Continuous Energy Production Research Articles

Influence of the Parameters of an Agricultural Biogas Plant on the Amount of Power Generated

Energy from biogas is widely available, inexpensive, and often contributes to waste management, making it one of the most promising renewable energy sources. The main factors influencing this process’ efficiency include the substrates’ chemical composition, temperature, and digester load. This paper presents the possibilities offered by a biogas plant built at a farm specialising in dairy cows. The dependence of the power generated in the micro biogas plant on its technical parameters was analysed in detail. Studies carried out by the authors in an agricultural microgas plant (with an electrical output of 40 kW) have shown that they are designed to maintain continuous energy production, despite changing process parameters such as digester mass level, biogas height, temperature or slurry flow into the digester. However, from the point of view of the amount of electricity generated, changes would have to be made to the design of the biogas plant. Firstly, a more powerful generator would have to be installed to cover the electricity requirements of the equipment installed in the biogas plant so that power close to the rated capacity of the biogas plant is still sent to the grid. Secondly, replacing the two existing agitators of the digestion mass (9 kW each) with more agitators of lower power (e.g., four agitators of 4.5 kW each) would be necessary. These should be programmed so that one of the agitators operates at any given time (the operating time of a given agitator should depend on the composition of the digestate).

Real-time of a two-level three-phase inverter controlled by PWM and full wave techniques

Sustainability in power generation is readily available and must be able to adapt to a variety of energy needs or integrate seamlessly into alternative distribution networks. This research aims to bridge the gap between continuous energy production and efficient energy utilization by advancing the understanding and application of three-phase dual-level voltage inverters. This study focuses on two main objectives: firstly, to develop a comprehensive model and secondly, to validate the functionality of a three-phase two-level voltage inverter. The control strategy employed for this inverter involves the full-wave method and pulse-width modulation (PWM). The results obtained from the hardware implementation of these control methods show impressive levels of success, closely matching the expected performance of the three-phase inverter. This success underlines the robustness and effectiveness of both full-wave and PWM control strategies. To further underline their practical applicability, experimental validation of PWM and Full Wave control methods is demonstrated in a controlled research laboratory environment.

Power to the People: On the Role of Districts in Decentralized Energy Systems

The transition towards renewable and decentralized energy systems is propelled by the urgent need to address climate concerns and advance sustainable development globally. This transformation requires innovative methods to integrate stochastic renewable sources such as solar and wind power and challenging traditional energy paradigms rooted in centralized and continuous energy production. The present study focuses on the Swiss energy system to explore the optimization of energy planning strategies that incorporate decentralized energy production within a centralized framework. Here, we show that a strategic approach to decentralization can significantly reduce annual system costs by 10% to CHF 1230 per capita and increase self-consumption to 68% of the decentralized PV production, emphasizing the need for a hybrid energy-planning model that balances centralized and decentralized models for enhanced system resilience, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness. This research underscores the strategic importance of diversifying energy sources, enhancing energy storage, improving grid flexibility, and laying a foundational framework for policy making and strategic planning. It encourages further investigation into climate impacts, technology synergy, and the integration of district heating, aiming to establish a resilient, sustainable, and autonomous energy future.

ELECTRIC VEHICLE UNIFIED WITH WIND AND SOLAR POWER

The global energy crisis and escalating pollution from vehicle emissions pose critical challenges, compelling a shift towards electric vehicles (EVs) as an eco- friendly remedy. Despite their environmental advantages, EVs confront a hurdle in extended charging durations. To combat this, the concept of onboard charging has been explored, where EVs autonomously generate and store electricity. This paper introduces a hybrid model harmonizing solar and wind energies to propel EVs, utilizing the vehicle's battery as a storage unit for surplus energy. Integrating both renewable sources enables continuous energy production, addressing the intermittent nature of solar and wind power. The system strategically prioritizes solar charging during daylight hours and switches to wind charging at night, optimizing energy utilization. Simultaneous usage of both sources enhances overall efficiency. This hybrid system ensures a reliable, sustainable charging solution, reducing dependence on conventional grids and curbing greenhouse gas emissions. The amalgamation of renewable energies into the transportation sector aligns with the global transition towards cleaner and sustainable energy practices. In summary, this hybrid model presents a pragmatic solution to the energy crisis and vehicle emissions, contributing to a greener and more sustainable transportation landscape. Key Words: Hybrid Vehicle, Renewable Energy, Solar power, Wind power, Remote Control, Green transportation, Arduino Uno, Motor Driver, Ultrasonic Sensor.

Comparative study on the performance of a two-cell system of Flow Electrode Capacitive Mixing (F-CapMix) for continuous energy production

In recent years, Capacitive Mixing (CapMix) has garnered growing interest as a novel method for harnessing energy from the salinity gradient between seawater and freshwater. However, the challenge of extracting energy in a continuous way remains to be solved in traditional CapMix system. In this study, we demonstrate the feasibility of achieving continuous energy extraction through the use of a two-cell flow electrode Capacitive Mixing (F-CapMix) system. The performance of the F-CapMix system is evaluated under various experimental conditions including the activated carbon loading, carbon black additives, velocity of the flow electrode and feed water and external resistance in the circuit. The results suggest that the power density of the system can be significantly increased by approximately 800 % or 400 % with an increase in the carbon loading or the addition of carbon black additives, respectively. Meanwhile, reducing the flow rate of the flow electrode and feedwater from 20 mL/s to 5 mL/s was found to improve the system's performance. In addition, it is crucial that the external resistance is matched to the internal resistance of the cell for achieving a maximum power density. These results highlight the potential of F-CapMix and provide guidance for its further optimization.

Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) as a Solution for Renewable Energy Gaps: Spatial Analysis for Polish Strategy

The integration of Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) into energy systems requires a meticulous assessment of various factors, spanning renewable energy potential, legal frameworks, technical considerations, community engagement, and consumer preferences. This article synthesizes a multifaceted discussion on the subject, focusing on the need for comprehensive analyses before deciding to implement SMRs. Drawing insights from geographic information systems (GIS) and lessons from renewable energy development in Poland, this paper underscores the significance of aligning energy strategies with local needs, emphasizing stakeholder participation. This study examines the factors influencing location attractiveness for various energy technologies, including small modular nuclear reactors (SMRs), wind, solar, and hydroelectric power plants, within Poland. Employing 17 indicators sourced from Statistics Poland and URE, coupled with the application of the k-means algorithm, we outline four distinct clusters that delineate the zones of location attractiveness for SMRs and other renewable energy sources. While large and medium-sized cities exhibit optimal location attractiveness, coastal counties in northern Poland emerge as more suitable for renewable energy sources than for SMRs. The study outlines four distinct energy development strategies based on typologies of regions, each tailored to maximize the utility of available resources and minimize environmental impact. The strategies encompass renewable energy utilization, energy efficiency enhancement, energy diversification, and adaptation through innovation. Emphasizing the interplay between renewable energy potential, energy demand, and local conditions, the research suggests the strategic deployment of SMRs as part of an energy mix in areas where renewable energy resources are limited. By leveraging SMRs’ continuous energy production, these reactors can complement intermittent renewables, bolstering energy security.

Investigation of cavitating vortex rope instabilities and its suppression inside a Francis turbine model with Thoma number variation

Cavitating vortex rope at part load (PL) condition at lower values of the Thoma number (σ) induces severe pressure fluctuation and efficiency reduction in a Francis turbine, which ultimately hinders continuous energy production. Installation of fins at draft tube (DT) can mitigate these instabilities and can safeguard the turbine operation with lower maintenance costs. The effect of fins on hydraulic performance and internal flow physics at PL condition with the variation of σ is examined in the present numerical investigation. For the two extreme opposite values of σ, the flow characteristics are predicted accurately for the turbine with and without fins by conducting transient simulations using ANSYS-CFX. The numerical findings on the structured and unstructured grid points are validated with the experimental results. The turbine's performance remains constant for higher values of Thoma numbers, and as the value decreases, the performance declines. The cavitation vortex rope formation inside the DT with fins is mitigated significantly at the minimum σ, while at the maximum value, the vortex rope with bubble generation is restricted. Compared to the without fin case, the swirl intensity is minimized remarkably (68%) with the presence of fins at the lowest σ. The maximum cavitation rate is manifested by the DT without fins, which is about 60% higher than the DT with fins. At minimum σ, extreme pressure pulsations are induced inside the DT without fins, which are reduced by 43% in the finned draft tube. Therefore, stable energy production is maximized with the installation of fins at both Thoma numbers.

A single-cell system of flow electrode capacitive mixing (F-CapMix) with a cross chamber for continuous energy production

In this system, all the negative ions move toward to left and positive ions move toward to right. The ions movement can be converted into electricity.

Nitric oxide regulation of cellular metabolism: Adaptive tuning of cellular energy

Nitric oxide can interact with a wide range of proteins including many that are involved in metabolism. In this review we have summarized the effects of NO on glycolysis, fatty acid metabolism, the TCA cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation with reference to skeletal muscle. Low to moderate NO concentrations upregulate glucose and fatty acid oxidation, while higher NO concentrations shift cellular reliance toward a fully glycolytic phenotype. Moderate NO production directly inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase activity, reducing glucose-derived carbon entry into the TCA cycle and subsequently increasing anaploretic reactions. NO directly inhibits aconitase activity, increasing reliance on glutamine for continued energy production. At higher or prolonged NO exposure, citrate accumulation can inhibit multiple ATP-producing pathways. Reduced TCA flux slows NADH/FADH entry into the ETC. NO can also inhibit the ETC directly, further limiting oxidative phosphorylation. Moderate NO production improves mitochondrial efficiency while improving O2 utilization increasing whole-body energy production. Long-term bioenergetic capacity may be increased because of NO-derived ROS, which participate in adaptive cellular redox signaling through AMPK, PCG1-α, HIF-1, and NF-κB. However, prolonged exposure or high concentrations of NO can result in membrane depolarization and opening of the MPT. In this way NO may serve as a biochemical rheostat matching energy supply with demand for optimal respiratory function.

Management and Modeling of a Hybrid Electric Vehicle

Abstract The use of solar electric vehicles (SEV) has recently been the subject of frantic communication by many researchers in this sector such as researcher (GASBAOUI Brahim and F. Burling). In this research, we focused on adopting other renewable energy sources, such as wind energy, to convert this energy into kinetic energy for the vehicle (EVWTG electric vehicle). The main aim of this research is to adopt the principle of a wind turbine generator in order to power an electric vehicle (EV), which relies on energy of the air currents on the surface of the vehicle and converts them into electrical energy to feed the electric motor simultaneously or storage by batteries. This system has several draw backs such as continuous energy production and controlling the speed of the wind turbine. For this, we developed a technique to ensure the production of electrical energy and its management according to the proposed system energy management technology. The operation model of the proposed EVWTG system was simulated using MATLAB, where the results obtained proved the effectiveness of the proposed control and energy management, which can be used in other practical studies in the future.

Longitudinal liver proteome profiling in dairy cows during the transition from gestation to lactation: Investigating metabolic adaptations and their interactions with fatty acids supplementation via repeated measurements ANOVA-simultaneous component analysis

Repeated measurements analysis of variance – simultaneous component analysis (ASCA) has been developed to handle complex longitudinal omics datasets and combine novel information with existing data. Herein, we aimed at applying ASCA to 64 liver proteomes collected at 4-time points (day −21, +1, +28, and + 63 relative to parturition) from 16 Holstein cows treated from 9 wk. antepartum to 9 wk. postpartum (PP) with coconut oil (CTRL) or a mixture of essential fatty acids (EFA) and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) (EFA + CLA). The ASCA modeled 116, 43, and 97 differentially abundant proteins (DAP) during the transition to lactation, between CTRL and EFA + CLA, and their interaction, respectively. Time-dependent DAP were annotated to pathways related to the metabolism of carbohydrates, FA, and amino acid in the PP period. The DAP between FA and the interaction effect were annotated to the metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450, drug metabolism - cytochrome P450, retinol metabolism, and steroid hormone biosynthesis. Collectively, ASCA provided novel information on molecular markers of metabolic adaptations and their interactions with EFA + CLA supplementation. Bioinformatics analysis suggested that supplemental EFA + CLA amplified hepatic FA oxidation; cytochrome P450 was enriched to maintain metabolic homeostasis by oxidation/detoxification of endogenous compounds and xenobiotics. SignificanceThis report is among the first ones applying repeated measurement analysis of variance–simultaneous component analysis (ASCA) to deal with longitudinal proteomics results. ASCA separately identified differentially abundant proteins (DAP) in ‘transition time’, ‘between fatty acid treatments’, and ‘their interaction’. We first identified the molecular signature of hepatic metabolic adaptations during postpartum negative energy balance; the enriched pathways were well-known pathways related to mobilizing fatty acids (FA) and amino acids to support continuous energy production through fatty acid oxidation, TCA cycle, and gluconeogenesis. Some of the DAP were not previously reported in transition dairy cows. Secondly, we provide novel information on the mechanisms by which supplemented essential FA and conjugated linoleic acids interact with hepatic metabolism. In this regard, FA amplified hepatic detoxifying and oxidation capacity through ligand activation of nuclear receptors. Finally, we briefly compared the strengths and weaknesses of the ASCA model with PLS-DA and outlined why these methods are complementary.

Ventilator integrated triboelectric nanogenerator based on structure of centrifugal brake

Numerous studies have been conducted in the recent years for the practical application of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs). The underlying concept of TENG is to convert the inexhaustible kinetic energy obtained from natural sources into mechanical energy for triboelectricity. Among these energy sources, wind energy occurs freely throughout the world and can be easily transformed through mechanical motion. This study proposes a ventilator integrated TENG (VTENG) capable of continuous energy production using a ventilator that converts wind energy into rotational motion. The internal triboelectric generator structure of VTENG is based on the principle of the centrifugal brake to prevent friction at a low rotational speed, which prevents the ventilator from playing its original role due to the rotational disturbance at low speeds. Additionally, a micro/nano surface structure is adopted to prevent stoppage due to strong frictional force during which, both friction and smooth friction are observed. When the rotational speed reaches a certain level, the internal TENG produces friction due to the centrifugal force and generates electric energy. The amount of electric energy generated is measured and analyzed based on the rotational speed. The ventilator is an essential element for air circulation, and the VTENG proposed in this study can be applied to ventilators even in remote locations to generate electric energy. Therefore, it can be considered as an important discovery in identifying the practical application of the TENG.

Transparent sustainable energy platform: Closed-loop energy chain of solar-electric-hydrogen by transparent photovoltaics, photo-electro-chemical cells and fuel system

Ultimate goal of the sustainable energy system is to support our current without compromising the need of future generation. Limitless and continuous energy from Sun offers the potential to realize solar-powered photovoltaics (PVs) and concomitant hydrogen production by water-splitting. We propose the use of transparent PVs (TPVs) and transparent photo-electro-chemical (TPEC) cells to combine the generation of electric power and energy storage of hydrogen fuel. Transparent metal-oxide ZnO/NiO heterojunction was applied for TPV-TPEC module with high transparency (64%) to generate high photovoltage (0.546 V), photocurrent (2.28 mA/cm2) with power-conversion-efficiency (1.47%). This electric power is directly used and applied for the hydrogen production (Power-to-Gas, P2G). This onsite hydrogen production is effective to resolve the burden of hydrogen delivery and storage. Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) unit is linked to TPV-TPEC module to convert hydrogen to electric power (Gas-to-Power, G2P). This G2P mode is efficiently reduce the PV dependence on intermittent nature of sunlight and complete the closed-loop energy supply chain. We demonstrated TPV-TPEC-PEMFC energy system for the continuous energy production, supply and conversion for the transparent energy platform. In the future, it will be possible to obtain the continuous green energy from the window without losing vision.

Moisture-induced autonomous surface potential oscillations for energy harvesting

A variety of autonomous oscillations in nature such as heartbeats and some biochemical reactions have been widely studied and utilized for applications in the fields of bioscience and engineering. Here, we report a unique phenomenon of moisture-induced electrical potential oscillations on polymers, poly([2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl] dimethyl-(3-sulfopropyl) ammonium hydroxide-co-acrylic acid), during the diffusion of water molecules. Chemical reactions are modeled by kinetic simulations while system dynamic equations and the stability matrix are analyzed to show the chaotic nature of the system which oscillates with hidden attractors to induce the autonomous surface potential oscillation. Using moisture in the ambient environment as the activation source, this self-excited chemoelectrical reaction could have broad influences and usages in surface-reaction based devices and systems. As a proof-of-concept demonstration, an energy harvester is constructed and achieved the continuous energy production for more than 15,000 seconds with an energy density of 16.8 mJ/cm2. A 2-Volts output voltage has been produced to power a liquid crystal display toward practical applications with five energy harvesters connected in series.

Environmental costs estimation and mathematical model of marginal social cost: A case study of coal power plants

An increase in electricity production is proportional to environmental risks due to continuous energy production. The paper aims to quantitatively estimate the environmental costs and mathematically model the marginal social cost associated with the lifespan of the coal power plants. Results revealed South Africa Tier 1 company optimum level of electricity production per annum at around 2.15 gigawatts, considering the emission costs and reasonable profit. 85% of the total emissions during the combustion phase average cost of the C02 emission discharged by coal is calculated as 0.23c/KWh, 0.085c/kWh is calculated for NO2, while SO2 is 0.035c/KWh. Total emission cost represents 69.2% of the total cost of producing 1 MGW of electricity. The results confirmed the company losses to be insignificantly considerable to the evaluated environmental costs and capital investment. However, the use of this newly developed mathematical model depends on the source of energy production to confirm the feasibility and profitability of investment in coal-powered stations using environmental management accounting and marginal social cost approaches. AcknowledgmentThe authors would like to acknowledge the National Research Foundation and Durban University of Technology for financial support.

ENERGY BALANCE ANALYSIS BETWEEN ENERGY CONSUMED FOR THE COMPRESSION OF ATMOSPHERIC AIR UP TO 200 BAR, AND THE ENERGY PRODUCED FROM ITS EXPANSION DOWN TO ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE ON NICHOLAS PITTAS’ PATENT ABOUT STORAGE AND CONTINUOUS PRODUCTION ENERGY SYSTEM

This paper provides the theoretical foundation the patents , of Nicholas Pittas related to storage and continuous production of energy via compressed air. Specifically, the energy balance between consumed energy, used for the compression of atmospheric air to high pressure and heat production within a specific number of stages, and the energy produced during the expansion of compressed air to atmospheric pressure. The heat produced is transported, via a thermal vector, to the expansion process to prevent ice formation in the .

Using Current Legal Tools to Achieve Net Zero Greenhouse Gas Emissions from New and Existing Federal Oil and Gas Leases

Fossil fuel development on federal lands accounts for 24% of all U.S. carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. These emissions can be reduced significantly by requiring federal oil and gas development activity to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The Bureau of Land Management (BLM) has authority to define the terms and conditions of new oil and gas leases and to impose conditions of approval on existing leases at the drilling stage. Using this authority, the BLM could require net zero emissions on some existing and all new oil and gas leases without waiting for congressional action or regulatory changes. Applying existing legal tools would allow for continued energy production while a long-term climate strategy is developed, and still drive significant GHG emission reductions in the meantime. Additionally, green jobs would be created by incentivizing oil and gas operators to generate offset credits by plugging the more than 2 million orphaned or abandoned oil and gas wells that litter the landscape. Finally, the incentive to plug idle wells and retire leases early would reward operators for deciding to keep some fossil fuel resources in the ground.

Advantages of biomass compared to traditional fuels

Given Ukraine's high dependence on imported energy, primarily natural gas, and the availability of great biomass potential, it has been proven that bioenergy is one of the strategic directions of the sector's development in renewable energy sources. It is determined that the pace of bioenergy development in Ukraine still lags significantly behind European ones. It is established, that in the developed countries of the world use of biomass as a source of energy continues to play an important role because of a significant increase in prices for oil and gas, as well as the growing demand for protection of the environment. Therefore, the introduction of modern technologies for continuous energy production from biomass is an important condition for the solution of problems of supply of energy and prevent degradation of the environment. The possibility of using biofuels in the Kyiv region is proved, the investment attractiveness of this region as a source of thermal energy is revealed. The methodical approach to estimating the theoretical potential of waste due to the use of alternative energy sources is substantiated. The theoretical energy potential of the biomass of by-products of agricultural crops of private enterprise "Sosnova" was assessed, which made it possible to determine the prospects of an agricultural enterprise in the energy supply of the Kyiv region at the expense of biofuels. According to the generally accepted method, the theoretical energy potential of straw and vegetable waste of private enterprise "Sosnova" was calculated, which in the market turnover in 2019 amounted to 8392 tons of oil equivalent. It was determined that the predominant type of biomass in the studied enterprise were corn stalks and wheat straw. On the example of the object of the school, which is located near the investigated enterprise, the calculation of savings on heating by replacing the traditional type of fuel (natural gas) with biofuel. The calculations show that due to biofuels the company can provide 28% of the school's need for the heating season. The savings will be - 60.6 thousand UAH and its use allow you to save about 43% of fuel annually.

Electromagnetic and thermal stability of the ITER Central Solenoid during a 15 MA plasma scenario

The combination of the electromagnetic conductor model JackPot ACDC with the thermo-hydraulic model THEA is able to reproduce and predict the behavior of cable-in-conduit conductors (CICCs) under any varying current and magnetic field. The combined JackPot-THEA model is used to simulate the turns of the CSU2 quadra-pacake of the ITER Central Solenoid (CS) that are subjected to the most demanding conditions of the 15 MA plasma scenario. The considered section is a pancake with a 150 m length of Nb3Sn CICC from helium inlet to helium outlet, from the inner towards outer turns. The simulation results in terms of temperature and local strand electric field levels are compared to those obtained from earlier minimum quench energy analysis in order to evaluate possible risk of quench. The results confirm sufficient stability of the ITER CS coil, both from electrical and thermal point of view. The temperature evolution and flow of a helium heat slug along the conductor during the 15 MA plasma scenario is also analyzed. It appeared that sequential multiple burn cycles can be carried out without accumulation of temperature in the helium heat slug, essential for continuous energy production for a fusion power plant.

Information booms and busts: Examining oil and gas disclosure policies across the states

Today's 'fracking debate' includes a familiar set of actors and arguments. Advocates of unconventional oil and gas production contend that it has contributed to an economic renaissance for many subnational governments and has improved American energy security. Opponents suggest that unconventional production is an environmental and public health hazard. One way that states are trying to balance the economic benefits of continued energy production with environmental protection is through the use of information disclosure requirements. Prior work notes that the rigor of state disclosure standards relative to unconventional oil and gas production vary. Through measures of association and exact logistic regression, this project expands the disclosure literature by focusing on three types of disclosure: pre-drilling notification, chemical disclosure during operations, and trade secret exemptions.