Continuous Conflict Research Articles

Access to Water and Conflicts among Refugees and Host Communities, A Case of Nakivale and Oruchinga Refugee Settlements in Western Uganda

The increase in the number of refugees due to different situations that threaten human security has become a global problem manifested in societal, governmental and international levels (Steimel 2021).Uganda is among the top refugee-hosting countries in Africa and the world with 1.4million refugees (UNHCR, 2019). The government adopted an approach of accommodating refugees by placing them in settlements within communities and granting them access to basic resources like land, water and others services, which they at times share with host community members (Lomba, 2010).Uganda’s progressive refugee policy has not effectively addressed the issue of land allocation and conflicts between refugees and host communities as land is continuously becoming scarce due to increase in population (Bjørkhaug, 2020). While several refugee-related studies have been conducted worldwide, little is known about the conflict between refugees and host-community in western Uganda-a gap this study hoped to address. The objective sought to examine how access to water leads to conflicts between refugees and host-communities of Nakivale and Oruchinga. The study was guided by Conflict theory propounded by (Bartos, 2002), as derived from the ideas of Karl Marx in 1848. A case study research design was adopted, where qualitative and quantitative approaches were used in data collection. The study found various probable causes of cash handout initiative conflicts between refugees and host communities in Nakivale and Oruchinga to include: Insufficient water sources to meet the needs of the refugees and host communities for their livelihood enterprises, agriculture and livestock. Inappropriate strategies for allocation of water to the refugees that do not put into the needs of the host communities and failure to separate water points for the refugees/host-community and their livestock. Also, it was found that climate change with its attendant impact on environmental degradation has exacerbated scarcity of water to the extent that most of the sources have dried up. The study concludes that failure to put good procedures/strategies for allocation of water resources to the refugees and putting into consideration the needs of the host communities will always lead to continuous conflicts between refugees and host communities in Nakivale and Oruchinga. Thus implies different water points for home consumption and animals should be separated as to maintain hygiene, host communities should also be considered when setting up water points for refugees as to minimise conflicts and as a way of promoting peaceful co-existence among refugees and host communities.

The Disintegration of The Nation from Ethnocentrism, Cultural Acculturation, Mass Media, and New Media

Awareness of the importance of harmony between religions, ethnicities, races, and cultures must always be realized through an understanding of national integration. One of the barriers to this is ethnocentrism, cultural acculturation, and the media, both mass media and new media. Indonesia is one of the countries that are prone to experiencing resistance as a result of excessive fanaticism so if this is allowed to pass, it will have an impact on the integrity of the nation so that national disintegration can emerge. This is what we try to analyze in this paper, the problem of national disintegration is studied through three reviews, namely ethnocentrism, cultural acculturation, and the role of the mass media. The method used in writing this article is a qualitative approach, related to subjective social reality and uses non-participant observation or refers to literature studies. When we talk about ethnocentrism, of course, it is indirectly related to the interactions that are carried out by one person to another individual, individual to the group, or group to group. This interaction can occur with the help of communication. Whatever the form and context of communication, it always displays climate differences between communicators and communicants. Ethnocentrism is widely positioned as oil or fire that can devour people and objects around it. Likewise, ethnocentrism can be a trigger for disharmony and continuous conflict because when interacting both personally with personal, personal with groups and groups against other groups, they always understand and appreciate the superiority of their culture over other cultures. Ethnocentrism is the habit of each group to regard the culture of their group as the best culture.

Prevention of Conflict of Interest Situations in Public Administration

In the last two decades in our country have been undertaken a series of policies to draft the necessary legislation to prevent and combat the phenomenon of conflict of interest as a tool to fight corruption and strengthen the integrity of institutions in the country. These policies for drafting the necessary legislation to address the conflict of interest are a requirement for the challenges of building the rule of law, an efficient and professional administration in the service of citizens and our country's obligations to the European integration process and membership in international organizations such as Council of Europe and United Nations. Legislation has changed continuously in recent years in an effort to adapt to the problems that have arisen during its implementation in practice. These efforts have materialized with the adoption of an entire legal and procedural framework. A comprehensive reform has also been made in the training and preparation of professional human capacities, for the responsible implementation of the law in this stage. The concept of continuous conflict of interest is the situation in which a conflict of interest may recur repeatedly and/or frequently in the future. Legislation for the prevention of conflict of interest has provided the obligation of every official to take active and effective measures, at the most effective time to avoid conflict of interest situations. However, the impact of all these efforts has not been sufficient and effective and the conflict of interest remains a complex challenge and issue to be addressed and resolved.
 
 Received: 23 September 2022 / Accepted: 27 November 2022 / Published: 20 December 2022

When the Cemetery Becomes Political: Dealing with the Religious Heritage in Multi-Ethnic Regions

When the Cemetery Becomes Political: Dealing with the Religious Heritage in Multi-Ethnic Regions

1922 — the best year of the Comintern. Soviet Russia, German communists and the Genoa conference

The signing of the Declaration on the formation of the Soviet Union on December 30, 1922 marked a new stage in the history of international relations, and, at the same time, took stock of intense domestic and international political struggle unfolding in the previous years. The developments within the Communist International were of particular importance for both the outcomes of this struggle and the future of international labor movement. The author stresses that for the Comintern the year of 1922 was dominated by a struggle between the two opposing ideological and political trends: the inertia of the ‘storm and onslaught’ enthusiasm of the first post-revolutionary years and the rise of the ideas of peaceful coexistence. In this context, the paper assesses the role that the Bolshevik leaders envisaged for the Comintern during the preparation and conduct of the Genoa Conference and, particularly, for the policy of the united workers front. The author shows that the very idea of cooperation with socialists and social democrats received an extremely ambiguous reaction from representatives of Western communist parties. In this regard, the position of the German Communist Party (KPD) was of particular importance to the Bolshevik leaders. Indeed, the case of KPD was emblematic of those tendencies and contradictions that marked the development of the international communist movement in the period under review. The KPD leaders welcomed the Comintern’s turn towards a united workers front. However, the author notes that this support was based on a highly unstable compromise between multiple contradicting domestic and foreign policy imperatives, including opposition from the left-wing radicals within the party and continuous conflict with the government of the Weimar Republic, exacerbated by ideological and financial dependence on Moscow. As a result, the KPD’s actions were very often ad hoc and inconsistent, reflecting general issues typical to the international labor movement of that period. That became clear during the Fourth Congress of the Comintern, which took place at the end of 1922. It failed to outline a clear strategy for interaction between the Russian Bolsheviks and foreign communists. At the same time, the outcomes of the Fourth Congress were crucial for further evolution of the ideology and practical activities of the Comintern. The policy of the united workers front got a broader definition as the Communist International started to recognize the threat posed by fascism.

Challenges of post-conflict urban transportation reconstruction in Mogadishu, Somalia

Mogadishu has experienced continuous internal conflicts in the past two decades, which has destroyed most parts of the city. As a result, it faces daunting development challenges to overcome the legacy of the sustained conflicts and fragility. The capital city, Mogadishu, is a significant pillar in building statehood as it forms an integral part of the growth and development of the country. It essentially provides an environment for the revival of socio-cultural activities and economic productivity in post-civil war reconstruction. Urban sprawls from the influx of displaced populations have extended city and town limits in Somalia, and the capital city Mogadishu bears the blunt of this expansion. Urban transportation in Mogadishu is a significant challenge requiring critical attention. Massive investment in urban transportation infrastructure and networks is vital for the city's urban recovery and economic development. However, the literature shows the lack of information and relevant statistics to support transport planning. Many NGOs (non-governmental organisations) and international development agencies are currently conducting surveys to improve the data resource for the post-conflict planning, development and management of the city. This paper evaluates the urban transportation in Mogadishu by providing an assessment of the challenges and opportunities for the new Mogadishu City Transport Planning Approach (MCTPA). The paper's findings could serve as a template for reconstructing the other urban transport systems in other parts of the country.

Constructing a Theoretical Framework of the Urban Transformation Processes of the Port City Interface towards Resilient Egyptian Port Cities

Throughout history, Egyptian port cities had been formed together as an indissoluble twin in function and space. However, over the last century, most Egyptian ports have been transformed into a complex multi-layer entity with a continuous conflict between port and city actors, and hence, they have become increasingly separated from their cities in physical terms. This separation reflects how the port-city interface is shaped and governed. However, the Egyptian port cities did not receive enough studies to identify the urban transformation processes that shape the port-city interface. To help fill this gap, the research develops a conceptual-theoretical framework to understand urban transformation processes of the port-city interface and the forces that shape those transformations. This framework acts as a first step to form an assisting tool to understand and reframe the nature of the Egyptian case and how to move forward. To build this framework, the research critically reviews the normative literature available on urban planning/design, geography, politics, economy, and urban management of port cities worldwide. It follows the recent conceptualizations of the port city interface that focuses on the actors and societal relationships shaping the port city interface, rather than focusing only on its physical boundaries, dealing with the port city interface as a process, not only as a product. Furthermore, the research presents six European case studies as a manifestation of how governance and social integration influence the formation of the port-city interface. The research finds that understanding the port-city relationship through the lens of profiling urban transformation processes worldwide provides physical, governance and societal integration guidelines, that could help understand the Egyptian port-city relationship on one hand and plan/govern the relationship towards a resilient port city on the other.

역내 두 패권국 간 지속되는 충돌과 완충국의 죽은 국가화: 레바논 사례 연구

This study analyzes how continuous conflicts between Israel and Iran which are known as two hegemonies in the region, affect converting Lebanon’s status from a buffer to a death. Since 1990, when Iran’s Influence began to expand after the Iraq and Iran War, the conflicts between Israel and Iran have continued until these days. In these conflicts, Lebanon has been a location of a proxy war between Israel and Iran and lost its buffer’s neutrality and roles. On the other hand, Lebanon is close to losing its right of control amid hegemonic conflicts. Thus, Lebanon has been converted into a death state which cannot make independent decisions. Accordingly, this study claims that the continuous conflicts between two hegemonies have a massive effect on a country’s status.

Islamophobia, Hatred and Violence against Muslim Communities in the West and Real Picture of Islam

The aim of this research was related to Islamic studies which reflect the historical information coupled with religious and cultural studies along with philosophical opinions. Due to Islamophobia, the real and appropriate picture of Islam is distorted so the focus of the current study was on the related improvement that supports and stimulates the real picture of Islam in the world. Therefore, the study aimed to examine the Islamophobia hatred, and violence against Muslim communities in the west and the real picture of Islam. For this purpose, the data collected was qualitative, such that secondary data was critically analysed by the tool of content analysis. It was analysed that the concept of Islamophobia had originated in the 19th century and this term in the early 20th century had been redefined. Islamophobia was a new practice of racism where judgments and discriminations are focused and targeted on the religious community, also known as ‘cultural racism’. Anti-Muslim sentiments had experienced a rapid rise in the west over the past few decades. Post 9/11 era had led to a global shift, racism towards Muslims was observed in fields like education, economy, labor market, and international relations. Moreover, anti-veil campaigns and the killing of immigrants were another outcomes of the Islamophobia mindset in the west. Moreover, it had been found in the findings that the events like 9/11 and the continuous conflicts in the Middle East had a destabilizing impact on Muslims as well as western countries. Due to which this Islamophobia attitudes are on the rise in western culture. It was recommended that for Muslims to continue there was a need to spread the real teachings of the peaceful religion Islam in their social circles.

Sinusoidal Optic Flow Perturbations Reduce Transient but Not Continuous Postural Stability: A Virtual Reality-Based Study

Optic flow perturbations induced by virtual reality (VR) are increasingly used in the rehabilitation of postural control and gait. Here, VR offers the possibility to decouple the visual from the somatosensory and vestibular system. By this means, it enables training under conflicting sensorimotor stimulation that creates additional demands on sensory reweighting and balance control. Even though current VR-interventions still lack a well-defined standardized metric to generate optic flow perturbations that can challenge balance in a repeatable manner, continuous oscillations of the VR are typically used as a rehabilitation tool. We therefore investigated if continuous sensory conflicts induced by optic flow perturbations can challenge the postural system sustainably. Eighteen young adults (m = 8, f = 10, age = 24.1 ± 2.0 yrs) were recruited for the study. The VR was provided using a state-of-the-art head-mounted display including the virtual replica of the real environment. After familiarization in quiet stance without and with VR, bipedal balance was perturbed by sinusoidal rotations of the visual scenery in the sagittal plane with an amplitude of 8° and a frequency of 0.2 Hz. Postural stability was quantified by mean center of mass speed derived from 3D-kinematics. A rmANOVA found increased postural instability only during the first perturbation cycle, i.e., the first 5 s. Succeeding the first perturbation cycle, visual afferents were downregulated to reduce the destabilizing influence of the sensory conflicts. In essence, only the transient beginning of sinusoidal oscillation alters balance compared to quiet standing. Therefore, continuous sinusoidal optic flow perturbations appear to be not suitable for balance training as they cannot trigger persisting sensory conflicts and hence challenge the postural system sustainably. Our study provides rationale for using unexpected and discrete optic flow perturbation paradigms to induce sustainable sensory conflicts.

Simko's Political and Military Movements from the Beginning Till the end of World War 1 (1909-1918)

This research is an attempt to concentrate on the Simko’s political and military movements from his initial revealing as a regional leader until the end of the First World War (1918). Simko, the son of Ali Agha, was an indigenous people belonging to the Ps Agha tribes from Abdo Congregation in the Shkak Tribe. After his father was died, he officially has been elected as the leader of Shkak tribes in 1909 due to a having a predominant power of his family and good historical relationship of his ancestors in the region. The aforementioned leader has developed the movement on the basis of the military proficiency and retaliation principle during the preliminary stages and he has been in a continuous conflict with the Iranian authority during that time. Whereas, Iran in general and the Eastern Kurdistan in particular, were passing in the worst and the most deteriorating circumstances due to existence of the western forces in the region and initiating the conditional revolution which had a long and varied history from ideological and political perspective. Moreover, this stage was an important phase for Simko Shkak so as to reveal him and his followers as outstanding revolutionary forces in the region as he could understand from his militants, mitigated the congregational ideology and increased his requirements. Undoubtedly, his authority (Simko Shkak’s Power) has been gradually empowered due to having a cluster of expectation and variation in the initial stages of the movement; however, he had no clear situation and perspective for the Ottoman Empire and the Russian forces during the different stages of the war in the region. According to the historical documents despite of starting as an oppositional forces to the Iranian, Russian and Ottoman Empire, Simko has also faced to conflict with Benjamin Marshamoon, who was an Assyrian leader from Hakary region in 1915 who has been supported by the Russian forces and settled under the Simko’s authoritative districts in the East of Kurdistan. This situation has increased the disagreements of Simko’s forces and had bad consequences on the unity of the Kurdish forces at that time and resulted in the killing of the Benjamin Marshamoon by Simko, and this was led to declining the Kurdish revolution in the East and empowered the Iranian governmental systems.

Simko's Political and Military Movements from the Beginning Till the end of World War 1 (1909-1918)

This research is an attempt to concentrate on the Simko’s political and military movements from his initial revealing as a regional leader until the end of the First World War (1918). Simko, the son of Ali Agha, was an indigenous people belonging to the Ps Agha tribes from Abdo Congregation in the Shkak Tribe. After his father was died, he officially has been elected as the leader of Shkak tribes in 1909 due to a having a predominant power of his family and good historical relationship of his ancestors in the region. The aforementioned leader has developed the movement on the basis of the military proficiency and retaliation principle during the preliminary stages and he has been in a continuous conflict with the Iranian authority during that time. Whereas, Iran in general and the Eastern Kurdistan in particular, were passing in the worst and the most deteriorating circumstances due to existence of the western forces in the region and initiating the conditional revolution which had a long and varied history from ideological and political perspective. Moreover, this stage was an important phase for Simko Shkak so as to reveal him and his followers as outstanding revolutionary forces in the region as he could understand from his militants, mitigated the congregational ideology and increased his requirements. Undoubtedly, his authority (Simko Shkak’s Power) has been gradually empowered due to having a cluster of expectation and variation in the initial stages of the movement; however, he had no clear situation and perspective for the Ottoman Empire and the Russian forces during the different stages of the war in the region. According to the historical documents despite of starting as an oppositional forces to the Iranian, Russian and Ottoman Empire, Simko has also faced to conflict with Benjamin Marshamoon, who was an Assyrian leader from Hakary region in 1915 who has been supported by the Russian forces and settled under the Simko’s authoritative districts in the East of Kurdistan. This situation has increased the disagreements of Simko’s forces and had bad consequences on the unity of the Kurdish forces at that time and resulted in the killing of the Benjamin Marshamoon by Simko, and this was led to declining the Kurdish revolution in the East and empowered the Iranian governmental systems.

A review of food and nutrition security in Nigeria

The food and nutrition security situation in Nigeria is alarming as several factors exacerbate food insecurity in Nigeria. Dubbed as the 'poverty capital of the world,' Nigeria's poverty rates are high. The country's population is over 200 million people, with more than half living below the poverty line. Poverty is closely associated with a lack of dietary diversity, malnutrition, and food insecurity. Volatility in food prices, fluctuations in the local currency's (naira's) value, and high inflation rates pose stress on domestic and imported food prices in Nigeria. Also, prolonged conflicts in Nigeria due to the Boko Haram insurgency and the Islamic State in West Africa Province (ISWAP) have continued to pose a danger and misery to millions of lives - exacerbating food vulnerabilities and social insecurity in the northeastern part of Nigeria. Similarly, farmers and herdsmen's conflicts limit agricultural production and yield. As a result of limited farm production, import bans intended to improve local farm production and favor the local economy have not achieved that purpose. Instead, it has driven up domestic market food prices. Using the UNICEF's framework of malnutrition, this paper discusses factors contributing to food insecurity in Nigeria. Some factors discussed include the continuous conflicts caused by insurgency in northeast Nigeria, high poverty rates, inadequate sanitation facilities, improper food transportation and handling facilities, malnutrition, and the recent burden caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.

The paradox of mini-grid business models: A conflict between business viability and customer affordability in rural India

Policy-makers struggle with the following wicked problem in the energy access context: if existing socio-technical solutions can alleviate energy poverty, why is the energy transition slower than expected in rural Bottom of the Pyramid (BoP) markets? Here, social enterprises are starting to play a vital role. Using Husk Power Systems (HPS) as a longitudinal case study, we analyse how a social enterprise in India attempts to serve low-income customers. In this study, we aim to address the following research question: how and to what extent can a mini-grid based social enterprise resolve the technical and organisational challenges associated with providing services in a rural BoP environment? Our interdisciplinary approach navigates the landscape between social entrepreneurship and socio-technical aspects of mini-grid operations in the rural BoP market using a Multi-Level Perspective (MLP). We rely on narrative analysis to delineate the complexities of mini-grid operations in low-income settings to integrate on-site experiences and firm-level processes to energy access discourse. The paper argues that continuous conflicts exist between social and commercial objectives concerning the socio-technical configuration of mini-grids in the rural BoP markets. As this case study reveals, social enterprises need to manage the socio-technical complexities inherent to mini-grid processes; otherwise, customer affordability and business viability become an unsolvable paradox. The sustainability of a business model depends on how socio-technical aspects of the mini-grid are designed, managed and operated. Finally, this study proposes a business model framework integrating social and technical aspects employing socio-technical regimes in the MLP.

Activity patterns and behavior of Myocastor coypus in a gated community in the metropolitan area of Buenos Aires (Argentina)

Abstract Anthropization processes confront local wildlife with a new set of conditions that may lead to local extinctions or allow the expansion of some species. This is what happens with the coypu (Myocastor coypus) in gated communities in the metropolitan area of Buenos Aires (Argentina), where its rapid population growth results in continuous conflicts with the local inhabitants. The aim of this study was to document the daily and seasonal activity patterns and behavior of the coypu in an urban landscape within their natural distribution range. To achieve this, we conducted a camera-trap survey within areas occupied by the species from February to November 2018. The coypu activity was mainly crepuscular and nocturnal with variations between seasons. We found that the seasons with the greatest activity patterns overlap were winter and autumn (84%), while the least overlap was observed between summer and winter (53%). During the active periods, time spent on foraging behavior was dominant. Time dedicated to vigilance was greater in summer than in winter. This result, alongside an increase in nocturnal activity during summer, shows that coypu in this urban landscape shift its behavior when exposed to an increasing human activity. This study brings up more ecological data of this species, which is key to find alternative control methods within gated communities to lead to a harmonic relationship between inhabitants and the species in its native distribution.

Zero zone in Stanislavski’s practice

ABSTRACT The current provocation explores what could be behind Konstantin Stanislavski’s claim that his teaching is neither a method nor a system, as it is unfinished. Alongside the complex of techniques and the worldwide influence it has on contemporary performing art, was there a special area that the master perceived incomplete? Could this be connected to authoritarian theatre-making (which has been recently acknowledged in the field), where the relationship in the actor-director dyad remains hierarchical and evokes a continuous conflict (as a manifestation of stage fright) between them? I argue that on Stanislavski’s personal path as an actor from stage fright to self-confidence, alongside the practical exercises which he designed according to Yoga, he also perceived the importance of Vedic philosophy itself to the performing arts. Via application of Stanislavskian craft, one can experience the absolute truth and higher consciousness, which could replace the internal and external confrontation with fruitful creative outcomes in a rehearsal studio – if practiced perfectly. Unfortunately, the methodology to support the philosophical (ethical) side of the system remained undeveloped by him when he passed away. Zero Zone unique psychosomatic praxis is designed according to Yogic Abhyasa and Vairagya principles to enhance the exchange between actor and director in the creative process to reach the higher aims, described already by Stanislavski. The current paper supports writings on the spiritual aspect of the Stanislavskian system, self-cultivation practices in performing arts and executive coaching.

Геополітичне значення чорноморського регіону в глобальній політиці

The issue of the Black Sea region security is becoming more and more relevant. It has always had an important geopolitical and strategic meaning. Exactly this region is a point where the interest of Russia’s and the West is intersected. It can be said that the Black Sea region is the place of competition between Russia and the West, as the two main players, for the future of Europe. Researchers call this region "critical" which needs strengthening collective security and stability. While speaking about the Black Sea region, we mean eight different countries. They have different political tastes, interests and perspectives. Three countries are NATO members, and some are NATO partner countries. The two countries have a continuous conflict with Russia. Considering the latter, it turns out that NATO has not only interests in the Black Sea region, but also an obligation to ensure security. Therefore, NATO cannot remain as a simple observer considering the actions carried out by Russia in the region. Considering the events developed in the last decade, the issue has become more relevant, as Russia has used military force several times against the countries of the Black Sea region since 2008 and is still carrying out military actions. There are new challenges present that the modern world has faced. The frequently unsuccessful policy of both security and crisis management in the geographic division of East and West is not new. The existing security policy mostly refers to the prevention of threats and minimizing them, which is a particularly big challenge for Georgia, as our country has to implement the Western choice while dealing with the threats coming from the neighborhood. In the process of studying the security issues of the Black Sea, we deemed it necessary to observe the evolution process of security as a concept, as well as a number of modern approaches in the field of security. A number of structural changes that have taken place in the architecture of world governance during recent decades, have gained our attention.

Bolshevik intellectuals on the foreign policy front: the relationship between Commissar for Foreign Affairs Georgy Chicherin and Plenipotentiary Adolf Joffe in 1918

After coming to power in 1917, the Bolsheviks began to form their own system of foreign policy decision-making, rejecting the traditions and standards of bourgeois diplomacy in the Decree on Peace, and refusing to use the personnel of the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The first trial of the new system, built on the principles of revolutionary Marxism, took place during the Brest negotiations and ended in defeat for Soviet Russia. The signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk on 3 March 1918 paved the way for the transition from war to peace between the two countries and, consequently, for the exchange of diplomatic representatives. The Soviet legation in Germany, headed by Joffe, was in fact the only 'window to Europe' for the Bolsheviks. Because of the lack of a fine-tuned foreign policy decision-making mechanism and the highly unstable communication between Moscow and Berlin, and because Joffe was not a professional diplomat, the activities of his plenipotentiary representation were determined by his prerevolutionary political experience and personal qualities. Rejecting the hierarchy of the old regime and making no secret of his own ambitions, Joffe came into continuous conflict with his immediate superior, the People' Commissar for Foreign Affairs, Chicherin, and this conflict continued until the Soviet plenipotentiary representative was expelled from Berlin in 1918. The author reconstructs the formation of key decisions in the sphere of Soviet-German relations at the end of the Great War on the basis of official correspondence between the People's Commissar and the Plenipotentiary, shows the role of human factor in the process and the mechanism of departmental and personal conflicts resolution, the core of which was the authority of Lenin. The author concludes that the process of shaping the Soviet foreign policy in 1918 was extremely rapid, generally in line with the pace of events, and developed by trial and error. The traditions and norms laid down in the first year of the work of the People's Commissariat largely influenced the subsequent history of Soviet diplomacy.

Democracy Conflict between China and the US: A Historical View

Human rights disagreements have lied between the United States and China due to the discrepancy in political systems. Democracy, being one of the most important factors in human rights, has aroused continuous conflict between the two countries. This paper reviews the history of the democracy conflict between China and the United States. Throughout history, the essence of the China-US democracy conflict is consistent: the strategic need for national security.

Exploring the role of social capital, self-efficacy and social contagion in shaping lifestyle and mental health among students representing the future healthcare workforce in Palestine: social cohort study protocol

IntroductionNon-communicable diseases (NCDs) and depression form an unhealthy mix. The project focuses on potentially effective psychosocial factors shaping health-related habits and mental health. The study is conducted among health domain...