Continuous Basalt Fiber Research Articles

An Influence of Basalt Fiber on Mechanical Properties of Concrete

The efficacy of fiber reinforced concrete in various application of civil engineering is unassailable. It is a heterogeneous material that includes the fibrous substance which increases its structural integrity and cohesion. In recent years, continuous basalt fibers extruded from naturally basalt rock are attracted attention due to its high temperature and abrasion resistance. Basalt fibers has emerged as a contender in fiber reinforcement composites. This paper aims to evaluate the outcome of basalt fiber on the mechanical strength of concrete and also identify the content that have a optimum influence on concrete. Compressive, split tensile and flexural strength of basalt fiber reinforced concrete is increased than the control concrete. The experimental study shows that the mechanical strength of concrete is increased up to 0.9% of basalt fiber in volume fraction. From the result it is observed that the optimum content of Basalt fiber is 0.9% and the ability of basalt fiber to arrest the cracks area indicated as reason for escalation in mechanical properties.

Effect of the Iron Reduction Index on the Mechanical and Chemical Properties of Continuous Basalt Fiber.

Basalt glass belongs to the iron-rich aluminosilicate glass system; thus, the iron content and the iron redox index (IRI=Fe2+/Fetotal) influence the viscosity, density, mechanical and chemical properties of basalt fiber (BF). In this work, continuous BFs with IRIs ranging from 0.21–0.87 were prepared by adding a different amount of redox agents. An economical and easily accessible testing method—the spectral photometric method with 1,10-phenanthroline—is applied to measure the IRI with convinced accuracy, which has been approved by Mössbauer spectra and X-ray fluorescence analysis. The tensile strength of the BF samples increases approximately linearly with increasing IRI as a function of . The FT-IR results indicate that, with increasing IRI, the ferric ions are replaced by the much stronger network formers (Al3+ and Si4+), hence the increased the tensile strength. The X-ray diffraction results show an amorphous nature of BF samples. Moreover, the tensile strength is significantly decreased after the alkali corrosion, which is partly attributed to the severe surface damaging according to the SEM results. This work proved the feasibility of mechanical property improvement in BF production by controlling the iron redox index.

Effect of Nozzle Diameter on Basalt Continuous Fiber Properties

The experimental data presented in this work show the effects of nozzle diameter, drawing speed, and formation temperature on the diameter and strength of basalt filaments and melt flow rate. Several series of basalt continuous fibers were obtained using a specially designed crucible of platinum–rhodium alloy with four nozzles of different diameters (1.5, 2.5, 3.5, and 4.5 mm). The conditions of the process varied in formation temperature (from 1370 to 1450 °C) and winding speed (from 300 to 1200 m/min). Melt flow rate was almost independent of the winding speed, indicating laminar flow of the melt through the nozzles and the Newtonian nature of the liquid. The results show strict correlations between fiber diameter, nozzle diameter, and winding speed. The diameter of the fibers had a significant effect on their strength. The tensile strength of the obtained basalt fibers varied from 550 to 3320 MPa depending on the formation conditions. The results of this work could be useful not only for scientists, but also for technologists seeking the optimal conditions for technological processes.

Correlation of the chemical composition, structure and mechanical properties of basalt continuous fibers

This work presents the study of the dependence of the basalt continuous fibers (BCF) tensile strength on their chemical composition. 14 different basalt deposits were used to obtain continuous fibers by a laboratory scale system. Based on the data for more than 15 articles focused on natural basalt continuous fibers (32 different compositions) and experimental data of 14 experimental BCF series, the correlation of the tensile strength, the acid modulus and the NBO/T parameter was calculated. The PCC (pearson correlation coefficient) value of NBO/T and the tensile strength was 0.79, for acidity modulus and tensile strength -0.53. Raman data for experimental BCF confirm the significant influence of the chemical composition of basalts on their structure, which determines their tensile strength. With a decrease in NBO/T, the observed ratio between the Raman bands at low-and high-frequencies gradually increases.

Effects of coupling agents on the properties of an NR/SBR matrix and its adhesion to continuous basalt fiber cords

ABSTRACTThe effects of various coupling agents on the characteristics and properties of a natural rubber (NR)/styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR) matrix and its adhesion to continuous basalt fiber (CBF) cords were studied. Four types of silane‐based and two types of titanate‐based coupling agents were added separately to the rubber matrix during the mixing process. The processability of the rubber compounds and the mechanical and tension fatigue properties of the vulcanizates were evaluated. The static and dynamic adhesion between the CBF cord/rubber matrices were investigated using the H pull‐out test and an elastomer testing system, respectively. The results showed that the effects of the coupling agent were controlled by its chemical structure, and it was found that the addition of (3‐aminopropyl)triethoxysilane was the most effective for enhancing the interfacial fatigue properties, due to the combined improvements of the initial adhesion, interfacial stress states, and the fatigue property of the rubber matrix. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47098.

INVESTIGATION OF PROPERTIES OF MODIFIED BASALT FIBERS

Thermophysical, physical-mechanical and acoustic characteristics of a rough continuous basalt fiber under the influence of operating factors and a corrosive environment are studied. It is shown that the production of protective materials with high thermophysical and acoustic properties is possible when creating a porous system with a known texture characteristic of pores of different classes, purposes and connections. An influence of the porous system of rough continuous basalt fiber on the operational properties of flexible heat and sound insulation products and materials is studied. The requirements of normative documents on thermal protection of buildings and structures have caused a constant tendency from the creation of new materials that ensure reliable operation of structures and equipment in the conditions of intensive influence of destructive factors of external influence. This led to an increase in requirements for walling wall materials that are used to fill openings in frame construction, or as an independent structural and thermal insulation material when building buildings with load-bearing walls. They are presented with a set of requirements that combines: physical and mechanical, chemical, hygienic, thermophysical, decorative and finishing, and other properties of the material. In this connection, there is a need to create materials that, having a small average density and high strength, are able to withstand the temperature loads, and the influence of an aggressive environment. It is determined that the performance characteristics of flexible heat and sound insulation materials are directly proportional to the degree of porosity of the composite materials and their structural characteristics. It is shown that the increase in the operating temperature of these materials, sound and thermal resistance is determined by the chemical and mineralogical composition of the initial materials and their structural characteristics. The influence of the mechanism of selective leaching of coarse continuous basalt fibers on their texture characteristics and the operating temperature zone is studied. The resulting material is produced from environmentally friendly raw materials using a one-stage technology without harmful effects on the environment and, unlike thermal insulation materials based on polymers or asbestos, has no harmful effect on the human body, meets the requirements of the European Union for the protection of the environment and sanitary and hygienic standards.

Fabrication and Mechanical Characteristics of Multi-Laminated Aluminum Matrix Composites Reinforcedby Continuous Basalt Fibers

Fabrication and Mechanical Characteristics of Multi-Laminated Aluminum Matrix Composites Reinforcedby Continuous Basalt Fibers

Factors influencing resorcinol–formaldehyde–latex‐coated continuous basalt fiber cord/rubber interfacial fatigue behavior: Loading direction and RFL formula

ABSTRACTIn this study, samples were prepared with resorcinol–formaldehyde–latex (RFL)‐coated continuous basalt fiber (CBF) cords and a natural rubber (NR)/styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR) matrix for interfacial fatigue tests under periodic radial loading conducted using a De Mattia Rubber Flexometer. The effects of the RFL formula on the interfacial fatigue behavior, including the fatigue life and the evolution of residual adhesion strength, were the focus of this work. The fatigue behavior was compared with that under axial loading. The results showed that under radial loading, the residual adhesion strength of the samples remained higher than that under axial loading, and the evolution of adhesion was divided into three stages. The adhesion improvement in the second stage was due to further cocrosslinking between the rubber matrix and the latex in the RFL layer, and the duration of the second stage was determined by the amount of reactive latex in the RFL layer. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46619.

Structure-property relationships of basalt fibers for high performance applications

Abstract Continuous basalt fibers present a unique combination of good mechanical and functional properties at an attractive cost level. These characteristics can be useful in high performance polymer matrix composites where cost orientation and function integration are becoming priority objectives. The present work examines a currently unresolved problem of basalt fibers regarding high performance applications: the variation of fiber structural and mechanical properties due to inhomogeneity of the natural raw material and the spinning process. Commercial basalt fibers from seven different manufacturers were investigated regarding their fiber chemistry, diameter distribution and occurrence of defects and crystallites. In a second step, structure-property relations on different scales were established with single fiber, impregnated roving and composite tensile test results.

A study of the thermal protective performance of the outer fabric material for fire proximity suits

The thermal performances such as thermal conductivity, radiant heat reflection, X-ray diffraction spectra, thermogravimetric data, and thermal protection performance (TPP) of three types of outer fabric materials for fire protection suits were compared. Three types of fire proximity suits’ outermost fabrics are high silica glass fiber fabrics (A1), high silica glass fiber fabrics (B1), and continuous basalt fiber fabrics (XW). The explanation and analysis of the reasons for the difference in thermal protective performance among the three types of materials were carried out, one by one, from the perspective of the microscopic molecular architecture of the yarn and macroscopic fabric structure. The sizes of the influence for related indicators of all types of thermal performances on the TPP value of the fabric were calculated. According to the analysis and calculation results, it can be concluded that the thermal conductivity of the fabric is the decisive factor influencing the size of the TPP value for the fabric. Therefore, reducing the thermal conductivity of the fabrics and improving the thermal insulation efficiency of the fabric is the best way to improve their thermal protective performance.

Improving the tensile strength of continuous basalt fiber by mixing basalts

SiO2 is a key factor that affects the tensile strength of continuous basalt fiber, as shown in a previous study. In the present work, to improve the tensile strength of continuous basalt fiber, basalts with a high SiO2 content were mixed with basalts with a low SiO2 content to obtain basalt mixtures with SiO2 contents ranging from 51 to 58 %. The filament tensile strength, melting properties (viscosity, upper-limit crystallization temperature and fiber-forming temperature) of basalt mixtures were investigated. The effects of the chemical composition, mineral components and glass melt homogeneity of basalt mixtures on the tensile strength of basalt fiber were studied, and the tensile strength and melting properties were compared between the basalt mixtures and the individual basalts. The basalt mixtures with high SiO2 contents exhibited higher filament tensile strengths than the individual basalts. However, when the SiO2 content of the basalt mixtures was similar to or less than the SiO2 content of the individual basalts, the filament tensile strength of the basalt mixtures was still higher, which was attributed to the change in the type and content of the mineral components and to the improvement of the glass melt homogeneity as a result of the optimized melting properties.

Gamma Ray Shielding Property of Tungsten Powder Modified Continuous Basalt Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Matrix Composites

Continuous basalt fiber (BF) reinforced epoxy matrix composites with different contents of micro‐tungsten powder were fabricated by hot‐press process with prospective of combined radiation shielding and mechanical functions. Gamma photon shielding and mechanical properties of the composites were evaluated. The measured mass attenuation coefficient shows that tungsten filler significantly improves the radiation shielding property of BF composite, especially for low and moderate photon energies of 80 and 356 keV. Flexural strength of BF composite decreases along with increasing tungsten concentration, while flexural modulus and interlaminar shear strength are not obviously affected by tungsten content. Given the advantages of lightweight, high mechanical property and good radiation shielding performance, the studied BF/tungsten composite is promising material with integrated shielding and structural properties for use in nuclear industry. POLYM. COMPOS., 39:E2106–E2115, 2018. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers

Gamma ray shielding property, shielding mechanism and predicting model of continuous basalt fiber reinforced polymer matrix composite containing functional filler

Functional shielding filler modified fiber reinforced polymer matrix composites are novel structural/radiation shielding materials with great potentials in applications such as nuclear industry and radioactive therapy. In this study, unidirectional basalt fiber reinforced epoxy resin matrix composite laminates containing different contents of tungsten (W) and erbium oxide (Er2O3) fillers were fabricated. Experimental measurement and theoretical calculation of mass attenuation coefficients of γ ray were carried out and analyzed based on photon shielding mechanism. The effects of filler content and photon energy of γ ray on shielding property of composite were studied. It is found that adding W and Er2O3 fillers significantly increases mass attenuation coefficient of basalt fiber composite, especially for low photon energy. The discrepancy between measured and calculated results is obvious at low filler content, and is believed to come from different considerations on penetrating photons, which have undergone slight Compton scattering. The corresponding mechanism was discussed. An empirical model based on photoelectric absorption effect, Compton scattering effect and effective atomic number is established to modify calculated mass attenuation coefficient. A good accuracy was validated, so the model can be used to design this kind of composite for better shielding ability.

Radiation shielding property of structural polymer composite: Continuous basalt fiber reinforced epoxy matrix composite containing erbium oxide

For protecting human body and equipment against radiation in nuclear power industry, radiation medicine and aerospace exploration, advanced materials possessing good shielding capability, low density and high mechanical strength and modulus are in urgent demand. In this study, radiation protective basalt fiber (BF) reinforced epoxy matrix composite containing erbium oxide (Er2O3) particles was fabricated by prepreg-autoclave process, in order to make a novel mechanical/radiation shielding composite. For prepared unidirectional and quasi-isotropic BF/Er2O3 composite laminates, basalt fibers and Er2O3 particles distributed uniformly, and no obvious agglomeration of particles and defects were found. NaI(Tl) detector was used to test mass attenuation coefficient for evaluating X and gamma rays shielding performance at different photon energies ranging from 31 keV to 662 keV. The experimental results indicate that BF/Er2O3 composite shows good X and gamma rays shielding performance, and mass attenuation coefficient of BF/Er2O3 composite is much larger than that of aluminum in relatively low energy from 31 keV to 80 keV. The effect of prepreg stacking consequence on shielding performance was also discussed. In addition, to verify the applicability of classic “mixture role” on mass attenuation coefficient of anisotropic composites, theoretical mass attenuation coefficient at different photon energies was calculated using XCOM software based on the weight fraction and mass attenuation coefficient of each constituent element among BF/Er2O3 composite. It is found that there is maximum deviation of 10.3% between experimental and theoretical results. Thus, it is believed that the method is suitable for predicting shielding performance of continuous fiber reinforced composite materials. Considering the advantages in light weight and high mechanical property, the studied three-phase composite is promising for using in radiation shielding structure application.

Fabrication and characterization of structural/dielectric three-phase composite: Continuous basalt fiber reinforced epoxy resin modified with graphene nanoplates

A kind of multifunctional composite with combined dielectric and mechanical properties was prepared using conductive nanofiller to modify continuous fiber-reinforced polymer composite. The three-phase graphene nanoplates/basalt fiber/E-51 epoxy resin (GNPs/BF/E-51) composite was designed as structural/dielectric composite that could perform energy storage process and sustain mechanical loading simultaneously, possessing potential application as dielectric layer in structural capacitors. The effects of GNPs content on morphology, mechanical, dielectric and electrical properties of E-51 epoxy resin and BF/E-51 composite were investigated. Dielectric mechanism was proposed based on interfacial polarization and electron conduction process. Experimental results show that dielectric permittivity, dielectric loss and alternating-current conductivity sharply increase when GNPs loading reaches 1wt% for GNPs/E-51 and 0.24wt% for GNPs/BF/E-51, owing to different dispersing state of GNPs in composites. Mechanical properties of GNPs/BF/E-51 composite increase after the addition of GNPs. GNPs/BF/E-51 composite with suitable GNPs content demonstrates outstanding integrative dielectric and mechanical properties.

Tensile properties of continuous E-glass and basalt fiber reinforced polypropylene composites

Abstract Polypropylene has a higher melt viscosity and low surface tension that lead to harder interfacial bonding in composite production. However, it has some advantages like good impact strength, low water absorption, low density, low coefficient of friction and high insulating properties. In this study, E-glass fiber and basalt fiber were used to reinforce polypropylene. Powder with compatibilizer was impregnated to E-glass and basalt fiber and prepregs were produced. Then, these were embedded into polypropylene matrix and samples were obtained. Tensile properties and fiber volume ratios were determined. Also, T-peel test was applied to check bonding at the fiber-matrix interface. Fractured parts were observed and fracture types were investigated. It was concluded that both had similar bonding strength, but E-glass reinforced polypropylene composite had higher tensile properties than basalt fiber reinforced composite.

Structure and adhesive properties of the RFL‐coated continuous basalt fiber cord/rubber interface

ABSTRACTThe relationships between the structure of the resorcinol‐formaldehyde‐latex (RFL) layer, static adhesion, and interfacial fatigue properties between the RFL‐coated continuous basalt fiber (CBF) cord and a rubber matrix were studied using films prepared from RFL systems with various formulas and H samples prepared with RFL‐coated CBF cord and NR/SBR matrix. Thermomechanical analysis and tensile testing of the RFL films were carried out using a dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA). The H pull‐out force and fatigue properties were tested using a universal testing machine and an MTS, respectively. The interfacial fatigue life of the RFL‐coated CBF cord/rubber samples exhibited different variation regularity from the variation of the H pull‐out force as F/R and L/RF changed. The static adhesion reflected the connection strength between the cord and the rubber matrix, whereas the characteristics and the properties of the RFL layer played a decisive role in determining the damage rate of the adhesion. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 44353.

Mechanical and interfacial properties of bare basalt fiber

As an emerging eco-friendly fiber, the continuous basalt fiber (BF) has been widely used to reinforce polymers. However, there is a lack of information on the mechanical and interfacial properties of bare BF, which may be of great importance for the design of high-performance material. In this paper, the chemical constitution and morphology tests, single fiber tensile tests, Zeta potential, and dynamic contact angle measurements were employed to characterize the perspective of BF raw materials formulators and sizings designers. The results revealed that the bare BF surface was smooth in axial direction and homogeneous in radial direction. The tensile strength from single fiber tensile tests depends on the gage lengths. In particular, the biggest tensile strength by arithmetic statistics of 2620 MPa and Weibull statistics of 2669 MPa was achieved at the same gage length of 20 mm. By means of the analysis of mathematical model regression, the corrected tensile modulus of bare BF was 87.72 GPa. With decreasing pH values, the zeta potential of bare BF was −32.22 mV at the neutral solution. The surface energy of bare BF was 67.80 mN/m, and was dominated by its polar component. More importantly, the results demonstrated that the raw materials of basalt should be melted by electrically aided flame furnaces, and cationic or non-ionic reagents should be selected for sizings formulas which was emphasized on chemical or electrical interactions between BF and resins.

Ways to reduce the cost of production of continuous basalt fiber

The article analysis the production technology of continuous basalt fiber directions of its use in various sectors of the conclusion of the need to USO-improvement and stabilization of the existing technological processes. The ways to reduce the cost of continuous basalt fiber.

Effect of deferrization on continuous basalt fiber properties

Deferrized glass was produced by the reduction smelting of basalt batch in a graphite crucible at a high temperature. The deferrized continuous fiber has higher glass transition and drawing temperatures, lower crystallization ability and enhanced thermal stability in comparison with those of the original basalt fiber.