Continuous Electric Field Research Articles

Interface Energy‐Level Reorganization for Efficient Perovskite γ‐Ray Detectors

AbstractMetal halide perovskites are promising candidates for gamma‐ray (γ‐ray) spectrum detectors. However, achieving high‐resolution energy spectra in single‐photon pulse‐height analysis mode remains challenging, due to the inevitable leakage currents degrade the recognizable fingerprint energies which is critical for resolving γ‐ray spectroscopy. We demonstrate under high bias voltage, a deficient contact barrier can lead to excessive surface charge injection, thereby increasing leakage current from electrodes to perovskites. Hence, we conceive to employ surface ligand engineering on perovskite single crystals to manipulate energy levels to suppress leakage current. In particular, anchoring a strong dipole ligand onto the perovskite induced surface charge‐density displacement, leading to a downward band bending and heightened the corresponding contact barrier. Consequently, the strategy minimized the detectors’ leakage current by an order of magnitude, to as low as 44 nA cm−2 at −100 V. The resulting detectors show a significant improvement in energy resolution, 3.9 % for 22Na 511 keV γ‐rays has been achieved at room temperature. The resulting detector further resolves each fingerprint energy for 152Eu γ‐spectrum, representing one of the best γ‐rays perovskite detectors reported to date. Moreover, the detectors exhibited stabilized energy resolution without any degradation under a continuous electric field (1,000 V cm−1) for over 300 minutes, representing the longest longevity reported to date.

Control and Regulation of Au Hillocks Growth by the Electrical Field and their Metastable Dynamics in Ambient Atmosphere

Abstract With the rapid development of electronic engineering and nanotechnology, the electrical field-induced surface migration plays an increasingly important role in the fields of materials science. By comparing the changes in the surface migration behavior of gold nanogap electrodes under different electric field parameters, we reveal the kinetic processes and influencing factors of electric field-induced surface migration. Under the condition of only 1 pA current limit, under the continuous electric field, the hillcok only appears in the anode and gradually evolve into multiple peaks when rises to some extent. By establishing a finite element model of the nanogap, we find the hillock grows under the field strength gradient. Then hillock growth is biregulated by applying a positive or negative voltage to the drain end of the gap device. Located in the normal temperature atmosphere, the morphology will degenerate, and this feature is opposite to the hillock generated by electromigration.

In Situ growth of high-crystallinity MOF@CTF core-shell hybrid heterostructures and their application in photoelectrochemical sensing of vancomycin

Vancomycin is a first-line drug for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and multidrug-resistant bacterial infections. It is of great significance to develop rapid detection methods for vancomycin in different matrices. In this work, a novel method for the in-situ preparation of MOF@CTF core-shell hybrid heterogeneous structures was proposed and applied to the photoelectrochemical detection of vancomycin. The insolubility of the imine precursor structure in homogeneous solvents and the Lewis acidic centers in the MOF structure induced the initial arrangement of CTF on the surface of PCN-224. By encapsulating a layer of highly crystalline CTF structure onto the initial morphology of PCN-224, a MOF@CTF heterogeneous structure was formed. Importantly, the introduction of anthracene-based electron-donating groups into the CTF structure and the formation of a donor-acceptor system with triazine rings enhanced the photoconversion efficiency of the heterogeneous structure by establishing a continuous separated built-in electric field within the core-shell structure. The successful in-situ synthesis of the core-shell hybrid heterogeneous structure was confirmed through microscopic morphology, PXRD, XPS, and FT-IR. Furthermore, investigations into the semiconductor properties of the heterogeneous structure, including semiconductor type, bandgap, and photo-voltage, were conducted. Results showed that the heterogeneous structure exhibited a doubled photocurrent density compared to the original PCN-224. Additionally, a molecularly imprinted photoelectrochemical sensor (MIPECS) for vancomycin was constructed. Under optimized conditions, the sensor demonstrated a superior concentration response range (0.1 nM - 1 μM) and detection limit (0.031 nM, 3σ/S, n = 11). Simultaneously, the potential applicability of the sensor in animal-derived foods, serum, and environmental water samples was evaluated, yielding satisfactory results.

The effect of constant electric field on the crack growth process of aluminum nanosheet using molecular dynamics simulation

Aluminum nanosheets are a form of Al nanoparticle that have been recently manufactured on an industrial scale and have a variety of uses. Al nanoparticles are extensively used in a variety of sectors, including aerospace, construction, medical, chemistry, and marine industries. Crack propagation in various constructions must be investigated thoroughly for structural design purposes. Cracks in nanoparticles may occur during the production of nanosheets (NSs) or when different mechanical or thermal pressures were applied. In this work, the effect of a continuous electric field on the fracture formation process of aluminum nanosheets was investigated. For this study, molecular dynamics simulation and LAMMPS software were used. The effects of various electric fields on several parameters, including as stress, velocity (Velo), and fracture length, were explored, and numerical data were retrieved using software. The results show that the amplitude of the electric field parameter affected the atomic development of modeled Al nanosheets throughout the fracture operation. This effect resulted in atomic resonance (amplitude) fluctuations, which affected the mean interatomic forces and led the temporal evolution of atoms to converge to certain specified initial conditions. The crack length in our modeled samples ranged from 22.88 to 32.63 Å, depending on the electric field parameter (0.1–1 V/Å). Finally, it was determined that the crack growth of modeled Al nanosheets may be controlled using CEF parameters in real-world situations.

Continuous pulsed electric field processing for intensification of aqueous extraction of protein from fresh green seaweed Ulva sp. biomass

The green marine macroalgae Ulva sp. can reach a high protein content and a high composition of essential amino acids. In this study, we have developed a novel device and investigated the parameters for a continuous Pulsed Electric Field (PEF) process, coupled with enzyme treatment followed by a spray drying, to facilitate the aqueous fractionation of Ulva protein. The process demonstrated 8.79 ± 0.58 (% w/w) protein extraction yield. Furthermore, the aqueous fractionation of protein exhibited a substantial 41.45% essential amino acid content and a branched amino acids composition of 17.58%. Additionally, it displayed an in vitro relative digestibility of 87.4 ± 1.36% compared to soy protein, along with a water holding capacity of 7.15 ± 0.17 g water/g sample and an oil holding capacity of 1.76 ± 0.11 g oil/g sample. These findings suggest that employing a continuous PEF process in conjunction with enzyme-induced cell wall degradation could position green marine macroalgae as an important potential source for food protein ingredients.

Epitaxial Growth of Hierarchical CuxS Heterostructures for Broadband Dielectric Response

AbstractWhen interacting with an external Electromagnetic (EM) field, symmetric nanostructures, characterized by their periodic crystalline arrangement, typically resonate at specific frequencies. This resonance enhances local electromagnetic fields, leading to strong EM absorption, yet within a narrow absorption range. Conversely, asymmetric nanostructures, distinguished by their complex electric field polarization and distributions, provide broader frequency responses, albeit with generally weaker electromagnetic loss across the broadband. Therefore, striking a balance between wideband and strong absorption using either symmetric or asymmetric nanostructures remains a challenge. Here, a nanostructured epitaxial step‐growth technique is demonstrated that fabricates a CuxS multilevel rod‐like heterostructure with overall axial symmetry. This structure introduces localized asymmetry through variations in a component hierarchy and multilevel rod dimensions during the epitaxial growth process, effectively addressing the aforementioned balance between wideband and strong absorption. Experimental evidence and theoretical simulations confirm that nanostructures possessing these characteristics achieve efficient broadband absorption across a 6.3 GHz bandwidth with just 2.0 mm thickness, owing to the generation of multiple continuous local electric fields and enhanced electric field polarization. It is convincing that this methodology and design concept hold enlightening significance for advancing material and technological innovations in the realm of broadband absorption.

Experimental study for in vitro prostate cancer treatment with microwave ablation and pulsed electromagnetic field

ABSTRACT This paper presents the findings of a comprehensive study exploring the synergistic effects arising from the combination of microwave ablation and pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) therapy on prostate cancer cells. The research encompassed five distinct experimental groups, with continuous electric field measurements conducted during the entire treatment process. Group 1 and Group 2, subjected to microwave power below 350 W, exhibited specific electric field values of 72,800 V/m and 56,600 V/m, respectively. In contrast, Group 3 and Group 4, exposed to 80 W microwave power, displayed electric field levels of approximately 1450 V/m, while remaining free from any observable electrical discharges. The migratory and invasive capacities of PC3 cells were assessed through a scratch test in all groups. Notably, cells in Group 3 and Group 4, subjected to the combined treatment of microwave ablation and PEMF, demonstrated significantly accelerated migration in comparison to those in Groups 1 and 2. Additionally, Group 5 cells, receiving PEMF treatment in isolation, exhibited decreased migratory ability. These results strongly suggest that the combined approach of microwave ablation and PEMF holds promise as a potential therapeutic intervention for prostate cancer, as it effectively reduced cell viability, induced apoptosis, and impeded migration ability in PC3 cells. Moreover, the isolated use of PEMF demonstrated potential in limiting migratory capacity, which could hold critical implications in the fight against cancer metastasis.

Beyond Frequency Bands: Complementary-Ensemble-Empirical-Mode-Decomposition-Enhanced Microstate Sequence Non-Randomness Analysis for Aiding Diagnosis and Cognitive Prediction of Dementia.

Exploring the spatiotemporal dynamic patterns of multi-channel electroencephalography (EEG) is crucial for interpreting dementia and related cognitive decline. Spatiotemporal patterns of EEG can be described through microstate analysis, which provides a discrete approximation of the continuous electric field patterns generated by the brain cortex. Here, we propose a novel microstate spatiotemporal dynamic indicator, termed the microstate sequence non-randomness index (MSNRI). The essence of the method lies in initially generating a sequence of microstate transition patterns through state space compression of EEG data using microstate analysis. Following this, we assess the non-randomness of these microstate patterns using information-based similarity analysis. The results suggest that this MSNRI metric is a potential marker for distinguishing between health control (HC) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) (HC vs. FTD: 6.958 vs. 5.756, p < 0.01), as well as between HC and populations with Alzheimer's disease (AD) (HC vs. AD: 6.958 vs. 5.462, p < 0.001). Healthy individuals exhibit more complex macroscopic structures and non-random spatiotemporal patterns of microstates, whereas dementia disorders lead to more random spatiotemporal patterns. Additionally, we extend the proposed method by integrating the Complementary Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (CEEMD) method to explore spatiotemporal dynamic patterns of microstates at specific frequency scales. Moreover, we assessed the effectiveness of this innovative method in predicting cognitive scores. The results demonstrate that the incorporation of CEEMD-enhanced microstate dynamic indicators significantly improved the prediction accuracy of Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores (R2 = 0.940). The CEEMD-enhanced MSNRI method not only aids in the exploration of large-scale neural changes in populations with dementia but also offers a robust tool for characterizing the dynamics of EEG microstate transitions and their impact on cognitive function.

Time-dependent model of temperature distribution in continuous flow pulsed electric field treatment chambers

A key component of a continuous flow pulsed electric field (PEF) system is the treatment chamber, where the product is exposed to electric pulses. Determination of the temperature distribution in the chamber during PEF treatment is important since high local increases in temperatures can affect the quality of the product. Coupled simulations of electric field, fluid flow, and heating in the existing literature do not model each individual electric pulse, but rather employ a “duty cycle” approach, which does not account for transient variations in treatment intensity and temperature changes in the medium. We present a time-dependent approach to modelling PEF treatment in continuous flow treatment chambers, which can model each pulse separately, and thus enables a more accurate study of temporal and spatial distributions of electric field and temperature. The model has been validated on laboratory scale treatment chambers of parallel plate or colinear design and using realistic protocols. Industrial relevance textThe paper is relevant to all pulsed electric field (PEF) applications either on laboratory or industrial scale that implement a continuous flow treatment chamber. It presents an improved modelling approach which allows for an analysis of the electrical current, electric field, and temperature distribution in the chamber during, at the end, and in between application of electrical pulses. The model can be used to predict the peak temperature at the end of each pulse in the hot spots, which if large enough could potentially lead to thermal damage of the product or in extreme cases even potential local boiling of the medium, resulting not only in degradation of the treated product, but also in accelerated electrode fouling, oxidation, and dissolution (etching), as well as arcing. This would not only affect the quality of the treated product but would also affect the wear and lifetime of electrodes/chambers, and of the pulse generator. The model can also be used to avoid expensive trial-and-error optimization of the PEF protocols and chamber geometries in situ.

A Sector Ring Shape UWB Antenna by Tightly Coupling

In this paper, a sector ring shape UWB microstrip antenna based on the tight coupling is proposed. The continuous current and electric field distribution are formed by the coupling effect between microstrip patches. This design expanded the bandwidth of this antenna and realized a high-gain performance. To achieve the miniaturization design, the ring microstrip patches are staggered and the ground is removed to effectively reduce the size of the antenna. The ring shaped antenna has a 31 mm outside diameter and a 21 mm inside diameter, with a 2 mm thick substrate. Besides the excellent mechanical features, such as being compact and easy to fabricate, the proposed antenna also shows good characteristics in radiation patterns and time-domain behaviors. The results show that the antenna achieves the effect of S11 less than -10 dB in the working frequency band of 2 GHz to 8 GHz, and the simulated results are in good agreement with the measured ones. The antenna realizes low profile and broadband in a novel approach, and this antenna can be used in V2X vehicle systems and IoT networks.

Pilot Scale Continuous Pulsed Electric Fields Treatments for Vinification and Stabilization of Arinto and Moscatel Graúdo (Vitis vinifera L.) White Grape Varieties: Effects on Sensory and Physico-Chemical Quality of Wines

Pulsed electric field (PEF) processing of white grapes (Arinto, Moscatel Graúdo also known as Moscatel de Setúbal) before pressing for must extraction (1.2 and 1.6 kV/cm) and before bottling for finished wine physical stabilization (10 kV/cm) was implemented in a pilot-scale winery to produce about 540 L of wine for each variety. PEF was applied at these two different stages of wine production, and its effects on the sensory and physico-chemical quality of the wines were investigated. The sensory triangle tests revealed no significant change in both wine varieties’ colour, odour, and taste with PEF extraction and PEF stabilization treatments. However, for colour coordinates assessed with a spectrophotometer, a significant increase in CIE b* colour coordinate was registered for PEF-extracted Arinto and Moscatel wine samples, showing a development of a more intense yellow colour. Concerning physico-chemical quality parameters, the PEF extraction increased both wine varieties’ turbidity and pH, although total acidity was not affected. The total phenols also increased in Arinto with extraction. The second PEF treatment applied for wine stabilization did not affect any of the quality parameters, except total phenols, which decreased in Moscatel wine. The results encourage the application of PEF in the wineries at different stages of vinification of white wine grape varieties.

Research Progress of Electrically Driven Multi-Stable Cholesteric Liquid Crystals.

Electrically driven multi-stable cholesteric liquid crystals can be used to adjust the transmittance of incident light. Compared with the traditional liquid crystal optical devices, the multi-stable devices only apply an electric field during switching and do not require a continuous electric field to maintain the various optical states of the device. Therefore, the multi-stable devices have low energy consumption and have become a research focus for researchers. However, the multi-stable devices still have shortcomings before practical application, such as contrast, switching time, and mechanical strength. In this article, the latest research progress on electrically driven multi-stable cholesteric liquid crystals is reviewed, including electrically driven multi-stable modes, performance optimization, and applications. Finally, the challenges and opportunities of electrically driven multi-stable cholesteric liquid crystals are discussed in anticipation of contributing to the development of multi-stable liquid crystal devices.

Continuous broadband microwave electric field measurement in Rydberg atoms based on the DC Stark effect

We demonstrate a method for broadband tunable continuous frequency electric field measurement based on the DC Stark effect in Rydberg atoms. In our experiment, we place a pair of parallel electrode plates inside the atomic vapor cell, utilizing the DC Stark effect to induce splitting and shifting of the Rydberg energy levels, thereby altering the resonance frequency of the Stark subpeaks. By employing the 52D5/2 Rydberg state, we achieve electric field measurements in the frequency range of 5.083–14.470 GHz. At an EDC of 3.45 V/cm and a resonant microwave frequency of 14.470 GHz, using heterodyne technology, the microwave electric field sensitivity is 538.89 μV/cm/√Hz, with a linear dynamic range of 23 dB. In comparison, a Rydberg heterodyne receiver with an EDC of 0 V/cm and a resonant microwave frequency of 5.083 GHz has a sensitivity of 5.43 μV/cm/√Hz and a linear dynamic range of 51 dB. This work will promote the study of atomic microwave receivers in continuous microwave frequency measurement.

Impact of intermittent and continuous electric fields on peroxidase inactivation in orange juice: An experimental and molecular dynamics analysis

This study examines the efficacy of moderate electric fields (MEFs) on peroxidase (POD) inactivation in freshly squeezed orange juice. Inactivation kinetics was studied with two types of electric field application modes: intermittent and continuous, and compared that with thermal-only (no field) treatments at different temperatures ≤80 °C. The kinetic studies showed a significant increase in the inactivation rate constant (∼147%, P ≤ 0.05) with increasing temperature, from 72 to 80 °C, in the continuous MEF treatments, whereas the increase was minor (∼47%, P > 0.05) in the no field treatments. In molecular dynamics analysis, periodic unfolding and refolding of the POD molecule were observed in the intermittent electrical treatments. Noticeably, the continuous electrical treatments caused a greater degree of unfolding, exhibiting marked conformational and secondary structure changes, and increasing (P ≤ 0.05) salt bridge counts. These findings are relevant for inactivating enzymes at mild temperatures.

Trade‐Off Between Efficiency and Stability of CsPbBr3 Perovskite Quantum Dot‐Based Light‐Emitting Diodes by Optimized Passivation Ligands for Br/Pb

AbstractAlthough significant progress has been made in improving the external quantum efficiencies (EQEs) of perovskite quantum dot (QD) light‐emitting diodes (QLEDs), understanding the degradation mechanism and enhancing stability remain a challenge. Herein, increasing the content of Br‐based passivation ligands is shown to enhance the EQE up to 16.1% by reducing the defects of CsPbBr3 QDs in a Br‐rich environment. However, the operational lifetimes of perovskite QLEDs gradually decrease with the increase of halide content, owing to the intensified ion migration under continuous electric field confirmed by the current behavior of QLEDs and time‐of‐flight secondary‐ion mass spectrometry. Furthermore, a thorough analysis of the relationship between electricity and luminance of QLEDs suggests that a small amount of residue oleic acid ligands could weaken ion migration. Accordingly, a halide‐ and acid‐hybrid (HAH) co‐passivation strategy is proposed to optimize the content of Br‐ and acid‐based ligands, and achieve a maximum EQE of 18.6% and an operational lifetime (T50, extrapolated) of 213 h for CsPbBr3 QLEDs. This approach for passivating QDs combines the high efficiency of Br‐based ligands with the improved stability of acid‐based ligands. The study elucidates the correlation between ligands and device performance, highlighting the significance of two or even multiple ligands for efficient and stable perovskite QLEDs.

Mixed-Halide Perovskites with Halogen Bond Induced Interlayer Locking Structure for Stable Pure-Red PeLEDs.

Mixed-halide perovskites enable precise spectral tuning across the entire spectral range through composition engineering. However, mixed halide perovskites are susceptible to ion migration under continuous illumination or electric field, which significantly impedes the actual application of perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs). Here, we demonstrate a novel approach to introduce strong and homogeneous halogen bonds within the quasi-two-dimensional perovskite lattices by means of an interlayer locking structure, which effectively suppresses ion migration by increasing the corresponding activation energy. Various characterizations confirmed that intralattice halogen bonds enhance the stability of quasi-2D mixed-halide perovskite films. Here, we report that the PeLEDs exhibit an impressive 18.3% EQE with pure red emission with CIE color coordinate of (0.67, 0.33) matching Rec. 2100 standards and demonstrate an operational half-life of ∼540 min at an initial luminance of 100 cd m-2, representing one of the most stable mixed-halide pure red PeLEDs reported to date.

Fabrication of high-transmittance and fast-response bistable dual-frequency CLC cells

Liquid crystal devices are popularly used in the design of smart windows. However, the continuous electric field required for their operation may cause unnecessary energy loss and there is a risk of state transition when the electric field disappears. To overcome these problems, bistable devices were developed that exhibit electro-optic memory. In this study, we demonstrate the synthesis of a novel liquid crystalline acrylic chiral dopant. The polymerizable chiral dopant is expected to disperse and be fixed in liquid crystals, homogeneously revealing higher chiral efficiency. Incorporation of the synthesized chiral dopant into the dual frequency cholesteric liquid crystal results in a bistable display performance with a high transmittance of 97.6% and a fast response time of 1.5 ms. Each of the transparent “ON” and opaque “OFF” states was maintained without the bias of a continuous electric field. The achieved results show the possible application of the synthesized acrylic chiral dopant on a bistable dual frequency cholesteric liquid crystal display (BDFCLC) for smart windows and other devices. BackgroundThe continuous electric field required for their operation may cause unnecessary energy loss and there is a risk of state transition when the electric field disappears. MethodsTo fabricate a smart optical device with fast transition between “ON” and “OFF” states, and with continuously electric field addition, a new acrylic chiral dopant was synthesized and mixed with commercially available dual frequency nematic liquid crystal as a new cholesteric liquid crystal material possessing both perpendicular and planer arrangements with and without one-time electric field addition. Significant findingsIn this study, we demonstrate the synthesis of a novel liquid crystalline acrylic chiral dopant. The polymerizable chiral dopant is expected to disperse and be fixed in liquid crystals, homogeneously revealing higher chiral efficiency. Incorporation of the synthesized chiral dopant into the dual frequency cholesteric liquid crystal results in a bistable display performance with a high transmittance of 97.6% and a fast response time of 1.5 ms. Each of the transparent “ON” and opaque “OFF” states was maintained without the bias of a continuous electric field.

Effect of intermittent and continuous direct current electric fields on the initial corrosion of steel in simulated marine environment

Increasing cases of accidents caused by the corrosion of new energy power equipment have appeared in coastal areas. The corrosion of coastal power equipment is not only influenced by temperature, humidity, and corrosive ions, but also by strong electric fields. To further understand the effect of electric fields on the atmospheric corrosion of metals in the context of new energy, the effect of an intermittent direct current electric field and a continuous direct current electric field on the corrosion of carbon steel was investigated using weight loss curves, polarisation curves, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) techniques. The main corrosion products include Fe3O4, γ-FeOOH, and α-FeOOH in the Cl− solution. The results demonstrate that the continuous electric field (CEF) promotes the growth of γ-FeOOH and inhibits the transformation from γ-FeOOH to α-FeOOH, leading to the formation of a loose corrosion layer. This layer is conducive to the diffusion of dissolved oxygen and accelerates steel corrosion. Due to the short action time of the electric field in the intermittent electric field (IEF), γ-FeOOH cannot crystallise continuously and gradually transforms to α-FeOOH, which leads to poor penetration of the rust layer. Additionally, the time with no electric field is short; therefore, the precipitation and adsorption of chloride ions cannot be realised, and the IEF slows the corrosion rate.

Efficient preparation of Ni-Fe-SiC pipeline internal surface coating by active/inert metal combined anode jet electrodeposition

The preparation of reinforcing layer with good performance on the internal surface of oil/gas pipeline is the key to ensure the long-term service of the pipeline in harsh environment. Common treatment methods are mainly adding lining, covering organic coating and surface strengthening, which have problems such as high economic cost, complicated process and serious pollution. In this paper, a new method for active/inert metal combined anode jet electrodeposition (A/IMCA JED) is presented. The method uses metallic nickel and iron as the active anode and metallic titanium as the inert anode. The inert anode runs through and is in close contact with the active anode, and the inert anode is closer to the internal surface of the pipeline. In the A/IMCA JED process, as the metal ions in the plating solution are consumed, the active anode participates in the reaction to replenish them. The inert anode provides a continuous and stable inter-electrode electric field without participating in the reaction, which is beneficial to obtain a coating with high structural and organizational uniformity. The influence of the plating solution composition on the microstructure, hardness and adhesion force of Ni-Fe-SiC coating was studied, and the optimal parameters were obtained: FeCl2 of 15 g/L and SiC particles of 4 g/L. Under these process parameters, a Ni-Fe-SiC coating was prepared on the internal surface of the short oil pipe. Compared with conventional JED, A/IMCA JED has higher deposition current density, which increases the deposition rate by 231.9 %. A/IMCA JED can effectively promote nucleation and microstructure strengthening, which can reduce the average grain size by 44.1 % and increase the hardness by 16.9 %. A/IMCA JED can significantly reduce the pinholes and protrusions of the coating surface, and the surface roughness Ra can reach 0.064 μm. Furthermore, the wear and corrosion resistance of pipeline have been significantly improved. This research has an important significance for the promotion of JED technology and the preparation of high-performance pipelines.

Effect of Pulsed Electric Field on the Electrodialysis Performance of Phosphate-Containing Solutions.

A comparative analysis of mass transfer characteristics and energy consumption was carried out for the electrodialysis recovery of PV from of NaH2PO4 solutions and multicomponent (0.045 M NaxH(3-x)PO4, 0.02 M KCl, 0.045 M KOH, 0.028 M CaCl2, and 0.012 M MgCl2, pH 6.0 ± 0.1) solution in conventional continuous current (CC) and pulsed electric field (PEF) modes. The advantages of using PEF in comparison with CC mode are shown to increase the current efficiency and reduce energy consumption, as well as reduce scaling on heterogeneous anion-exchange membranes. It has been shown that PEF contributes to the suppression of the "acid dissociation" phenomenon, which is specific for anion-exchange membranes in phosphate-containing solutions. Pulse and pause lapse 0.1 s-0.1 s and duty cycle 1/2 were found to be optimal among the studied PEF parameters.