the foundation of further research on the problem of emergency management. Originality/value: This paper proposes emergency dispatch model considering the urgency of the requirement for reliefs in different disaster areas which can meet the realistic requirement that the disaster area with the higher urgency has an priority to obtain the reliefs and make reliefs be distributed timely.

Cultivation of Aswagandha (Withania somniferaDunal) duringrabiseason is more economical as compared tokharifseason

Aswagandha (Withania somnifera dunal) is grown as late kharif crop in all over India particularly in Rajasthan, Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh. Being a midseason crop, Aswagandha cultivation is very limited and farmers are hesitating in growing it. The continuous long duration or heavy rains in starting of rainy season caused severe losses to aswagandha crop. This loss can be reduce only by choosing the low rainfall areas or by planting aswagandha after passing the heavy rainfall days of August to September month. The experiment was conducted on growing of aswagandha with two released varieties and four advance genotypes of aswagandha during kharif and rabi season in the year 2008–09 and 2009–10. The observation recorded on plant height (cm), number of branches, root length(cm), root width(cm) and dry root yield (q/ha) in both the season. All the characteristics showed slight decline in magnitude in Rabi season except Number of branches and root length (cm). Though there was a decline in dry root yield (q/ha) at genotypic level in Rabi season but the average dry root yield was 5–8 q/ha in both the season. The major diseases viz mortality of seedlings and root rot which are common in kharif season was not observed in Rabi season. The weed management and the quality of roots can easily be maintained in rabi season. Study recommended that the growing of aswagandha during rabi season is more suitable as well as more economical (farmers can save Rs 3000–4000/ha) for cultivation in the state.