Continuous Fight Research Articles

Opioid receptor and dopaminergic gene expression increase in the brains of dominant medaka Oryzias latipes males after repeated fights.

The central opioid system and dopaminergic activity in mammals play key roles in mediating social reward, impulsivity, cognition, decision making, and motivation for learning and social interactions. Repeated positive fighting experiences enhance the gene expression levels of μ-type opioid receptor (Mor), tyrosine hydroxylase (Th), an enzyme involved in dopamine synthesis, and dopamine receptor type 2 (D2r) in the reward-related brain regions of aggressive mice. However, it remains unclear whether the opioid system and dopaminergic activity are associated with repeated winning in fish. In this study, we investigated changes in the expression levels of Mor, Th1, and D2r in different regions of the brain of adult medaka Oryzias latipes males after intermittent and continuous fight for 3 days. When a pair of males was provided a fighting opportunity for 20 min per day, we noted that within the 3-day observation period, aggressive winning males showed significantly higher expression levels of Mor in telencephalon and diencephalon, Th1 in diencephalon, and D2r in telencephalon than subordinate losing males. However, no such differences in gene expression level were observed between winning and losing males in the 3-day continuous fight. Further, no differences were detected in the total number of aggressive actions among the winners from each fighting test. However, the total number of "chase" actions, with a stronger aggressiveness index, was higher for the repeated winning male in the three-time intermittent fight than for the winner in the 3-day continuous fight. These findings suggest that repeated intermittent winning experiences with strong aggressiveness could be perceived as a reward by O. latipes males.

AI For Real-Time Detection And Mitigation Of Fake News Via Multi-Source Verification

The drought of fake news in the cover of the digital age makes information quality and its influence by senses. To address this issue, this paper introduces an innovative process to counter the misinformation spread by designing a real-time detection and mitigation model which is based on an AI Environment. Existing solutions do postpublication fact-checking, but our proposed system performs cross-verification of news sources for extracting facts from publications, it observes language patterns and compares content with trusted databases, analyzing the reliability among them in real-time. We empirically show that this approach achieves a significant improvement in performance over the state-of-the-art on both the LIAR dataset and real-time social media analysis. Our results demonstrate that the system is able to attain 89% of accuracy on detecting fake news, with a processing latency lower than 1.5s per article. It provides a real-time scalable solution to detect and combat fake news, assisting in the continued fight to keep online information accurate

Disorganisasi Keluarga dalam Novel Sunyi Paling Riuh Karya Fajar Sulaiman

This research aims to determine the forms of family disorganization in the novel Sunyi Terriuh by Fajar Sulaiman, the factors causing family disorganization in the novel Sunyi Terriuh by Fajar Sulaiman, and the impact of family disorganization in the novel Sunyi Terriuh by Fajar Sulaiman. This research uses the theory of literary sociology studies. This research is literary research using descriptive methods. The data source for this research is the novel Sunyi Terriuh by Fajar Sulaiman. The results of this research are forms of family disorganization, namely (a) cancellation, separation, divorce and abandonment and (2) empty membrane families. The factors causing disorganization are divided into two, namely internal factors (from within), namely (a) lack of mature thinking or processing of the household which leads to continuous fighting and loss of harmony in the household, (b) Selfish attitudes, namely attitudes that are more selfish. own interests rather than shared interests (c) busyness problems. The impact of family disorganization (a) makes children stressed, children become violent (b) aggressive, children will lose their role. models, (c) children's education becomes disrupted, and (d) children become easily sensitive.

Divorce Factor Classification Uses The C4.5 Algorithm Based On Particle Swarm Optimization

Cases of household divorce increased in the West Java area during the Covid-19 pandemic. The pandemic has increased personal relationships and interactions between family members, and some families are using this opportunity to strengthen their relationships. However, increased family interaction can also result in increased conflict, leading to divorce. The author classifies divorce factors that have increased during the pandemic using the C4.5 Algorithm based on Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). The main factors for divorce are economic factors that have hit during the pandemic coupled with unstable mental conditions resulting in poor communication and continuous fighting. So that the husband/wife leaves one of the parties, infidelity, and adultery, then domestic violence and ending in divorce. The dataset was taken from the West Java BPS website, and the author split the data, namely 80% training data and 20% testing data, to avoid overfitting. Research results on the classification of divorce factors during the pandemic using the C4.5 algorithm based on particle swarm optimization are an accuracy value of 87.50% and an AUC (Area Under Curve) value of 0.807, which is included in the good classification category.

PALESTINIAN LITERATURE: A RECORD OF PERPETUAL DISPLACEMENT AND FAILURES

Within the framework of Palestine's international, political, and aesthetic contexts, this study delves into the historical evolution of Palestinian literature, serving as a testament to the people's history of suffering. terrifying trials, and being banished from their whole country. It provides context for reading Palestinian literature and learning about the writers' legacies. As authors seek new ways to play out their histories and express themselves, the study delves into significant topics, such as the British Mandatory from 1948 to 1967, the Six-Day War, and the continuing colonization. In order to claim their displacement and suffering above the constraints of history, Palestinian intellectuals use the mystical power of language. The persistence of Palestinians under Israeli occupation is shown by the evolution of "Writings of Resistance" that began in the mid-20th century and continues to this day. Still going strong now, Palestinian literature cites classics while denying the "horror of history."The literary works of the Palestinian people eloquently portray the hardships endured by the Palestinian people and their continuous fight for survival.

A comprehensive review on singlet oxygen generation in nanomaterials and conjugated polymers for photodynamic therapy in the treatment of cancer.

A key role in lessening humanity's continuous fight against cancer could be played by photodynamic therapy (PDT), a minimally invasive treatment employed in the medical care of a range of benign disorders and malignancies. Cancerous tissue can be effectively removed by using a light source-excited photosensitizer. Singlet oxygen and reactive oxygen species are produced via the photosensitizer as a result of this excitation. In the recent past, researchers have put in tremendous efforts towards developing photosensitizer molecules for photodynamic treatment (PDT) to treat cancer. Conjugated polymers, characterized by their efficient fluorescence, exceptional photostability, and strong light absorption, are currently under scrutiny for their potential applications in cancer detection and treatment through photodynamic and photothermal therapy. Researchers are exploring the versatility of these polymers, utilizing sophisticated chemical synthesis and adaptable polymer structures to create new variants with enhanced capabilities for generating singlet oxygen in photodynamic treatment (PDT). The incorporation of photosensitizers into conjugated polymer nanoparticles has proved to be beneficial, as it improves singlet oxygen formation through effective energy transfer. The evolution of nanotechnology has emerged as an alternative avenue for enhancing the performance of current photosensitizers and overcoming significant challenges in cancer PDT. Various materials, including biocompatible metals, polymers, carbon, silicon, and semiconductor-based nanomaterials, have undergone thorough investigation as potential photosensitizers for cancer PDT. This paper outlines the recent advances in singlet oxygen generation by investigators using an array of materials, including graphene quantum dots (GQDs), gold nanoparticles (Au NPs), silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs), titanium dioxide (TiO2), ytterbium (Yb) and thulium (Tm) co-doped upconversion nanoparticle cores (Yb/Tm-co-doped UCNP cores), bismuth oxychloride nanoplates and nanosheets (BiOCl nanoplates and nanosheets), and others. It also stresses the synthesis and application of systems such as amphiphilic block copolymer functionalized with folic acid (FA), polyethylene glycol (PEG), poly(β-benzyl-L-aspartate) (PBLA10) (FA-PEG-PBLA10) functionalized with folic acid, tetra(4-hydroxyphenyl)porphyrin (THPP-(PNIPAM-b-PMAGA)4), pyrazoline-fused axial silicon phthalocyanine (HY-SiPc), phthalocyanines (HY-ZnPcp, HY-ZnPcnp, and HY-SiPc), silver nanoparticles coated with polyaniline (Ag@PANI), doxorubicin (DOX) and infrared (IR)-responsive poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) (PEtOx) (DOX/PEtOx-IR NPs), particularly in NIR imaging-guided photodynamic therapy (fluorescent and photoacoustic). The study puts forward a comprehensive summary and a convincing justification for the usage of the above-mentioned materials in cancer PDT.

Exercise therapy results of postoperativ treated critical iliac artery stenosis (TASC II A and B) patients who were infected with the Covid 19

Introduction: Adequate individual physical activity after COVID 19 infection as a inevitable part of postoperative therapy of surgically treated vascular and endovascular patients witch still remains a scientific unexplored international neglected secret. General post-covid symptomatology is increasingly present in patients with surgical or endovascular procedures on the iliac segment in the form of a manifestation of various complaints that can affect the very accessibility of the choice of treatment according to the TASC II guidelines, but also affect physical activity and quality of life. Besides the medicament treatment, the management of moderate intensity exercise therapy and future consistency of self-controlled exercise after surgical and endovascular after treatment in iliac critic stenosis with other asymptomatic systemic atherosclerosis can be important factor to support and improve benefits of surgical and endovascular treatment outcome in variable symptomatology of POSTCOVID 19 patients treated classical surgical and endovascular. Goals: The focus is on priority of investigation of remodeling the pattern of cultural smoking behavior and increasing the dynamic of physical activity trying to prevent and avoid potential risk of sudden death, myocardial infarction, stroke graft (stent) occlusion, and cardiovascular mortality in patients with POSTCOVID 19 symptomatology in which is besides other asymptomatic systemic atherosclerosis is the main disease critical iliac artery stenosis (TASC II A and B). Scientifically unproven that sometimes can be associated with poor outcome of surgical intervention the which are in deficit with scientific studies to confirm these scientific observations. Second goals are to investigate the potential possibility of POST COVID 19 symptomatology associated with the success of classic surgical bypass or endovascular intervention and the possibility of reflection on physical activity after vascular intervention. Also the improving and secure the quality of life after successful surgical bypass and endovascular revascularization treatment with influence on primary iliac (TASC II A and B) vascular intervention potency one of main goals as well suppress permanent or permanent consequences of the Covid 19 virus during therapeutic surgical or endovascular procedures of the iliac segment (TASC II A and B) Traditional food as well wrong choice of diet and continuous fight with nicotinism is still remains generally main health threat. Subjects and Methods: 266 Symptomatic post COVID 19 Patients with were observed during 3 years (134 patients with surgical dacron reconstruction and 132 with endovascular treatmant of short segment critical iliac artery stenosis) Moderate interval Intensity Training with Short Interval Repetitions on standard treadmill procedure. Results: The connection of the outcome of surgical and endovascular treatment with post and long covid 19 symptomatology is possible and has a significant impact on the quality of the continuation of physical medication therapy. Difference between the surgical and endovascular groups was observed after the implementation of the treatment as well as factors affecting the outcome of therapy. the outcome is devastating with the prevention of the risk factor of nicotism as well as with the lack of physical activity in some groups. Conclusion: Primary potency after Three years of Endovascular procedure and Dacron bypass Revascularization, has shown as successful with support of supervised exercise training in POSTCOVID 19 patients. Nicotiism still remains highly potency outcome threat when supporting exercise therapy. Also, future and recent studies on this topic should expand their understanding of the effect of the COVID 19 virus on the body in this patients, as well as improving the quality of life in order to improve the patency of bypass or endovascular intervention on the arterial iliac segment.

The Force Publique and frontier warfare in the late 19th Century Congo Free State

During the late 19th Century, the Force Publique of the Congo Free State (1878-1908) found itself engaged in almost continuous fighting. Its campaigns against indigenous peoples, mutineers, interloping African Empires, and wars of expansion against the Mahdists, constitute some of the most diverse examples of frontier warfare of the period. They nevertheless remain largely unknown compared to the colonial campaigns of Britain and France, despite offering similar lessons. This article will explore the means through which the Force Publique learnt from experience and developed a colonial military tradition independently – though with many degrees of similarity – from its colonial neighbours. In doing so, it will reflect on the degree to which there were inherent overlaps in European approaches to late 19th Century frontier warfare.

6세기 중반 한강 유역을 둘러싼 신라와 백제의 경쟁

In the mid-6th century, various incidents occurred in the process of the three countries competing for the Han River basin. The Battle of Doksanseong(獨山城), which took place in 548, was an incident in which Silla(新羅) dispatched salvation army after Goguryeo(高句麗) attacked Baekje(百濟)'s Doksanseong. Doksanseong was located in Yesan, Chungnam. In 541, Silla and Baekje formed a friendship, so they were able to dispatch the salvation army. The Battle of Dosalseong(道薩城) and Geumhyeonseong(金峴城), which took place in 550, was an incident in which Silla took two es independently during the clash between Baekje and Goguryeo. Geumhyeonseong was originally a Baekje castle, but it was occupied by Goguryeo, so Silla rejected Baekje's request to return Geumhyeonseong based on this, and even obtained Dosalseong based on Geumhyeonseong. Baekje targeted Dosalseong to prevent Silla's expansion, but it was geographically isolated as Silla took over Geumhyeonseong. Baekje inevitably handed over the Dosalseong to Silla, which was also influenced by diplomatic considerations to attract Silla to Goguryeo's invasion of Goguryeo. In 551, Silla and Baekje invaded Goguryeo. It was Baekje that led the invasion, and both countries seem to have moved forward around March 551. Silla troops were dispatched from Chungju, and it is presumed that they moved with Baekje troops until they attacked the area downstream of the Han River. When Baekje abandoned the area downstream of the Han River in 552, Silla first took over the Hanseong(漢城) area, and in 553, the operation of Shin-ju(新州) was begun. In particular, based on the improvement of relations with Goguryeo, it dominated the entire area downstream of the Han River from the beginning. Baekje recognized the improvement of relations between Silla and Goguryeo between September 551 and May 552, and the incident that occurred in the process was the Battle of Baekhabya(百合野) between Baekje and Goguryeo. Considering the situation at that time, it should be considered that the Battle of Baekhabya was between September 551 and May 552. After successfully targeting the lower part of the Han River, Baekje proposed a further attack on Goguryeo, but had to engage with it alone as Silla rejected the offer. In the meantime, Silla, which improved its relationship with Goguryeo, threatened Sabi Castle(泗沘城) with military force in Sang-ju(上州), and Baekje had no choice but to give up the area downstream of the Han River and return Baekje troops. In 553, King Jinheung(眞興王) married the King Seong(聖王)'s daughter. King Seong proposed marriage to hide the intention of invading Silla, and King Jinheung attempted to defeat Baekje's will to invade and pass the responsibility of the war on King Seong by carrying out a mutual inviolability pledge with the King Seong. The Campaign of Gwansansung(管山城) ran from July to December 554, the first battle of which was the Battle of Jinseong(珍城) in September. Silla troops tried to prevent Gaya and Baekje troops from gathering here, but failed. The Battle of Ungcheonseong(熊川城) broke out in October, as Silla, which was on the defensive due to the defeat of the Battle of Jinseong, called on Goguryeo to attack Baekje. Be wary of Goguryeo's movement, Baekje wanted to end the Campaign of Gwansansung as soon as possible. At the time of his death, it is possible that the troops led by the King Seong were 5,000 standing soldiers stationed in Sabi Castle. King Seong wanted to confirm the victory by sending additional reservists at a time when the fighting power of the Baekje Army was reduced due to continued fighting. However, when King Seong, who was moving forward with troops, died along the way, the Campaign of Gwansansung ended with the defeat of Baekje.

Fighting for survival: Analyzing strategic trends in arts advocacy

AbstractAmerican arts organizations are locked in a continuous fight for their survival as a result of their demanding operational contexts. Virtually every arts organization engages in some form of formal or informal advocacy in order to raise public awareness and secure financial support or political goodwill. While there are almost as many different advocacy strategies as there are arts organizations, studies that trace changes in strategic employment over time are rare, as advocates are typically focused on present issues and the immediate future. This research seeks to address this knowledge gap. Through a systematic review of over 260 scholarly sources, editorials, blogs, think pieces, and miscellaneous other pro‐arts arguments, this article identifies five main arguments for supporting the arts that have been commonly used by arts advocates since the inception of the National Endowment for the Arts. This article presents a theoretical typology that is useful for understanding these arguments and the thematic connections between them. It concludes with a discussion of general trends towards strategic isomorphism and research sophistication among these strategies, then offers avenues for future research that may assist arts advocates with evaluating strategies' success so as to improve their future effectiveness.

Antibiotic Resistance: Challenges and Strategies in Combating Infections.

From a broader perspective, antibiotic or antimicrobial resistance is still evolving and spreading internationally. Infectious diseases have become more complex and often impossible to cure, increasing morbidity and mortality. Despite the failure of conventional, standard antimicrobial therapy, no new class of antibiotics has been developed in the last 20 years, which results in various cutting-edge and other tactics that can be used to encounter these disease-causing microorganisms with antibiotic resistance. In the continued fight against bacterial infections, there is an urgent requirement for new antibiotics and other antimicrobials. Antibiotic resistance is inevitable, and pharmaceutical companies consistently show little interest in funding novel antibiotic research. Some methods are being used as a possible replacement for conventional antibiotics. Combination therapy, methods that target the proteins or enzymes that cause antimicrobial resistance and bacterial resistance, systems for delivery of the drug, physicochemical approaches, and informal ways, such as the CRISPR-Cas system, are some of these approaches. These various approaches influence how multi-drug-resistant organisms are handled in human clinical settings.

The Continuous Adaptive Challenge Played by Arboviruses: An In Silico Approach to Identify a Possible Interplay between Conserved Viral RNA Sequences and Host RNA Binding Proteins (RBPs).

Climate change and globalization have raised the risk of vector-borne disease (VBD) introduction and spread in various European nations in recent years. In Italy, viruses carried by tropical vectors have been shown to cause viral encephalitis, one of the symptoms of arboviruses, a spectrum of viral disorders spread by arthropods such as mosquitoes and ticks. Arboviruses are currently causing alarm and attention, and the World Health Organization (WHO) has released recommendations to adopt essential measures, particularly during the hot season, to restrict the spreading of the infectious agents among breeding stocks. In this scenario, rapid analysis systems are required, because they can quickly provide information on potential virus-host interactions, the evolution of the infection, and the onset of disabling clinical symptoms, or serious illnesses. Such systems include bioinformatics approaches integrated with molecular evaluation. Viruses have co-evolved different strategies to transcribe their own genetic material, by changing the host's transcriptional machinery, even in short periods of time. The introduction of genetic alterations, particularly in RNA viruses, results in a continuous adaptive fight against the host's immune system. We propose an in silico pipeline method for performing a comprehensive motif analysis (including motif discovery) on entire genome sequences to uncover viral sequences that may interact with host RNA binding proteins (RBPs) by interrogating the database of known RNA binding proteins, which play important roles in RNA metabolism and biological processes. Indeed, viral RNA sequences, able to bind host RBPs, may compete with cellular RNAs, altering important metabolic processes. Our findings suggest that the proposed in silico approach could be a useful and promising tool to investigate the complex and multiform clinical manifestations of viral encephalitis, and possibly identify altered metabolic pathways as targets of pharmacological treatments and innovative therapeutic protocols.

Open-Source Intelligence for Detection of Radiological Events and Syndromes Following the Invasion of Ukraine in 2022: Observational Study.

On February 25, 2022, Russian forces took control of the Chernobyl power plant after continuous fighting within the Chernobyl exclusion zone. Continual events occurred in the month of March, which raised the risk of potential contamination of previously uncontaminated areas and the potential for impacts on human and environmental health. The disruption of war has caused interruptions to normal preventive activities, and radiation monitoring sensors have been nonfunctional. Open-source intelligence can be informative when formal reporting and data are unavailable. This paper aimed to demonstrate the value of open-source intelligence in Ukraine to identify signals of potential radiological events of health significance during the Ukrainian conflict. Data were collected from search terminology for radiobiological events and acute radiation syndrome detection between February 1 and March 20, 2022, using 2 open-source intelligence (OSINT) systems, EPIWATCH and Epitweetr. Both EPIWATCH and Epitweetr identified signals of potential radiobiological events throughout Ukraine, particularly on March 4 in Kyiv, Bucha, and Chernobyl. Open-source data can provide valuable intelligence and early warning about potential radiation hazards in conditions of war, where formal reporting and mitigation may be lacking, to enable timely emergency and public health responses.

The moderating influence of perceived government information transparency on COVID-19 pandemic information adoption on social media systems.

Social media systems are instrumental in the dissemination of timely COVID-19 pandemic information to the general population and contribute to the fight against the pandemic and waves of disinformation during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study uses the information adoption model (IAM) as the theoretical framework to examine the moderating influence of perceived government information transparency on the adoption of COVID-19 pandemic information on social media systems from the Ghanaian perspective. Government information transparency regarding the pandemic is crucial since any lack of transparency can negatively affect the global response to the pandemic by destroying trust (in government and public health authorities/institutions), intensifying fears, and causing destructive behaviors. It applies a convenient sampling technique to collect the responses from 516 participants by using self-administrated questionnaires. The data analysis was computed and analyzed with SPSS-22. The following statistical tests were conducted to test the hypotheses: descriptive statistics, scale reliability test, Pearson bivariate correlation, multiple linear regressions, hierarchical regression, and slope analysis. The results indicate that information quality, information credibility, and information usefulness are significant drivers of COVID-19 pandemic information adoption on social media systems. Furthermore, the perceived government information transparency positively moderates the influence of information quality, information credibility, and information usefulness on the adoption of COVID-19 pandemic information on social media systems. The theoretical and managerial implications of these findings suggest the utilization of social media systems as an effective tool to support the continued fight against the current COVID-19 pandemic and its future role in national and global public health emergencies.

Coalition Politics and War Termination

I analyze a model of coalition war termination in which continued fighting prevents power from shifting in an enemy’s favor but causes power to shift between partners. War ends in equilibrium when both across- and within-side distributions of power are sufficiently stable, but coalition politics can shorten or lengthen the war. When within-side power is shifting but the rising partner’s stakes in the war are low, the war ends “early,” before fighting can solve the underlying bargaining problem. When continued fighting strengthens the rising partner sufficiently, its declining partner acquiesces in continued fighting when intramural discord is costly or coalition exit is unattractive, causing the war to end “late,” well after the enemy’s power has been stabilized. I use the model to account for the early end of World War I and the late end of the Paraguayan War and then discuss implications for research design, war outbreak, and balancing coalitions.

Work of a Local NGO VETO, in Contrast with the International Organisations in the Eastern Congo

The history of the Democratic Republic of Congo has been one of long, unpeaceful turmoil. Even before the establishment of the state, there has been continuous fighting for decades, displacing and killing millions of inhabitants across this land in Central Africa. Evidence suggests that noneof the peacekeeping efforts could make valuable, long-lasting contributions while generations after generations grew up in a hostile environment. In this paper, based on empirical data gathered through research by local organisations(VETO, VACNET), we examine the wide range of deradicalisation and reintegration practices that try to rehabilitate war-affected people through mainly agricultural activities. We are also assessing the effectiveness of these activities and outline the need for further research. Finally, this paper demonstrates that local organisations may have the best means and chances to deradicalise and reintegrate people successfully.

Vivir Bajo una Pared Escarpada: La Otra Fachada de Mujeres Chinas

ABSTRACT Objectives: While feminism is arousing international debates on traditional and new media, collective efforts such as #MeToo are generating visible influences on societies as well, under such collectiveness, I still believe personal stories of women are also worthy of telling. Provocations: This provocation intends to start with a young girl who wished to be a teacher as it was ‘domestic’ and ‘perfect for marriage’, but now has stepped into a different river, conducting funeral studies in a remote village in China. It offers a chronologic view of how that transaction has occurred and why is that. More importantly, it tries to publicly present the expectations or stereotypes of Chinese culture and society, yet the ultimate goal is to lead the ‘gaze’ towards a Chinese woman to a broader perspective, to build an individual and living ‘her’ in a broader world rather than a ‘her’ on television programs or literatures. Conclusions: I believe such telling is necessary as it contributes to the narratives of women in an international dimension by recognizing the efforts and struggles required for a woman’s growth and self-identification process and by highlighting the role that society and education have played. The conclusion follows after the personal story, and it highlights the continuous fight against stereotypes and inequalities.

Od uzora do prezira / from admiration to contempt

D. H. Lawrence and his views on F. M. Dostoevsky used to change gradually – from the initial admiration and fascination with the works of this great Russian literary classic, which Lawrence had read in the period of the overall popularity ‘of all things Russian’ in Great Britain at the beginning of the 20th century, to doubts this highly controversial and largely misunderstood British author expressed in the most prolific period of Modernism, when he began publishing his own fiction as well as some non-fictional and critical pieces on literature. The majority of critics and researchers of Lawrence and his opus argue that his denial of Dostoevsky’s importance stemmed not only from his own need to distance himself from the influence of certain works by Dostoevsky but also from his continuous fight with his innermost demons in the later phase of his creative work. It was in these moments that Lawrence sought answers to his questions in the works of other Russian authors translated into English at the time – Solovyov, Berdyaev, Shestov and Rozanov. Lawrence paid special attention to their perspective on certain books by Dostoevsky. With similar enthusiasm, he also analysed the critical explanations of Dostoevsky by his British contemporaries, such as Ford Madox Ford, Arnold Bennett, John Middleton Murry, Joseph Conrad and Virginia Woolf. This paper focuses on Lawrence’s interpretation of The Grand Inquisitor, based on two key chapters from The Brothers Karamazov and written as a preface to the English translation by Samuel Koteliansky, ‘Kot,’ a Russian émigré Jew and Lawrence’s close friend. Although gravely ill, Lawrence managed to write this text in four days in February 1930. He died a month later at Vence, Southern France. It can be argued that in this last major critical piece of his, Lawrence concluded his decades-long re-reading and questioning of the influences that Dostoevsky and other Russian classics have exerted on him, as well as on the emergence and development of British Modernist fiction between 1910 and 1930.

Leprosy in Europe – towards zero leprosy

Although leprosy was widespread in Europe in the Middle Ages, the whole continent is now on the brink of declaring an end to local transmission of the disease. With the high level of international travel, leprosy is still diagnosed in many European countries, but rarely in people who have never traveled to or lived in a more endemic area of the world. The occurrence of leprosy in local children is an indication of recent transmission and this seems to have stopped throughout Europe, although confirming this with reliable data is a major challenge. Sporadic cases (occasional new cases occurring in a given area that are unrelated to other known cases) and autochthonous (locally acquired) cases in older adults point to some transmission in previous decades. In countries where local transmission has stopped, there is no evidence of any spread of leprosy from international travelers or migrants to the local population. Verification by WHO of the end of transmission of leprosy is beginning to occur in some countries, but crucially depends on good data concerning new cases diagnosed over previous years. Policies for the future should include: (a) sustainable provision within national health services for the diagnosis and treatment of leprosy in the few cases that do occur, usually in the migrant population, with meticulous recording and reporting of case data; (b) sustainable services for the care of people with leprosy-related disability, and the continued fight against stigma and discrimination towards those affected.

Safety and reactogenicity of second booster doses for mRNA vaccines

Achieving high and equitable vaccine coverage rates of primary series and first booster doses globally in people at greater risk of severe disease and death is the highest priority in the continued fight against COVID-19.1 However, waning vaccine effectiveness following primary series and first booster was observed at a time of widespread relaxation of public health and social measures, combined with immune evasion of the Omicron variant and its sub-lineages. Evidence from studies suggests that additional protection of the most vulnerable populations can be achieved through administration of a second booster dose, although the follow-up duration for these studies is limited.