Continuity Defects Research Articles

Demineralized, Freeze-Dried Allogeneic Bone Blocks With Suture Fixation Technique for Reconstruction of Maxillary Alveolar Bone Deficiency: A Case Series.

This study aims to evaluate the clinical outcomes of using demineralized, freeze-dried allogeneic bone blocks (DFDABB) combined with the periosteal vertical mattress suture (PVMS) technique for the reconstruction of severe horizontal alveolar bone deficiencies in the maxilla. In continuous horizontal maxillary defects cases, bone augmentation was performed using DFDABB and deproteinized bovine bone matrix (DBBM) filling the interstice. Subsequently, a resorbable collagen membrane was carefully placed over the graft surface, and both the membrane and bone graft were firmly secured using the PVMS technique. Linear changes were assessed through superimposed cone-beam computerized tomography scans obtained before the operation and after a healing period of 6-10 months. A total of 7 female patients with 10 bone blocks and 13 implants were included in this study. One of the wounds was slightly ruptured postoperatively without infection, and all implants showed successful osseointegration. The average alveolar ridge width at a point 5 mm below the crest was 4.52 ± 2.03 mm before bone graft and 9.79 ± 1.57 mm after implantation with an average increase of 5.26 ± 1.97 mm. Similarly, at a point 10 mm below the crest, the pregraft alveolar ridge width measured 7.23 ± 3.60 mm, and postimplantation, it expanded to 11.81 ± 2.90 mm, showing an average gain of 4.58 ± 2.01 mm. This case series demonstrates the successful application of DFDABB combined with the PVMS technique to achieve adequate bone width for implantation at severe continuous horizontal bone deficiency of the maxilla. DFDABB with the PVMS technique resulted in superior horizontal bone gain during maxillary bone augmentation with horizontal continuity deficiency. However, further studies are necessary to validate these findings.

Altered Endoplasmic Reticulum Integrity and Organelle Interactions in Living Cells Expressing INF2 Variants.

The cytoskeleton mediates fundamental cellular processes by organizing inter-organelle interactions. Pathogenic variants of inverted formin 2 (INF2) CAAX isoform, an actin assembly factor that is predominantly expressed in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), are linked to focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) and Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) neuropathy. To investigate how pathogenic INF2 variants alter ER integrity, we used high-resolution live imaging of HeLa cells. Cells expressing wild-type (WT) INF2 showed a predominant tubular ER with perinuclear clustering. Cells expressing INF2 FSGS variants that cause mild and intermediate disease induced more sheet-like ER, a pattern similar to that seen for cells expressing WT-INF2 that were treated with actin and microtubule (MT) inhibitors. Dual CMT-FSGS INF2 variants led to more severe ER dysmorphism, with a diffuse, fragmented ER and coarse INF2 aggregates. Proper organization of both F-actin and MT was needed to modulate the tubule vs. sheet conformation balance, while MT arrays regulated spatial expansion of tubular ER in the cell periphery. Pathogenic INF2 variants also induced mitochondria fragmentation and dysregulated mitochondria distribution. Such mitochondrial abnormalities were more prominent for cells expressing CMT-FSGS compared to those with FSGS variants, indicating that the severity of the dysfunction is linked to the degree of cytoskeletal disorganization. Our observations suggest that pathogenic INF2 variants disrupt ER continuity by altering interactions between the ER and the cytoskeleton that in turn impairs inter-organelle communication, especially at ER-mitochondria contact sites. ER continuity defects may be a common disease mechanism involved in both peripheral neuropathy and glomerulopathy.

Evaluation of the effectiveness of V-Y plasty of frozen Achilles tendon rupture, with immediate follow-up weight-bearing and rehabilitation. Case analysis

The Achilles tendon is a strong tendon in the human body but is prone to rupture, especially during recreational activities. Misdiagnosis of ruptures can lead to chronic issues, affecting the quality of life. Surgical V-Y plasty is a technique used to treat chronic Achilles tendon ruptures by lengthening the tendon and restoring its continuity. Two cases of Achilles tendon ruptures were presented, where V-Y plasty was performed along with immediate weight-bearing and rehabilitation. The patients showed significant improvement post-surgery, with no symptoms or restrictions on physical activity after about 6 months. The rehabilitation protocol included functional training, regenerative treatments, and follow-up visits to monitor progress. Studies have shown that surgical treatment is more effective in preventing re-tears compared to conservative treatment for Achilles tendon ruptures. V-Y plasty has been proven to be an effective technique for treating chronic ruptures with large defects in tendon continuity. Immediate weight-bearing and rehabilitation post-surgery have shown positive outcomes in patient recovery. Further research is needed to establish a standardized rehabilitation protocol for Achilles tendon ruptures. The unique management regimen used in the cases presented yielded successful results, emphasizing the importance of immediate rehabilitation post-surgery for improved patient outcomes. V-Y plasty with immediate weight-bearing and rehabilitation is a promising method for treating chronic Achilles tendon ruptures.

A Multi-Information Fusion Method for Repetitive Tunnel Disease Detection

Existing tunnel defect detection methods often lack repeated inspections, limiting longitudinal analysis of defects. To address this, we propose a multi-information fusion approach for continuous defect monitoring. Initially, we utilized the You Only Look Once version 7 (Yolov7) network to identify defects in tunnel lining videos. Subsequently, defect localization is achieved with Super Visual Odometer (SuperVO) algorithm. Lastly, the SuperPoint–SuperGlue Matching Network (SpSg Network) is employed to analyze similarities among defect images. Combining the above information, the repeatability detection of the disease is realized. SuperVO was tested in tunnels of 159 m and 260 m, showcasing enhanced localization accuracy compared to traditional visual odometry methods, with errors measuring below 0.3 m on average and 0.8 m at maximum. The SpSg Network surpassed the depth-feature-based Siamese Network in image matching, achieving a precision of 96.61%, recall of 93.44%, and F1 score of 95%. These findings validate the effectiveness of this approach in the repetitive detection and monitoring of tunnel defects.

Surgical repair of incarcerated umbilical hernia in a white German Spitz

BackgroundAn umbilical hernia is common, but its incarcerated form is quite rare in dogs. An incarcerated hernia is characterized by the entrapment of herniated contents within the hernial sac, often accompanied by a constricted or narrower ring. It is usually refractory to the conservative approach, i.e., manual reduction, and surgical treatment is crucial to avert the risk of ischemia that can potentially lead to necrosis and gangrene in the involved tissues.Case presentationA 7-month-old female white German Spitz of 13.22 kg was presented with an ovoid swelling in the umbilicus, including a history of intermittent vomiting, progressive hyporexia, and weakness. Physical examinations led to a presumptive diagnosis of irreducible umbilical hernia after ultrasonography had shown a defect in abdominal wall continuity. Surgical intervention further confirmed an umbilical hernia with the incarceration of an omental flap. Herniorrhaphy was performed after resolving the incarceration and returning the content (i.e., omental flap) to the abdominal cavity. Postoperatively, supportive medications and routine care were provided. The external sutures were removed after two weeks, and periodic follow-ups revealed no complications. Ultrasonography was performed again on the 78th postoperative day, which indicated no breach in the abdominal wall integrity around the umbilicus. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first documented case of a successfully treated incarcerated umbilical hernia in a white German Spitz.ConclusionsUmbilical hernias in young Spitz dogs can undergo incarceration over time if left untreated during the early stages. Meticulous diagnosis and specific treatment including surgical correction are essential for optimal outcome, avoiding further complications.

Nerve Regeneration after a Nerve Graft in a Rat Model: The Effectiveness of Fibrin Glue.

Simulating the post-traumatic continuity defect of small human peripheral nerves, we compared the effectiveness of fibrin glue with neurorrhaphy for nerve gap restoration. In twenty-four male Wistar rats, a fifteen mm defect in one sciatic nerve only was made and immediately repaired with an inverted polarity autograft. According to the used technique, rats were divided into Group A (Control), using traditional neurorrhaphy, and Group B (Study), using fibrine glue sealing; in total, 50% of rats were sacrificed at 16 weeks and 50% at 21 weeks. Before sacrifice, an assessment of motor function was done through Walking Track Analysis and an electroneurophysiological evaluation. After sacrifice, selected muscle mass indexes and the histology of the regenerated nerves were assessed. All data were evaluated by Student's t test for unpaired data. No significant differences were found between the two groups, with only the exception of a relative improvement in the tibialis anterior muscle's number of motor units in the study group. Despite the fact that the use of fibrin glue as a nerve sealant is not superior in terms of functional recovery, its effectiveness is comparable to that of microsurgical repair. Hence, the faster and technically easier glueing technique could deserve broader clinical application.

Deep learning based continuous integration and continuous delivery software defect prediction with effective optimization strategy

Software defect prediction is one of the most difficult tasks in the IT sector. Continuous Integration and Continuous Delivery (CI/CD) software defect prediction is used in earlier stage, which consumes less amount of time. Various learning algorithms, such as convolutional neural networks and other machine learning algorithms (ML), are employed to forecast the flaws in the software model. In these existing algorithms, some issues are noticed, such as high computational complexity, excessive time consumption, the need for more energy to predict the model and a high-loss function. To address these issues, a novel deep learning (DL)-based CI/CD software defect prediction technique applying an effective optimization strategy is provided to improve the model's efficiency. The numerical data are collected from open source, and the obtained data is initially labeled based on time domain limitations. Initially, the Modified Synthetic Minority Over-Sampling Technique (M-SMOTE) mechanism is applied to balance the data to avoid overfitting problems, and data normalization is performed to rescale and normalize the data properly. After moralization, the optimal set of features is extracted from the data using Focal Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (F-BERT) to enhance the efficiency of the model. Finally, the software defects are predicted using Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (Bi-LSTM) integrated into the convolutional Gated recurrent units (GRU) model (Bi-CGRU) based on collected features. Hybrid Levy Rao (HLR) optimization is used to tune the hyperparameters properly in the classifier model. The proposed model's performance indicators are examined. The proposed model has a 95.32 % accuracy, a 93.3 % recall, a 94.98 % Matthews correlation coefficient, and an F1-score of 91.355 %. The proposed model generates less labeling noise and wait time than existing methods.

THE USE OF PERIOSTEAL FLAP IN MANDIBLE PRIMARY RECONSTRUCTION AFTER SEGMENTAL RESECTION IN MEDICATION-RELATED OSTEONECROSIS PATIENT: CASE REPORT

Background: The treatment of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaws is challenging. Mandible segmental resection is the main treatment method for advanced stage 2 and stage 3 medication- related osteonecrosis of the mandible. This brings to the large continuity defects of the mandible, decreasing the life quality of the patients. Method: In this study, a modified technique of mandible defect reconstruction, after segmental resection, with only a reconstruction plate, is described. In this technique, the periosteal flap is used for double-layer closure of the intraoral wound. Double-layer isolation of the reconstruction plate from the oral cavity prevents intraoral wound dehiscence and plate exposure. Also, for the bone fragments fixation, prebended 2.3mm reconstructive plate on the 3D-printed individual model of the patient’s mandible was used. The use of a prebended plate reduces the operation time and increases the precision of fixation of mandible fragments in the correct position. Results: After intraoral sutures removal on 14 days, there was a dehiscence of a few intraoral sutures on mucoperiosteal flaps. There was partial exposure of the periosteal flap, which secured the underlying reconstructive plate. Exposed periosteal flap spontaneously epithelialized during 1 month. The postoperative follow-up period was nine months. During this period no complications were noted Conclusion: Within the limitations of the study, this method can be used as an effective and predictable method for the primary reconstruction of the mandible with only a reconstruction plate in medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaws patients.

Delayed reconstruction of the combat-related mandibular defects with non-vascularized iliac crest grafts: Defining the optimal conditions for a positive outcome in the retrospective study

BackgroundReconstruction of mandibular defects caused by combat injuries is challenging for clinicians due to soft tissue defects and high complication risk. This study evaluated the outcomes of mandibular continuous defects reconstruction with non-vascularized iliac crest graft (NVICG) in patients with combat injuries. Material and methodsPatients with continuous mandibular defects acquired by high-velocity agents, who received NVICG reconstruction with or without microvascular-free soft tissue or regional flaps, were included in the study. The outcome variable was graft loss due to postoperative complications or full (more than 90 %) resorption. The primary predictor variable was soft tissue defect in the recipient area. The secondary predictor variable was the length of the defect. Variables related to patients, defect site, surgery, and other complications were also evaluated. Statistical analysis was performed with the usage of independent sample t-test, Pearson's chi-squared and Fisher's exact tests with a significance level of P < 0.05 ResultsThe study included 24 patients with 27 mandibular defects. Overall, the general success rate of reconstructions was 59.3 %. Soft tissue defects were significantly associated with graft failure and other complications (p < 0.05), which were mostly related to soft tissue defects. The graft success rate was only 14.3 % even in minor soft tissue defects. In turn, in reconstructions with sufficient soft tissue coverage, the graft survived in 75.0 % of the cases. In addition, patients with more delayed reconstruction had significantly fewer graft failures than those with earlier surgery (p < 0.05). No associations were found between defect size and complications. ConclusionThe sufficient soft tissue coverage is essential in the reconstruction of mandibular defects caused by combat injuries. Also, minor soft tissue defects should be covered with soft tissue flaps to avoid complications and graft loss in these specific injuries. Even large defects can be reconstructed with NIVICG if the soft tissue coverage is sufficient.

Defect monitoring in additive manufacturing through OpenCV-based remote video access

Errors in additive manufacturing are a significant obstacle to its widespread adoption in various application. The developments of 3D printed parts are prone to various types of defects, which are difficult to monitor in real-time through human vision. The use of 3D printers has increased in diverse fields, leading to a significant rise in the need of continuous monitoring during the manufacturing process. Prompt action should be taken to stop or correct errors immediately to prevent a defective part. However, continuous monitoring of 3D printer through human vision is impractical for longer tasks and cannot be accurate. Human inspection is not infallible and could introduce its own errors. Given the multitude of application, continuous defect monitoring is extremely challenging, particularly for longer tasks. Based on these constraints a suitable remote monitoring system through open-source computer vision has been proposed. Incorporating the concept of Internet of things, the video of printing process could be viewed by a user or controller from a remote location enabling to monitor the printing process. With the use of Haar classifier in the program, the printing defects that occur in the 3D printed part could be identified immediately through contours drawn over the defective part. Depending upon the severity of defect indicated, the user could take respective action to control the defect formation. With Industry 4.0 in the implementation stages, this method of video monitoring of defects in 3D printers could be an effective method for widespread use of additive manufacturing systems in industries.

Влияние геометрии инструмента на формирование сварного соединения при сварке трением с перемешиванием алюминиевого сплава АМг5

One of the important parameters influencing the formation of a weld during friction stir welding is the tool geometry, which affects the processes of heat generation and stirring of metals in their connection zone. These processes influence the formation of a high quality and strength welded joint without continuity defects. In this regard, it is relevant to analyze the influence of tool geometry on the welding mode parameters, at which the welded joint is formed without continuity defects, as well as on the welded joint strength under static tension. The work considers the influence of the cylindrical and conical shapes of the tool pin, as well as the conical shape of the pin with a thread on its outer surface and a spiral groove on the end surface of the tool shoulder on the welding mode parameters, at which the welded joint is formed without continuity defects. The study shows that changing the shape of the pin working surface from cylindrical to a conical one had no effect on the range of welding mode parameters, at which the welded joint is formed without continuity defects. It has been found that the presence of a thread on the pin outer surface and a groove on the end surface of a tool shoulder allows producing welded joints without continuity defects in a wider range of welding mode parameters compared to a simpler tool geometry. The macrostructure of the resulting welded joints was considered. It has been found that the studied tool geometry has almost no influence on the maximum strength values of welded joints produced by friction stir welding and reaches 95 % of the strength of the base metal.

THEORETICAL STUDY OF VORTEX-LIKE ATOMIC STRUCTURES WITHIN A CONTINUUM FRAMEWORK

Using regression analysis through a component-wise search for regressors, a computational approach is proposed for estimating the oriented curvature of vortex-like atomic structures. The studied discrete vector fields of atomic displacements of such structural states are obtained based on the results of molecular dynamics simulations of a deformable defect-free crystallite. Within the given approach, a continuous representation of the desired discrete vector field is obtained. The redistribution of the free volume and reorientation of the crystal lattice are analyzed. It is found that the value of oriented curvature outside specific regions (vortex centers and regions of compensation of atomic displacements) is about |K| ≈ 0.286 nm-1. The relationship is shown between vortex-like structures and model concepts of a continuous disclination-type defect.

An Incremental Knowledge Learning Framework for Continuous Defect Detection

An Incremental Knowledge Learning Framework for Continuous Defect Detection

Lyophilized platelet rich fibrin and gelatin incorporated bioadhesive bone cement composite for repair of mandibular continuity defects

Mandibular continuity defects stem from conditions such as malignancies, trauma, cysts, osteomyelitis and osteoradionecrosis, presenting significant challenges. If mandibular reconstruction fails, it can result in facial collapse, causing significant aesthetic and functional concerns for the patient. In the present study we developed a bio-adhesive Bone Cement (BC) enriched with lyophilised PRF and gelatin to enhance bone repair and induce regeneration. The developed BC consisted of a mixture of Tetracalcium Phosphate (TTCP) and O-Phospho-l-serine (OPLS) in addition to lyophilised Platelet Rich Fibrin (PRF) for sustained growth factor release and gelatin (GE) for improved cement resorption. It is primarily designed for in-situ application, conforming to the shape and size of the defect for effective bone repair and regeneration. The study evaluated four groups: (i) BC (control), (ii) BC-GE (control), (iii) BC-PRF, and (iv) BC-GE-PRF. All the four groups were characterised using FTIR, SEM and XRD. The mechanical studies of the prepared beads exhibited a significant increase in the compressive strength of the PRF loaded bone cement composites. In vitro degradation study of the beads over a 60-day period revealed a significantly higher percentage of bone cement resorption in the gelatin-incorporated groups, BC-GE (44 ± 0.5 %), and BC-GE-PRF (45 ± 2 %). The assessment of growth factor release (TGF-β and VEGF) using ELISA revealed a prolonged and sustained release of both growth factors over a 28-day period. In vitro studies were performed on human Dental Follicle Stem Cells (DFSCs) to assess cell attachment, proliferation, mineralisation and osteogenic differentiation. These studies clearly depicted that BC-PRF and BC-GE-PRF showed significantly greater proliferation of DFSCs. Furthermore, BC-PRF and BC-GE-PRF samples exhibited notably elevated expression of Runx2 and OPN (osteogenic markers), as well as a higher intensity of alizarin red stain (mineralisation). Therefore, it was concluded that PRF incorporated bioadhesive bone cement composites greatly enhance the cell attachment, proliferation, mineralisation and osteogenic differentiation of the DFSCs. Thus, the PRF and gelatin incorporated bone cement composites is expected to facilitate effective and faster bone regeneration and healing in a wide range of dental and maxillofacial defects.

Unraveling the Molecular Mechanisms of Alcohol-Mediated Skin Permeation Enhancement: Insights from Molecular Dynamics Simulations.

The application of alcohols as permeation enhancers in pharmaceutical and cosmetic formulations has attracted considerable attention, owing to their skin permeation-enhancing effect. Nonetheless, the elucidation of the fundamental mechanisms underlying the skin permeation-enhancing effect remains elusive. In this study, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were employed to investigate the effect of 1,2-propanediol (1,2-PDO), 1,2-butanediol (1,2-BDO), and ethanol (EtOH) on the stratum corneum (SC) model membrane. The results showed that the effect of alcohols on the SC model membrane displayed a concentration-dependent nature. The alcohols can interact with SC lipids and exhibit a remarkable ability to selectively extract free fatty acid (FFA) molecules from the SC model membrane and make the SC looser. Meanwhile, 1,2-BDO and EtOH can penetrate into SC lipid bilayers at higher concentrations, leading to the formation of continuous hydrophilic defects in SC. The FFA extraction and the formation of continuous hydrophilic defects induced ceramide (CER) tail chains to become more disordered and fluid and also weakened the hydrogen bonding (H-bonding) network among SC lipids. Both the FFA extraction and the continuous hydrophilic defect formation endowed alcohols with the permeation-enhancing effect. The constrained simulations revealed that the free energy barriers decreased for the permeation of the hydrophilic model molecule (COL) across the SC model membranes containing alcohols, particularly for 1,2-BDO and EtOH. The possible permeation-enhancing mechanisms of alcohols were proposed correspondingly. This work not only provided a deep understanding of the transdermal permeation-enhancing behavior of alcohols at the molecular level but also provided necessary reference information for designing effective transdermal drug delivery systems in applications.

DETERMINATION OF THE STRESSED METAL STATE DURING HOT ROLLING BY THE FINITE ELEMENT METHOD

Purpose. Determination of the stress-strain state of the metal during the rolling of large ingots to prevent the occurrence of internal defects, and determining the effect of forced cooling of the ingot surface during hot rolling on the stress-strain state.&#x0D; Research methods. Finite element method, upper estimate method.&#x0D; Results. Based on the finite element method, a comparative simulation of the stress-strain state of the ingot with different cooling times was performed. As a result of the study, it was established that the forced cooling of the ingot surface during hot rolling helps to reduce the probability of the internal continuity defect forming. The given results of comparison of the distribution of strain intensity along the rolling cross-section in the basic version and with additional annealing indicate a decrease in the probability of formation of discontinuities in the axial zone of the ingot. This, in turn, proves the effectiveness of forced annealing of the surface layers of the ingot (workpiece).&#x0D; Scientific novelty. A mathematical model of the distribution of the main stress state components was developed. It took into account the redistribution of temperatures and, as a result, the mechanical properties of the metal according to the height of the deformation focus during the hot rolling of relatively large blanks.&#x0D; Practical value. The use of forced cooling leads to a significant increase in hydrostatic and normal stresses in the axial zone, reducing the probability of the formation and subsequent growth of internal continuity defects. Thus, the quality of finished products increases, in particular, valuable rolled products made of special grades of steel.

Changes in Residual Stresses in the Vicinity of a Continuity Defect in an Elastoviscoplastic Material under Repeated Loading

The results of calculations of the stress-strain states of an elastoplastic material containing a single cylindrical continuity defect and loaded with external pressure are presented. The hydrostatic pressure on the surface distant from the defect initially increases, remains constant for some time and then gradually decreases to zero. The process of comprehensive compression leaves, after unloading, a formed level and distribution of residual stresses in the vicinity of the continuity defect. The change in such stresses is calculated upon repeated loading and unloading. Intensity and nature of repeated loads are considered identical to the original ones. Calculations are carried out within the framework of the stated one-dimensional problem of the theory of large deformations. The material is assumed to be incompressible. The development of areas of viscoplastic flow in the active part of the process and their attenuation during unloading are taken into account. Changes in the geometric dimensions of the evolving defect are assessed.

DETERMINATION OF THE PARAMETERS OF STRESS-CORROSION CRACKS OF THE MAIN GAS PIPELINE BASED ON THE RESULTS OF EDDY CURRENT CONTROL

In order to increase the accuracy of estimating the depth of stress-corrosion cracks in the main gas pipeline from the measured signal of the overhead eddy-current transducer, a mathematical recognition method based on the regularization method is proposed. Analytical expressions are obtained for the smoothing function and the optimal regularization parameter, which makes it possible to obtain stable estimates of the depth of stress-corrosion cracks in the main gas pipeline. In the absence of spatial resolution of a group of stress-corrosion cracks based on the signal of an overhead eddy-current transducer, a mathematical model of a group of cracks with the same depths and a constant interval is proposed. The procedure for determining the values of the parameters used in the regularization parameter of the smoothing functional is described. Based on the analysis of eddy-current transducer signals by the regularization method obtained on artificial models of stress-corrosion cracks in the main gas pipeline, it is shown that the average relative error in estimating the depth of a group of identical cracks does not exceed 8.5 %. It is shown that the estimate of the depth of a continuity defect obtained by recognizing a group of unequal cracks is close to the average value of this parameter established for a group of cracks, while the average relative error in estimating the average depth of a group of unequal cracks does not exceed 8 %.

Evaluating the Effectiveness of Magnetic-Pulse Treatment for Healing Continuity Defects in the Metal of Oil and Gas Pipelines

This research paper addresses the issues in evaluating the effectiveness of magnetic-pulse treatment for healing continuity defects in the metal of oil and gas pipelines. A theoretical analysis of the magnetic-pulse action mechanism on continuity defects in the metal was carried out. The results of experimental studies of the effect of magnetic-pulse action on continuity defects of thick-walled samples, cut from used gas pipelines containing microcracks with different geometries, are also presented. The samples were processed under two different technological operating modes of the magnetic-pulse unit: the applied energy was 10 kJ for the first mode and 20 kJ for the second mode. The state of the cracks’ microstructure before and after the magnetic pulse treatment was studied using an optical microscope. As a result of the studies, it was found that magnetic-pulse treatment led to local heating of the crack tips, which was confirmed by the formation of a heat-affected zone in the vicinity of the crack tips. The temperature at the crack tips reached the metal’s melting point at the applied energy of 20 kJ, whereas at the energy of 10 kJ, signs of metal melting were not noted. In the course of the conducted experiments, it was found that the cracks were not completely eliminated after magnetic-pulse treatment; however, the edges of the crack tips melted, with subsequent filling by molten material. Magnetic-pulse treatment resulted in blunting of the crack tips, as their shape became smoother. It was established that the geometry and shape of the crack tip have significant influences on the effectiveness of this technology, as a narrow and sharp crack tip required less energy to reach the metal’s melting point compared to smoother one. The effect of magnetic pulse treatment on the microstructure of pipeline metal and its strength characteristics was also studied. It was found that this treatment leads to structural changes in the area of the crack tip in the form of grain refinement and subsequent strengthening of the pipeline metal.

Review of the Literature on the Current State of Periosteum-Mediated Craniofacial Bone Regeneration.

This is an article review on the current state of periosteum-mediated bone regeneration (PMBR). It is a known mandibular reconstruction option in children, and though poorly understood and unpredictable, the concerns of developmental changes to donor and recipient tissues shared by other treatment options are nonexistent. The definitive role of periosteum during bone regeneration remains largely unknown. The objective is to review the literature on the clinical and molecular mechanism evidence of this event. Our search methodology was modeled after the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis) guidelines. Search strategies were categorized into search 1 for clinical evidence of mandibular regeneration and search 2 for gene expression review for craniofacial regeneration. The quality assessment of each publication was undertaken, and inclusion criteria comprise mandibular continuity defect for search 1 and use of gene expression assay propriety kit for search 2. 33 studies were selected for search 1 while four studies with non-human subjects were selected for search 2. Monitoring of PMBR onset was advised at 2weeks post-operative, and the gene expression results showed an upregulation of genes responsible for angiogenesis, cytokine activities, and immune-inflammatory response in week 1 and skeletal development and signaling pathways in week 2. The results suggest that young periosteum has a higher probability of PMBR than adult periosteum, and skeletal morphogenesis regulated by skeletal developmental genes and pathways may characterize the gene expression patterns of PMBR.