Continuous Application Of Manure Research Articles

Long-Term Effects of Tillage and Manure Applications on Soil Phosphorus Fractions

Application of manure on the basis of crop nitrogen (N) need increases the level of soil phosphorus (P), which is concern for deterioration of surface water quality. Soil samples were collected from a long-term field study to investigate the impact of crop N need–based manure application on soil P fractions and P adsorption and release kinetics. The field experiment was initiated in 1990. The soil was moderately well-drained Kennebec (fine silty, mixed, mesic Cumulic Hapludolls). No-tillage (NT) and conventional-tillage (CT) treatments were established in main plots, and subplots had five N treatments, including a control, and annual application of 84 or 168 kg N ha−1 applied as ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) or beef (Bos taurus) manure. Manure at the high N application rate had significantly greater Bray 1 P under NT than under CT at 0- to 5-cm soil depth. Nitrogen fertilizer treatments were not significantly different than the control for Bray 1 P. Continuous application of manure at the high N rate significantly increased all Hedley P fractions; however, the major increase was observed in high bioavailable P pools [iron oxide (FeO) P and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) Pi] and hydrochloric acid (HCl) P fractions. Soil organic P (Po) pools, including both labile (NaHCO3-Po) and resistant [sodium hydroxide (NaOH) Po], were increased by application of N from any source, suggesting biomass production and return of residue to soil surface was the responsible factor. Continuous application of manure based on N need also significantly increased FeO-P, NaHCO3-Pi, and HCl-P fractions at lower soil depths (5–15 and 15–30 cm). Results from the P-adsorption study suggest that ability of soil to adsorb additional P was decreased by manure application and that EPC0 was increased. Maximum desorbable P was observed for manure treatments under NT, although the release constant k (h−1) was significantly less than with fertilizer N treatments.

계분퇴비 연용횟수에 따른 배추의 질소 흡수량 및 토양화학성 변화

Applying livestock manure compost to soil can enhance soil fertility and crop productivity. However, little information is available on the effect of continuous application of manure compost on crop growth in Korea. The object of this study was to investigate the residual and continuous application effect of chicken manure compost on chinese cabbage yield and soil chemical properties. The experiment was conducted in the pot () without bottom buried in the soil and set up in a completely randomized design with three replication. The treatment consists of chemical fertilizer with nitrogen (NPK, 320-78-198 kg/ha) and without nitrogen (PK, 0-78-198 kg/ha), and chicken manure compost at a rate corresponding to 320 (COM1) and 640 (COM2) kg N/ha. This experiment was carried out for three cropping seasons with chinese cabbage. Chemical fertilizer, NPK and PK, was applied every cropping season. In the first cropping season, compost was applied in nine pots (COM-A). In the second cropping season, compost was applied in the six pots of COM-A (COM-AA) and in three pots of COM-A compost was not applied (COM-AN). In next cropping season, compost was applied in the three pots of COM-AA (COM-AAA) and in the other three pots of COM-AA compost was not applied (COM-AAN). COM-AN pots remained without compost application in the third cropping season (COM-ANN). Yields of chinese cabbage of COM1-AAA and COM2-AAA were reached 78 and 96% as compared with NPK, and nitrogen utilization rate was about 85% (COM1-AAA) and 97% (COM2-AAA) as compared with NPK Residual N uptake rates during the second and third cropping season after compost application at the first cropping season were 49.7 (COM1-AN) and 35.6% (COM1-ANN) in COM1, and 56.9 (COM2-AN) and 37.4% (COM2-ANN) in COM2 compared with NPK treatment After three cropping seasons, soil pH and contents of available phosphorus, exchangeable potassium and soil organic matter were increased with continuous application of chicken manure compost.

Temporal changes in humic acids in cultivated soils with continuous manure application

Although the application of manure to upland fields is believed to induce changes in the quality of humic substances in soil as well as the quantity, the direction and extent of these changes have not been elucidated. To understand temporal variations in humic acids, periodically collected soil samples from two fields, a Typic Hapludult (Togo) and a Pachic Melanudand (Kuriyagawa), with cattle manure and chemical fertilizer (CF) were examined. The content and degree of humification (darkening) of the humic acids were distinctly greater in Kuriyagawa than in Togo soil. Corresponding to the difference in the degree of humification, molecular size distribution, elemental composition, infrared (IR) spectra, and 13C cross polarization/magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CPMAS NMR) spectra of humic acids differed between the two soils. Manure application at 40 Mg ha−1 year−1 for 16 years (Togo) and at 80 or 160 Mg ha−1 year−1 for 19 years (Kuriyagawa) resulted in greater humic acid content compared with plots with CF only because of its increase in the manured plots and/or decrease in the CF plots. Manure application at an extremely high rate (160 Mg ha−1 year−1) resulted in higher H content and greater signal intensities of alkyl C, O-alkyl C and amide C=O in the 13C CPMAS NMR and/or IR spectra. Although humic acids with larger molecule sizes increased in all the manured plots, differences between the humic acids from the plots with and without manure applied at practical levels in the elemental and spectroscopic analyses were small or scarce. These results were considered to be because of the similarity between the indigenous soil humic acids and the manure-derived ones in Togo soil (a low degree of humification) and because of the abundance of highly-humified humic acids in Kuriyagawa soil.

Electron spin resonance characteristics of humic acids from a wide range of soil types

Electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy was applied to humic acids in solid and solution states obtained from a wide range of soil types. The relationships between the relative free-radical concentration and the degree of humification expressed as A 600/ C and log( A 400/ A 600) and the aromatic C concentration estimated by cross-polarization magic-angle spinning 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy were analyzed. The hyperfine structure observed in solution ESR spectra was also compared among the humic acids. The free-radical concentration varied up to 147-fold among 42 humic acids, with a sample from a buried Umbric Andosol (Ando soil) having the greatest concentration and that from an upland field soil (Dystric Cambisol) the least. The linewidth of the radical signals ranged between 0.32 and 0.55 mT and showed an inverse correlation with the free-radical concentration, suggesting a decrease in the heterogeneity of free-radicals with their increase. The free-radical concentration was correlated ( P < 0.005) positively with the A 600/ C and the aromatic C concentration, whereas it varied in inverse proportion to the log( A 400/ A 600) value. Regression analysis suggested that the electron-conjugated systems are more developed in the humic acids with greater aromatic C concentration, which help stabilize free-radicals. Hyperfine splitting observed in the ESR spectra of a range of Ando soil humic acids dissolved in 0.1 M KOH was similar, while the peak strength decreased with increasing degree of humification. Although continuous application of manure to upland field soils scarcely affected the free-radical concentration in their humic acids, their hyperfine structure was weakened. The solution ESR spectra of the green fraction, which contains a chromophore related to 4,9-dihydroxyperylene-3,10-quinone (DHPQ) structure, was composed of basic features with an additional hyperfine structure superimposed on them. Since the basic features were consistent with the hyperfine structure of humic acids from Ando soils and the H layer of a Podzol which do not contain the green fraction, it was considered that the additional hyperfine structure is associated with DHPQ and thus the influence of DHPQ on the ESR spectra of humic acids is minor.

Nitrate and pesticide leaching from a processing carrot production system in Nova Scotia

Environmental concerns associated with the continuous application of manure on farmland include potential contamination of surface and subsurface aquatic ecosystems. Our objective was to explore the potential environmental impact of utilizing liquid hog manure (LHM) as a fertilizer in carrot (Daucus carota L.) production. The effects of LHM (169 kg N ha-1; 50% assumed to be available), inorganic fertilizer (IF) (NPK; 70-80-100 kg ha-1) treatments and herbicide (linuron) application on the quality of drainage water from a carrot production system in Nova Scotia were examined. Nitrate-N (NO3−-N) (1 mg NO3−-N L-1 ≈ 4.5 NO3− L-1) concentrations resulting from two applications of 70 t ha-1 of LHM and 70 kg N ha-1 as ammonium nitrate (34-0-0) applied to tile-drained plots were monitored over 2 yr. The average NO3−-N concentrations in the drainage discharge were slightly greater for the LHM treatment (14.4 mg L-1) compared to the IF treatment (12.9 mg L-1), but the difference was not statistically significant (P &gt; 0.05). Most drainage and NO3−-N losses occurred outside the growing season (November-April), but average NO3−-N concentrations in the drainage discharge exceeded 10 mg L-1 both during and outside the growing season. Flow rates of drainage discharge were not significantly affected by the fertility treatments. Less than 0.1% of the linuron herbicide applied to the test plots leached into the drainage water over the study period. Carrot yields were unaffected by the fertility treatments. We conclude that LHM is potentially useful source of nutrients for carrot with minimal harm to the environment, under the rates and management practices used in this study. However, excessive rates of application and/or long-term (&gt;10 yr) repeated applications of manure may negatively impact water quality. Key words: Daucus carota, amendment, leaching, manure, yield

Effect of continuous application of manures and fertilizers on productivity of cotton-sorghum rotation

Field experiments were conducted from 1985 through 2001 on medium deep vertisol to determine the effect of the continuous application of manure and fertilizers on a two-year cotton-sorghum rotation. The results indicate that the response to N was greatest during the initial years, while after five to six rotation cycles the yield levels declined to the zero level in the N and NK plots. The application of P along with N prevented the decline in seed cotton and sorghum grain yields. The effect was more pronounced at the higher level. K application did not result in any yield increase. Balanced fertilizer at the higher level (N90P19K37) resulted in a significant yield increase over the recommended dose (N60P13K25); however, the percentage increase declined with duration, indicating a decline in factor productivity. Seed cotton yields were the highest when part of the fertilizer N was applied from an organic source (farmyard manure: FYM). Of the eight years, a significant response was observed in four years at the lower level (N30P13K25 + 5 t FYM ha-1) and six years at the higher level (N45P19K37 + 7.5 t FYM ha-1), while in sorghum a response was only observed in two years. The cotton crop should, therefore, be preferred to sorghum for the application of organic manure. In areas where no organic manure is available, N60P13K25 is sufficient for cotton, while sorghum needs to be fertilized at 1.5 times the recommended dose (N90P19K37).

Effects of Continuous Application of Farmyard Manure on Physico-chemical Characteristics of the Soil and the Root System, Nutrient Absorption, Yield of Rice Cultured with Minimal Agricultural Chemicals.

要旨 : 本田初期に除草剤1回と殺虫剤1回の農薬使用という低農薬水稲栽培条件で,堆肥連年施用(堆肥連用)水田と化学肥料連年施用(化肥連用)水田において,1991～2000年の10年間コシヒカリを栽培した.1995年以降における,堆肥連用水田と化肥連用水田の土壌の理化学的特性の変化と水稲の根系,窒素,燐酸,加里の養分吸収,収量について検討した.試験開始から6年経過し好天候年の1996年において,堆肥連用・化肥少肥区の収量は63.7kg/a,化肥連用・多肥区の収量は59.6kg/aで10年間のそれぞれの処理区の中で最高収量であった.この年の土壌の理化学性は,堆肥連用水田においては,pHの上昇,有効態リン酸の増加,土壌三相の気相部分の増加が見られた.堆肥連用区の水稲の養分吸収については窒素吸収に比較して,相対的にリン酸,カリの吸収が多かった.試験開始から9,10年目の1999,2000年の土壌の理化学性は,堆肥連用水田で交換性陽イオンの内,CaとMgが増加したが,有効態リン酸は1996年と大差がなかった.これらの年における養分吸収の傾向も1996年とほぼ同様であった.収量については,両年とも好天候であったが,堆肥連用・化肥少肥区で50～52kg/aと,1996年に比べると著しく低く,化肥連用・多肥区の50～56kg/aよりやや低かった.200kg/a堆肥の連年施用では地力窒素増加の効果は大きくないが,pHが高く,有効態リン酸と交換性陽イオンの内,CaとMgが多かったことから土壌環境は改善されており,窒素吸収に比較して,リン酸,カリの吸収が多かったことから,堆肥連用水田でも,好天候年で適期に窒素の供給を多くすれば収量増が期待できると示唆された.

Effects of Continuous Manure Application on Yield and Quality of Upland Crop and Soil in Light Colored Andosol

Effects of Continuous Manure Application on Yield and Quality of Upland Crop and Soil in Light Colored Andosol

The Maturing Processes of Field Reclaimed with Sub-surface Soil. The change of matter production during 17 years.

東京大学農学部附属農場において, 1980年より, 瘠薄な心土を用いて造成された畑地の肥沃化過程に関する研究を, 表土(黒ボク土)との比較のもとに開始した.化学肥料の施用の有無と, それぞれに堆厩肥施用2段階および堆厩肥無施用区の計6処理区を表土区と心土区に設け, トウモロコシ-オオムギ-ダイズ-オオムギの2年4作の作付けを行った.化学肥料のみを施用した表土区を標準区として, 乾物収量の比較を行った.その結果, 化学肥料を施用した区においては, 表土区では収量に対する堆厩肥施用の効果は認められなかった.また, 心土区においてはトウモロコシの収量にはやや相加的な効果が認められたが, オオムギ・ダイズでは認められなかった.このことは, 堆厩肥の連用に伴う土壌中の有機物含量の増加が収量の増加に結びつき難いことを示しており, 堆厩肥の収量に対する効果という観点と環境負荷という観点からさらに検討する必要があると考えられた.また, 堆厩肥のみを施用した場合には, 表土区においても標準区と比較して低収量であり, 心土区においてはさらに低い収量であった.しかし, 試験の継続に伴って徐々に上昇し, 15年程度の連用で, 表土区においては堆厩肥少量施用でも, また, 瘠薄な心土区では多量施用により化学肥料施用区に匹敵する収量が得られるようになり, 心土区と表土区との差異が認められなくなることが明かとなった.