Continuous Flow Injection Analysis Research Articles

A Rapid Continuous Flow Injection Analysis Method Development for Diphenhydramine Hydrochloride

Background: Diphenhydramine hydrochloride (DPH) is widely used as an antihistamine for treating various allergic conditions and symptoms. Traditional analytical methods for quantifying DPH often involve complex procedures and instrumentation. However, recent advancements in nanotechnology and analytical techniques offer opportunities for developing simpler and more efficient methods for DPH analysis. Method: This study presents a novel approach for quantifying DPH using continuous flow injection analysis (CFIA) combined with turbidimetric measurements. The precipitation reaction between DPH and 3,5-dinitro salicylic acid was utilized in an aqueous medium system. Various physical and chemical parameters were optimized, including the concentration of precipitating reagent, reaction medium (acids and salts), irradiation source intensity, volume of sample segment, and delay reaction coil. Results: Optimization of physical and chemical parameters revealed that a concentration of 15 m.mol/Liter for 3,5-dinitro salicylic acid, distilled water as the reaction medium, and an irradiation source intensity of 3.1 VDC produced optimal results. The linear dynamic range for DPH concentration was determined to be 0.01-20 m.mol/Liter. Comparison with the traditional UV-spectrophotometric method showed comparable results, indicating the reliability of the proposed CFIA method. Conclusion: The CFIA method presented in this study offers several advantages over traditional analytical methods for quantifying DPH in pharmaceutical formulations. It provides high sensitivity, speed, simplicity, and improved accuracy. The proposed approach has the potential for widespread application in pharmaceutical analysis, offering a cost-effective and easily manipulable solution for routine laboratory use. Overall, this study demonstrates a significant advancement in the measurement of DPH, which could simplify processes for pharmaceutical analysis and enhance industrial production levels.

Sensitive Determination of Hydrochlorothiazide Drug in the Various Samples Via Developed Method of CFIA System

Hydrochlorothiazide drug determination in pharmaceutical and biological urine samples using a novel continuous flow-injection analysis technique that is rapid, simple, economical, and sensitive. The complex formed by the reaction of hydrochlorothiazide and O-phenylenediamine with potassium ferricyanide to produce an orange-colored product at 480 nm was the basis for the proposed method. Other chemical and physical parameters that affect the stability and development of the colored product used in this developed method includes sample volume, flow rate, reagent concentrations, and reaction coil. The proposed method’s linearity ranges from 5 to 150 μg.mL-1 and its correlation coefficients were 0.9988, and the recovery percentage and error percentage were 100.88 and 0.88, respectively. The detection limit and Limit of quantification values were 2.622 and 7.97. A sample throughput of 90 samples. hour1- . The new approach was effectively employed to determine the presence of hydrochlorothiazide in the pure, biological, and pharmaceutical samples.

A Review using continuous flow injection analysis technique in the determination of several drugs

Continuous flow injection analysis (CFIA) is one of the simplest, easiest, and multilateral analytical automation methods in moist chemical analysis. This method depends on changing the physical and chemical properties of a part of the specimen spread out from the specimen injected into the carrier stream. The CFIA technique uses automatic analysis of samples with high efficiency. The CFIA PC compatibility also allows specimens to be treated automatically, reagents to be added, and reaction conditions to be closely monitored. The CFIA is one of the automated chemical analysis methods in which a successive specimen sample is to be estimated and injected into a vector stream from a flowing solution that meets the reagent and mixes at a specific point, the y-junction, before reaching the detector. However, CFIA does not have a separation method because the sample, carrier stream, and reagent all enter the system simultaneously and move together at a specific flow rate to the end of the system. It is also possible to inject a second specimen sample to be estimated before the first sample reaches the detector. For all the reasons mentioned, the CFIA technique analysis is appropriate, fast, and ideal for analyzing different samples. This general technique deals with solutions and is used for various tasks, including pH measurement, conductivity, colorimetry, titration, and enzyme assays. So, it was used in analytical chemistry to estimate many samples, including medicines, because they are essential substances for human life, and everyone widely uses them.

Fast New Method for Estimation of Captopril in Pure and Pharmaceutical Preparation by Reaction with Ammonium Ce (IV) Sulfate in Acid Medium

The determination of captopril (CAP) using a new continuous flow injection analysis (CFIA) method was given in this work CAP in its pure state and some of its pharmaceutical preparations. The technique can be described as simple, fast, sensitive, easy to operate, and low-cost. The CAP reacted with ammonium ceric(IV) sulfate (ACS)2(NH4 )2SO4Ce(SO4)2. 3 H2O in an acidic medium and the reaction led to the formation of a white, slightly yellowish precipitate. The formed precipitate was studied using Ayah 6S×1-ST-2D Solar cell-CFI Analyzer, a through the reflection of accident light on the surfaces of the precipitate particles at (0-1800), expressed as the response of the transducer measured in (mV). Some chemical and physical parameters were studied to provide the optimal conditions for the study. The calibration curve within the range of (0.07-3.0) mmol/L was linear, with a correlation coefficient (r) value equal to (0.9983), and the percentage value of linearity (R2%) was (99.65). The method's detection limit (L.O.D.) of the new method was 272.5 ng/25 µL; it was calculated by diluting the minimum concentration in the calibration curve gradually. RSD% was less than 0.2% for 0.9, 1.5, and 3.0 mmol/L concentrations of C.A.P. for n=8. The method was successfully applied to estimate C.A.P. in three pharmaceutical preparations, each produced by a different company. The new method was compared with the UV-Spectrophotometric method (classical method) at λmax= 207.2 nm by using the method of standard additions. Both the t-test and the F-test were conducted to ensure that there wasn't a significant difference between the new method and the conventional one. The results of both tests showed, at a confidence level of 95%, that there was no significant difference.

Continuous Flow Injection Analysis Method for the Determination of a Drug Diphenhydramine Hydrochloride by Using Phosphomolybdic Acid

The study presented a new method for determining diphenhydramine hydrochloride (DPH) in its pure form and some pharmaceutical preparations, within CFIA technique. The method is simple, fast, sensitive, easy to operate, and of a low cost. It is based on the reaction of DPH with phosphomolybdic acid (PMA), in aqueous media, forming a white, slightly yellowish precipitate. The precipitate formed was studied using an Ayah 6S×1-ST-2D solar cell CFI analyzer, by the reflection of incident light off the surfaces of the deposited particles at (0–180°), expressed as the response measured in (mV) . Some chemical and physical variables were studied to provide optimal conditions for the study. The linear range was 0.07-9 mmol/L and it had a correlation coefficient (r) with a value of (0.9998). The limit of detection (L.O.D.) of the new method was 729.55 ng/sample, calculated by gradually diluting the lower limit of the concentration in the linear range (0.07 mmol/L). The % RSD was less than 0.2% for a concentration of 0.1, 4.0 and 10.0 mmol/L of DPH for n = 8. The method was successfully applied in the determination of DPH in three samples from three different pharmaceutical production companies. Using the standard addition method, the new method was compared with the UV-Vis spectrophotometry method at λmax = 258 nm. Both T-test and F-test. The results of the two tests showed no significant difference at a confidence level (95%).

A Novel Approach of CFIA Technique for Assaying of Furosemide (Sulfa Drug) as Antibacterial Agent in Pharmaceutical and Biological Samples Using Potassium Ferricyanide as Oxidizing Agent

Furosemide drug determination in pharmaceutical and biological urine samples using a novel continuous flow-injection analysis technique that is simple, rapid, sensitive and economical. The complex formed by the reaction of furosemide and O-phenylenediamine with oxidative agent K3[Fe(CN)6] to produce an orange-yellow colored product at 460 nm was the basis for the proposed method. The proposed method’s linearity ranges (3-100) μg.mL-1and (1-50) μg.mL-1 for CFIA/merging zone methods and batch .The detection limit and Limit of quantification values were 2.7502 μg.mL-1 and 9.1697 μg.mL-1 the relative standard deviation was 0.7143 %, and the average recovery is 98.80% with a verified sample throughput of 73 h-1 . The new approach was effectively employed to determination of furosemide the presence of in the pure, biological, and pharmaceutical samples.

Development of continuous flow injection analysis method for determination of oxymetazoline and vancomycin hydrochloride in pharmaceutical preparations

ABSTRACT. Continuous flow injection (CFI)-spectrophotometric method has been developed for oxymetazoline (OXY) and vancomycin hydrochloride (VAN) determination in pure and dosage forms. Sulfadimidine drug was used as a safe chromogenic reagent by diazotization coupling with studied drugs to produce sensitive azo dyes with maximal wavelengths of 498 and 441 nm, respectively, for OXY and VAN drugs. The effect of various chemical and physical conditions on the signal response has been studied. Under optimum conditions, Beer’s law was linear over the concentration range of 5–200 and 6–200 µg/mL with limits of detection of 2.19 and 1.79 µg/mL for OXY and VAN, respectively. The CFI systems gave a sample throughput of more than 120 samples per hour for 150 μL injection volume for both drugs. The proposed methods were used for the estimation of microgram quantities of both drugs in their different dosage forms with great effectiveness. The method's validity and applicability were thoroughly investigated and the recoveries values were compared with those of standard pharmacopeia methods. The specified approaches were used without the excipients interfering in pharmaceutical applications.
 
 KEY WORDS: Oxymetazoline hydrochloride, Vancomycin Hydrochloride, Flow injection, spectrophotometry, Pharmaceutical formulations
 
 Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2022, 36(2), 303-313. 
 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v36i2.5 

Determination of Ferrous Ion in Pure & Pharmaceutical Preparation by Continuous Flow Injection Analysis Via Turbidmetric Utilizing NAG-4SX3-3D Analyzer

Determination of Ferrous Ion in Pure & Pharmaceutical Preparation by Continuous Flow Injection Analysis Via Turbidmetric Utilizing NAG-4SX3-3D Analyzer

A New Continuous Flow Injection Analysis Method Coupled with NAG-ADF-300-2 Analyzer for Promethazine-HCl by Cadmium Iodide as a Precipitating Reagent; Collaboration; Multi-disciplinary; Text; Review Articleر علی ابراهیمی دکتر ناصر هادی پور لاکمه سری دکتر حسین روحی

A highly accurate, simple, sensitive turbidimetric method was introduced for the determination of promethazine-HCl using a homemade NAG-ADF-300-2 system with continuous flow injection analysis system. This method is based on reaction between promethazine-HCl and cadmium iodide (CdI2) in the presence of ammonium acetate to obtain a white precipitate for the ion-pair complex. Turbidity was measured via the attenuation of incident light by precipitated at 0-180°. Optimum parameters were studied to increase the sensitivity for newly developed methodology of promethazine-HCl- cadmium iodide system. The linear dynamic range for the instrument response vs. concentration of promethazine-HCL- was 0.25-25 mmol. L-1 for cell A and 0.1-20 mmol.L-1 for cell B, and limit of quantitative (S/N=10) 360.5574 µg /sample for cell A and 275.5830 µg /sample for cell B respectively with correlation coefficient (r) 0.9961 for cell no. 1 (cell A) and 0.9966 for cell no.2 (cell B); RSD % was lower than 0.6%. A comparison was made between the newly developed method with UV-Spectrophotometric and turbidimetric method as a classical method by using the standard addition method via the use of t-test at 95% confidence level. In addition, F-test was utilized to predict which of the methods was more precise than other method. The comparison of data revealed that long distance chasing photometer (NAG-ADF-300-2) is the choice with excellent extended detection, wide application and more sensitivity.

Combined CFA-AFM Analytical approach for precipitation reaction regarding crystal growth building single and multiple monolayers based on surface area calculation with image surface roughness analysis (unseen surface)

A reaction of Mebeverine hydrochloride (0.03mM) in pure form with sodium nitroprusside (0.07mM) to form OFF White precipitate. A constant feed was used to collect an enough amount in weight for AFM study. Continuous flow injection analysis was conducted as it is the aim of this study to combine FIA with AFM. To elucidate the study of surface morphology. Various parameters of AFM image surface roughness analysis were discussed in relation to the kind of precipitate formed. Skewness, kurtosis, peak-peak, ten peak height, fractal dimension, wavelength, core roughness depth, and reduced valley depth. All these with the four parameter mainly amplitude, hybrid, functional and spetial. Since no previous study of such was conducted; all usual mode of imaging was dealt with i.e., contact, non-contact and intermittent contact was defined. A non contact mode was used in this study. A detailed study of how the crystal growth buildup first mono layer (hypothetical based on the date obtained also how much each grain carry a concentration with the number that are on the first mono layer. Number of given samples of surface area calculation plus a demonstration of the hypothetically formed multi mono layers specially at high reactant concentration. The main aim of this project was the binding of AFM with FIA which is regarded as an new approach which might be a very useful knowledge for other researcher.

Attenuation of incident light sources (two flow tubes in one geometrical flow cell assembly: First with eleven sources while the second is covered by six sources) in CFIA for the determination of Copper (II) ion

A highly accurate, simple, sensitive and fast developed method was used for the determination of copper (II) ion using a homemade NAG-ADF-300-2 system with continuous flow injection analysis system. This method is based on reaction between copper (II) ion and rubeanic acid to obtain a black precipitate for the ion-pair complex. Turbidity was measured via the attenuated of incident light by precipitated at 0-180°. Optimum parameters were studied to increase the sensitivity for newly developed methodology of copper (II) ion -rubeanic acid system. The linear range for calibration graph was 1-25 mmol.L-1 for cell A and 1-30 mmol.L-1 for cell B, and LOQ 27.0538 µg /78.5 µL for cell A and 18.5539 µg /78.5 µL for cell B respectively with correlation coefficient (r) 0.9979 for cell A and 0.9992 for cell B, RSD % was lower than 0.5%, (n=8) for the determination of copper (II) ion at concentration 18, 23 mmol.L-1 for cell A and 12, 19 mmol.L-1 for cell B, respectively. A comparison was made between the newly developed method with UV-Spectrophotometric method as a classical method by tow type of statistical analysis for comparison the means and variance from different methods. The comparison of data revealed that long distance chasing photometer (NAG-ADF-300-2) was the choice with excellent extended detection, wide application and more sensitive.

Prof. Santelli, a Tireless Researcher and a Gold-Standard Professor in Analytical Chemistry, kindly spoke to BrJAC

Prof. Dr. Ricardo Erthal Santelli has a degree in Pharmacy from the Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, RJ, BR (1972), a master's degree in Inorganic Analytical Chemistry from the Pontifical Catholic University, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BR (1978), a doctorate in Inorganic Analytical Chemistry from the same institution (1985), and a postdoctoral degree from the University of Córdoba, Spain (1988). He was a full professor of Environmental Geochemistry at the Federal Fluminense University from 1994 until 2010 when he retired. He is currently Full Professor at the Institute of Chemistry at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, BR. He works mainly with the development of spectrometric and chromatographic methods, continuous flow injection analysis, and speciation analysis. He develops research mainly on automation in analytical chemistry, environmental geochemistry, and analytical techniques applied to environmental problems. Prof. Santelli has more than 140 scientific articles published in international journals, with more than 5800 citations and an H-index of 32 in addition to several chapters in international books. He has supervised more than 30 master’s and 15 doctoral students. In the editorial field, Prof. Santelli is currently a member of the Editorial Board of the Brazilian Journal of Analytical Chemistry.

Newly developed method for determination of methyldopa drug using ammonium ceric (IV) nitrate by continuous flow injection analysis via homemade NAG-ADF-300-2 analyser

Newly developed method for determination of methyldopa drug using ammonium ceric (IV) nitrate by continuous flow injection analysis via homemade NAG-ADF-300-2 analyser

A flow analysis system integrating an optoelectronic detector for the quantitative determination of active ingredients in pharmaceutical formulations

A simple, compact and low-cost optoelectronic detector was developed for complete turbidimetric measurements under continuous flow injection analysis. The device was fabricated by integrating white snow light-emitting diodes as a light source with solar cells as a detector (WLEDs-SCs) of attenuated light that is passed through the analyte. The device is made from ten of WLEDs and three solar cells only without any filters, lenses and fibers. The device operates according to the turbidimetric principle which measures the attenuated light at 180° of the incident light. The developed detector was adapted under flow injection analysis conditions and its real analytical utility has been successfully confirmed by validation and the development of a turbidimetric method for the quantitative determination of Cyproheptadine hydrochloride (CPH) in pure and pharmaceutical formulations. The proposed method is based on forming a turbid, yellow ion-pair association complex in a closed flow system as a result of a reaction between the drug and potassium chromate which was used as a precipitation reagent. Under optimized conditions, the analysis system offers linear range 2.2–160 µg ml−1 with a limit of detection at 0.6 µg ml−1, limit of quantification 1.8 µg ml−1 and correlation coefficient of 0.9986. The intra-day and inter-day precision for two serial estimations of 30 and 60 µg ml−1 of CPH exhibited a relative standard deviation of 0.94%, 0.29 and 0.68%, 0.21% respectively. While the accuracy of the proposed method has expressed as a recovery percentage (Rec %) and error % which were between 100.45–100.67 and 0.45% to 0.67% respectively. The proposed method has been successfully applied for the CPH determination in pharmaceutical preparations with high throughput tests (60 injections per hour) with no interference effect of the common excipients.

Continuous Flow Injection Analysis,Turbidmetric and Photometric Determination of Methyldopa Using a New Long Distance Chasing Photometer (NAG-ADF-300-2)

A specific, sensitive and new simple method was used for the determination of methyldopa in pure andpharmaceutical formulations by using continuous flow injection analysis. This method is based on formationof ion pair compound between methyldopa and potassium hexacyanoferrate in acidic medium to obtain ayellow precipitate complex using long distance chasing photometer (NAG-ADF-300-2). The linear rangefor calibration graph was 0.05-35 mmol/L for cell A and 0.05-25 mmol/L for cell B, and LOD 1.4292 µg/200 µL for both cells with correlation coefficient (r) 0.9981 for cell A and 0.9994 for cell B, RSD% waslower than 0.5 % for n=8 for. The results were compared with classical method UV-Spectrophotometric at? max=280 nm and turbidmetric method by using the standard addition method via the use of t-test, at 95%confidence level. The comparison of data explain that long distance chasing photometer (NAG-ADF-300-2)is the choice with excellent extended detection and wide application.

The DETERMINATION OF AMILORIDE VIA QUENCHED CONTINUOUS FLUORESCENCE OF AZO DYE USING LOW-PRESSURE MERCURY LAMP TUBE (UV-LIGHT) AND MULTI SOLAR CELLS AT 2 X 90° AS A DETECTORS

Objective: The aim of the method was to develop a novel, simple and rapid fluorometric method determination of Amiloride (AMD) in pure form and pharmaceutical drugs via fluorescence measurements.
 Methods: The method depends on fluorescence quenching of 2H-chromene azo dye (2-(4-nitrophenyl)-N-(4-(phenyldiazenyl)-2H-chromen-4-amine) upon adding Amiloride (AMD) using homemade ISNAG 2 X 90° multi solar cell via low-pressure mercury lamp at two significant wavelengths 184.9 and 253.7 nm combined with continuous flow injection analysis.
 Results: Under the optimized conditions, the fluorescence quenching linear working range and percentage linearity (r2%) was (0.03-8 mmol/l) and 98.78 %, respectively. The suggested method was effectively applied to the determination of AMD in two different pharmaceutical drugs and compared with the classical method (UV-vis spectrophotometry at λ=540 nm).
 Conclusion: The proposed and established method is simple, direct, and efficient. The statistical comparison results using a t-test at 95% confidence interval that was applied to compare the new and classical method showed there are no significant differences between the two methods.

Assessment of long distance chasing photometer (NAG-ADF-300-2) by estimating the drug atenolol with ammonium molybdate via continuous flow injection analysis

Atenolol was used with ammonium molybdate to prove the efficiency, reliability and repeatability of the long distance chasing photometer (NAG-ADF-300-2) using continuous flow injection analysis. The method is based on reaction between atenolol and ammonium molybdate in an aqueous medium to obtain a dark brown precipitate. Optimum parameters was studied to increase the sensitivity for developed method. A linear range for calibration graph was 0.1-3.5 mmol/L for cell A and 0.3-3.5 mmol/L for cell B, and LOD 133.1680 ng/100 µL and 532.6720 ng/100 µL for cell A and cell B respectively with correlation coefficient (r) 0.9910 for cell A and 0.9901 for cell B, RSD% was lower than 1%, (n=8) for the determination of atenolol at concentration (0.5, 0.7 and 5) mmol/L respectively. The results were compared with classical method UV-Spectrophotometric at λ max=270 nm using the standard addition method via the use of t-test, at 95% confidence level. The comparison of data explain that long distance chasing photometer (NAG-ADF-300-2) is the choice with excellent extended detection and wide application.

Assessment of Long Distance Chasing Photometer (NAG-ADF-300-2) by Estimating the Drug Atenolol with Povidone Iodine Via CFIA

Atenolol was used with povidone iodine to prove the efficiency, reliability and repeatability of the long distance chasing photometer (NAG-ADF-300-2) using continuous flow injection analysis. The method is based on reaction between atenolol and povidone iodine in an aqueous medium. Optimum parameters was studied to increase the sensitivity development of method. Calibration graph was linear in the range of 2-19 mmol/L for cell A and 5-19 mmol/L for cell B. Limit of detection 146.4848 ng/55 µL and 2.6600 µg/200 µL respectively to cell A and cell B. Correlation coefficient (r) 0.9957 for cell A and 0.9974 for cell. Relative standard deviation (RSD %) was lower than 1%, (n=8) for the determination of atenolol at concentration (5, 9 and 17) mmol/L for cell A and (5, 13 and 17) mmol/L for cell B respectively. The results were compared with classical method UV-spectrophotometric at λ max=270 nm by using method standard addition via t-test, at 95% confidence level. The comparison of data explain that long distance chasing photometer (NAG-ADF-300-2) is the choice with excellent extended detection and wide application.

New method for the evaluation of propranolol with phosphotungstic acidvialong distance chasing photometer (NAG-ADF-300-2) using continuous flow injection analysis

New method for the evaluation of propranolol with phosphotungstic acidvialong distance chasing photometer (NAG-ADF-300-2) using continuous flow injection analysis

New Fluorometric Method for the Determination of Ketotifen Fumarate Using Continuous Flow Injection Analysis via ISNAG-fluorimeter

A newly developed analytical method was conducted for the determination of Ketotifen fumarate (KTF) in pharmaceuticals drugs via quenching of continuous fluorescence of 9(10H)-Acridone (ACD). The method was applied using flow injection system of a new homemade ISNAG fluorimeter with fluorescence measurements at ± 90◦ via 2×4 solar cell. The calibration graph was linear in the range of 1-45 mmol/L, with correlation coefficient r = 0.9762 and the limit of detection 29.785 µg/sample from the stepwise dilution for the minimum concentration in the linear dynamic ranged of the calibration graph. The method was successfully applied to the determination of Ketotifen fumarate in two different pharmaceutical drugs. A comparison was made between the newly developed method analysis and the classical method using the standard addition method via the use of individual and paired t-test and F-test. It was noticed that there was no significant difference between the two methods at 95 % confidence level.