Continued Ascent Research Articles

AirCore Observations at Northern Tibetan Plateau During the Asian Summer Monsoon

AbstractWe present data and analysis of a set of balloon‐borne sounding profiles, which includes co‐located O3, CO, CH4, and particles, over the northern Tibetan Plateau during an Asian summer monsoon (ASM) season. These novel measurements shed light on the ASM transport behavior near the northern edge of the anticyclone. Joint analyses of these species with the temperature and wind profiles and supported by back trajectory modeling identify three distinct transport processes that dominate the vertical chemical structure in the middle troposphere, upper troposphere (UT), and the tropopause region. The correlated changes in profile structures in the middle troposphere highlight the influence of the strong westerly jet. Elevated constituent concentrations in the UT identify the main level of convective transport at the upstream source regions. Observed higher altitude maxima for CH4 characterize the airmasses' continued ascent following convection. These data complement constituent observations from other parts of the ASM anticyclone.

The origin and emplacement of the Freetown Intrusion, Sierra Leone

The Freetown Intrusion in Sierra Leone is a large, layered mafic intrusion. Only a small part of the intrusion appears on land to form the Freetown Peninsula, and the larger part lies beneath the Atlantic Ocean. This is demonstrated by gravity and geomagnetic measurements, which also indicate that intrusion occurred over at least 1–2 Ma. The intrusion was formed at 196–201 Ma and is, therefore, concordant with the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP) magmatism. At this time, the region was undergoing crustal extension prior to the later opening of the Central Atlantic Ocean. Initially, the magma intruded the Pan-African 2 suture and used this as a conduit for magma ascent, interdigitating with the highly sheared and metamorphosed rocks of the suture. The regional tensile stress allowed the conduit to open further and permitted the continued ascent of magma with subsequent crystal deposition and formation of the layers. Crystallisation commenced at depth to form a crystal mush. The layering was caused by flow, with variations in the supply of the crystal mush and varying proportions of olivine, pyroxene, and plagioclase. The silicates do not show a progressive change in composition indicative of mineral fractionation in a closed chamber. Locally, the intrusion of a plagioclase-rich crystal mush led to the presence of thick anorthosite layers. The initial layering followed the dip of the suture, and the layering steepened as the conduit opened. Sr–Nd isotopic and geochemical analyses both indicate that there was a significant contribution to the intrusion from Pan-African and older host rocks. These were assimilated into the magma. Variations in this contribution led to the formation of both gabbroic and noritic layers. Fragments of the host rocks were entrained during magma ascent and are now present as xenoliths.

Physiological Responses and Performance of Simulated High-Rise Firefighting.

The aim of the study is to determine the physiological effects of breathing apparatus and ascent strategies during a simulated 120-m vertical high-rise firefighting ascent. Twenty-eight firefighters completed four high-rise firefighting trials wearing standard- or extended-duration breathing apparatus with continuous ascent (SDBA-C/EDBA-C) or with breaks (SDBA-B/EDBA-B). Task time, heart rate, ratings of perceived exertion, core body temperature, and thermal comfort were recorded at predetermined elevations. Task time took significantly longer during the EDBA-C compared with SDBA-C trial. Heart rate (at 40, 80, and 100 m) was significantly lower in trials following breaks compared with the continuous trials. Core body temperature rose by 0.11°C every 10 m of ascent. During the SDBA trials, 89% to 96% of firefighters activated their low air alarm compared with only 7% in EDBA. Firefighters should wear EDBA beyond 80 m of ascent and are encouraged to take regular breaks.

A Study on Influence of New Education Policy 2020 on Higher Education

The New Education Policy (NEP) was announced by the Government of India in 2020. Amidst the global pandemic, this new initiative by the Government came as a welcoming change as it unfolded several new changes to the conventional education system and promised quality education to all prospects, ensuring a continuous ascent of the country. Of course, when the NEP was first introduced by the officials, it came across as a surprise for the entire nation, considering no one was expecting it amidst the COVID-19 outbreak. However, the outlines introduced with this new policy seemed revolutionary and promised equal education opportunities to students across schools and colleges. This paper outlines the significance of the NEP, its salient features, and how it has affected the traditional education system.

Socio-Economic Requisites of Democracy: A Historical Analysis of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan

This article thoroughly examines the socio-economic requisites of democracy in Pakistan in the context of history. It also discusses the social and economic difficulties faced by Pakistan's due to the uneven transition of democracy. The objective of the research is to evaluate the element related to democratic change and moreover, it investigates the variables connected with Pakistan's democracy decline. This article is descriptive and analytic in nature. Secondary sources such as books, research papers, newspaper articles and reports are used for the collection of data. The findings suggest that Pakistan’s democratic transition has been faced many socio-economic problems. This critical socio-economic condition challenges local security allows the military to take over Pakistan several times. The involvement of the army in government raises many issues related to socio-economic challenges. The patterns of continuous ascent in Islamic hostility have also been related with the military government. Pakistan promotes the religion-nationalistic institution worked as local armies to achieve foreign policies to come up with military governments; therefore, socio-economic development was neglected. As the result, Pakistan faced an uneven transition to democracy.

The evolution of Kerguelen mantle plume and breakup of eastern Gondwana: New insights from multistage Cretaceous magmatism in the Tethyan Himalaya

The relationship between the breakup of eastern Gondwana and Kerguelen mantle plume remains extremely controversial. The crucial conundrum is that when and where the Kerguelen mantle plume initially formed and its evolutionary history are unclear. In this paper, we report the oldest Cretaceous bimodal magmatism (144–140 Ma) associated with the Kerguelen mantle plume from the Comei large igneous province in the Tethyan Himalaya. The mafic rocks are dominated by oceanic island basalt (OIB)-like dykes with occasional normal mid-ocean ridge basalt (N-MORB)-like intrusions, while the felsic rocks show A-type granites affinities. Our results suggest that the > 140 Ma bimodal magmatism was clearly a response to early Kerguelen plume activity, and the Kerguelen plume initially formed underneath the Tethyan Himalaya but not the triple junction between Australia, Antarctica, and Greater India. We argue that the Cretaceous magmatism associated with the Kerguelen plume in the Tethyan Himalaya can be divided into three pulses of ca.141 Ma, ca.132 Ma, and ca.117 Ma, which correspond to vertical underplating, continuous ascent, and a southward migration process, respectively. Moreover, we propose that the multistage OIB-like magmas in the Tethyan Himalaya are mainly the products of interactions between the lower crust and mantle plume, while the contribution of the lithospheric mantle is negligible. This proposal implies that the lithosphere was significantly thinned before ca.141 Ma, and the Kerguelen plume had been incubating underneath the Tethyan Himalaya prior to this. Our findings suggest that the Kerguelen plume may not have been the trigger for the initial breakup of eastern Gondwana, but was complementary to the later complete breakup process. We also innovatively consider that the northward dragging and slab-pull forces caused by the Cretaceous intra-oceanic subduction of the Neo-Tethys Ocean may have played an active role in the evolution of the Kerguelen plume and the breakup of eastern Gondwana.

Happiness and morality in Christian moral ethics and in philosophical ethics

Happiness is the ontological state of human nature by which it is defined as a being endowed with reason, will and feeling. Anthropological analysis, whether it is carried out from a theological perspective or from a philosophical perspective, places man in a continuous ascent towards happiness. Thus, the question can be asked: which of the two ethical systems can define the human person as the possessor of morality and happiness, and what are their limits?

Ceiling-controlled versus staged decompression: comparison between decompression duration and tissue tensions.

In dissolved gas decompression algorithms, the ceiling is the depth at which the dissolved gas pressure in at least one tissue equals the maximum tolerated value defined by the algorithm. Staged decompression prescribes stationary stops in three-metre intervals so as to never exceed this maximum tolerated value. This keeps the diver deeper than the ceiling until the ceiling itself decreases to coincide with the next, three-metre shallower stage. Ceiling-controlled decompression follows the ceiling in a continuous ascent. Mathematical simulations using the ZH-L16C decompression algorithm and gradient factors were carried out for several dive profiles to compare patterns of tissue gas supersaturation and overall decompression times for decompressions based on these approaches. During a stationary staged decompression stop the available pressure gradient for inert gas washout diminished as inert gas is washed out while inhaled inert gas partial pressure remained unchanged. Ceiling-controlled decompression, on the other hand, maintained the available pressure gradient for inert gas washout at its maximum tolerated level. Decompressions were 4-12% shorter using ceiling-controlled approaches but at the cost of exposing tissues with faster half times to higher levels of supersaturation than they would experience during staged decompression. Ceiling controlled approaches accelerate decompression but the effect of this on the risk of decompression sickness is unknown.

Stability During Stairmill Ascent With Upward and Downward Applied Forces on the Pelvis.

This study investigates how external vertical forces on the pelvis change the stability of stairmill climbing and other gait parameters such as kinematics and muscle activity. We use a Tethered Pelvic Assist Device (TPAD) to apply forces on the pelvis during continuous ascent on a stairmill. Ten young healthy subjects participated in three one-minute stair ascent with no force, a 10% body weight (BW) downward force, and a 10% BW upward force applied on the pelvis. The stability is determined by evaluating the base of support (BoS) and margin of stability (MoS). Kinematics and muscle activities were used to characterize the biomechanical changes. The results show that the upward forces applied on the pelvis decreased the (i) MoS by 1.84cm in the lateral direction, 2.07cm in the anterior direction, (ii) double stance phase by 1.85%, and (iii) the knee flexion by 5°. Furthermore, the peak activation levels of the muscles rectus femoris (RF), vastus lateralis (VL), and left gastrocnemius decreased. In contrast, the downward forces applied on the pelvis increased (i) the MOS by 1.5cm in the anterior direction and (ii) mean activation levels of RF and VL muscles. This study provides insights into the effects of applied vertical forces on the pelvis during stair ascent. These findings contribute to the understanding of the gait parameter changes and their relation with stability. Results could be used as a basis for designing training protocols to improve balance during stair ascent.

Идея жизни у Гегеля и ее значение для понимания цивилизационного развития современной России

Hegel’s idea of life turned out to be productive in terms of understanding the present and the future of such a modern civilization as Russia. Turning to this idea allows us to answer some of the questions that concern us today, including what life is in its spiritual dimension and what may be the projection of the spirit on the development of a civilization. Firstly, we need to rethink Hegel’s teaching about life and its spiritual dimension to find out what we lack in the understanding of contemporary facts of life. Nature in the idea of life not only reaches its external manifestation, but also transcends its own limits. Hegel sees life in its unity with the spirit, which frees life from objectivity and subjectivity, raising it to “absolute universality”. All living things, including man, are a continuous ascent to the spirit, going beyond the boundaries of the bosom of nature. Only in man does life reach its spiritual development and go from nature to the kingdom of the spirit. Secondly, the present and the future of Russian civilization can be considered through the prism of Hegel’s understanding of the levels and contradictions of the spiritual organization of human life by conducting a certain thought experiment. Russia is at a civilizational crossroads today. It has not been able to reach the end of the stage of the development of the objective spirit as the actual embodiment of the moral idea and complete the construction of the civilization, including creating a civil society and the rule of law. The country is still in the grip of civilizational dilemmas, both in its present and in the anticipated future. It can be assumed that Russia’s living space is deformed and lies between two pairs of opposing trends: between traditionalization and modernization in the present and between informatization and ecologization in the possible future.

Vault-housed extensometers recorded a rapid initial pulse before precursory magma reservoir inflation related to the 2011 eruption of Shinmoe-dake, Japan

Previous studies of the major eruption at Shinmoe-dake volcano, Japan, in January 2011 suggested that gradual injection of magma from a deep source into a shallow reservoir began in December 2009 and led to the major eruption. To investigate the initial phase of this injection event, we examined extensometer data from the Isa Observatory, ~ 18.5 km from the summit of Shinmoe-dake, and discovered a strain change event that spanned about 3 days in December 2009. The size of the strain change is comparable to those observed during each sub-Plinian eruption in 2011. The source of the rapid strain change appears to be deeper than the estimated location of the magma reservoir that directly supplied magma to the 2011 eruption sequence. These observations suggest that rapid injection of magma from the deep magmatic plumbing system in December 2009 triggered the continuous ascent of additional magma from depth, which in turn drove the climactic eruptions in January 2011. Extensometers also recorded two rapid strain change events of the same order of magnitude and with similar characteristics in December 2006 and August 2008; however, noticeable inflation of the edifice was not detected immediately following either event. This suggests that transient injection of magma into a shallow reservoir is not always followed immediately by a gradual recharge process.

High $${f_{{{\rm{H}}_2} - }}{f_{{{\rm{S}}_2}}}$$ Conditions Associated with Sphalerite in Latala Epithermal Base and Precious Metal Deposit, Central Iran: Implications for the Composition and Genesis Conditions of Sphalerite

This paper presents the properties of fluid inclusions found in sphalerite from Latala epithermal base and precious metal deposit (Central Iran), which is hosted in Cenozoic volcanic-sedimentary host-rocks. The Latala Deposit represents an example of vein type, base metal deposits in the Miduk porphyry copper deposits (PCDs) in southern Urumieh-Dokhtar magmatic belt (UDMB). Mineralization in Latala epithermal base and precious metal vein type formed in 3 stages and sphalerite-quartz veins occur in stages 2 and 3. Stage 2 quartz-sphalerite veins are associated with chalcopyrite and zoned sphalerite, along with quartz+hematite, and Stage 3 quartz-sphalerite veins contain galena+sphalerite+ chalcopyrite and quartz with overgrowth of calcite. Mineralization in Stage 3 occurs as replacement bodies and contains Fe-poor sphalerite without zoning in the outer parts of the deposit. This paper focuses on fluid inclusions in veins bearing sphalerite and quartz. The fluid inclusion homogenization temperatures and salinity in sphalerite (some with typical zoning) range from 144 to 285 °C and from 0.2 wt.% to 7.6 wt.% NaCl eq. Sphalerite and fluid inclusions of the Latala base and precious metal deposit formed from relatively low-T and low-salinity solutions. Raman spectroscopy analyses indicate a high percentage of CO2 in the gas phase of fluid inclusions in Fe-poor sphalerites, as expected with melting temperature for CO2 of −56.6 °C, and significant amounts of H2. Lack of reduced carbon species (methane and lighter hydrocarbons) was confirmed in the petrographic study using UV light and Raman spectroscopy. High amounts of H2 in fluid inclusions of Fe-poor sphalerite can be the result of different intensities of alteration and diffusion processes. The common occurrences of CO2 in fluid inclusions have originated from magma degassing and dissolution of carbonates. The δ34S values for sulfide minerals in galena of sphalerite bearing veins vary between −9.8‰ and −1.0‰, and the δ34S values calculated for H2S are between −7.1‰ and +0.6‰. These values correspond to magmatic sulfur whit possible interaction with wall rocks. Magmatic fluids were successively diluted during cooling and continuous ascent. Secondary boiling would lead to variable amounts of potassic or prophylactic alteration and the hydrogen diffusion into the inclusions hosted in sphalerite of Latala.

Editorial: Advancing the field of entrepreneurship: The primacy of unequivocal “A” level entrepreneurship journals

In this editorial, I seek to inform entrepreneurship scholars about the significance of unequivocal “A” level entrepreneurship journals for the continued ascent of entrepreneurship as a universally recognized “mainstream” academic field. Drawing insights from research on intellectual movements and the evolution of academic fields, I take stock of entrepreneurship as a community of scholars mobilizing elements of distinctiveness and legitimacy to elevate the status of the field. Doing so, I offer three field level observations on the primacy of unequivocal “A” journals for advancing the field. I then delineate a set of role related implications for members of the community, including authors, senior scholars, and newcomers to the field. Finally, I entertain some common objections to emphasizing journal status as a mechanism in entrepreneurship's upsurge to “mainstream” academic field.

Overactivation of the sodium-calcium exchanger and transient receptor potential in anesthesia-induced malignant hyperthermia.

Malignant hyperthermia is a pharmacogenetic disorder, which is an uncommon but frequently fatal intricacy of inhalation anesthesia in man. It causes a quick rise in body temperature to highly irreversible levels, which causes death in around three of four cases. The trigger anesthetics cause an anomalous, continued ascent in myoplasmic calcium levels. Possible mechanisms by which continuous release of sodium, calcium from skeletal muscle plasma membrane and sarcoplasmic reticulum stores respectively can produce the profound hyperthermia are discussed.

Magma chamber growth models in the upper crust: A review of the hydraulic and inertial constraints

Finite volumes of magma moving in confinement, store hydraulic potential energy for the generation, control and transmission of power. The Pascal's principle in a hydraulic jack arrangement is used to model the vertical and lateral growth of sills. The small input piston of the hydraulic jack is equivalent to the feeder dike, the upper large expansible piston equivalent to the magmatic chamber and the inertial force of the magma in the dike is the input force. This arrangement is particularly relevant to the case of sills expanding with blunt tips, for which rapid fracture propagation is inhibited. Hydraulic models concur with experimental data that show that lateral expansion of magma into a sill is promoted when the vertical ascent of magma through a feeder dike reaches the bottom contact with an overlying, flat rigid-layer. At this point, the magma is forced to decelerate, triggering a pressure wave through the conduit caused by the continued ascent of magma further down (fluid-hammer effect). This pressure wave can provide overpressure enough to trigger the initial hydraulic lateral expansion of magma into an incipient sill, and still have enough input inertial force left to continue feeding the hydraulic system. The lateral expansion underneath the strong impeding layer, causes an area increase and thus, further hydraulic amplification of the input inertial force on the sides and roof of the incipient sill, triggering further expansion in a self-reinforcing process. Initially, the lateral pressure increase is larger than that in the roof allowing the sill to expand. However, expansion eventually increases the total integrated force on the roof allowing its uplift into either a laccolith, if the roof preserves continuity, or into a piston bounded by a circular set of fractures. Hydraulic models for shallow magmatic chambers, also suggest that laccolith-like intrusions require the existence of a self-supported chamber roof. In contrast, if the roof of magmatic chambers loses the self-supporting capacity, lopoliths and calderas should be expected for more or less dense magmas, respectively, owing to the growing influence of the density contrast between the host rock and the magma.

Estonia Goes Digital

Estonia Goes Digital

Rhetorical evolution of oppositional discourse in French academic writing. Oppositional discourse in academic writing

We here analyze the quantitative and qualitative evolution of academic conflict (AC) in a corpus of 90 medical articles published between 1810 and 1995. The linguistic means expressing AC were recorded in each paper and classified according to whether they expressed a direct or an indirect conflict. The frequency of each category of AC was first recorded in each paper, and then calculated per 20–year periods. Our results were analyzed using Chi–square tests. In the whole corpus, direct AC were more frequent than indirect ones (p = .0001). When analyzed per 20–year periods, our quantitative results allowed us to divide the 185 years studied into 2 distinct periods, the cutting–off point being the 1910’s when the frequency of indirect AC started a slow but continuous ascent. In each Block direct AC outnumbered indirect ones (p =.0001), but indirect AC were more frequent in Block B than in Block A (p = .039). A qualitative analysis of the AC recorded revealed that both 19th and 20th century AC were expressed in a personal, polemical and authoritarian manner, although the confrontational stance of late 20th century AC tends to be mitigated either by means of hedging expressions or through the shifting of person to object thematization. We conclude that when formulating their professional disagreement, French-speaking scientists have always been authoritative, categorical, direct and personal, although the tone of voice of confrontations tends to be more “low key” as we approach the turn of the 21st century.

Study on the Transformation and Upgrade of E-Commerce Application in Manufacturing Industry

Under the Internet thinking, manufacturing management mode is changed, it is not depend on the scale, but in the user as the center, more dependent on the reaction rate of user requirements. As the big data, cloud computing, Internet of things technology such as the development of technology, manufacturing is from automatic to intelligent evolution, on the user's personalized customization is possible. Using Internet thinking positive development manufacturing enterprise electronic commerce application mode of transformation and upgrading of manufacturing industry plays an important role. Promoting the continued ascent of manufacturing industry informatization level, promote the transformation of the manufacturing production mode, provide greater profit space for the export of products. In industrial 4.0 mode, the user is the core of the enterprise, C2B model will be the mainstream of future manufacturing e-commerce application mode. This paper to present the sorted out the basic model of manufacturing enterprise electronic commerce application, point out the existing problems, and the computing technology, communication technology, the constant development of storage technology, such as background, puts forward the corresponding countermeasure, points out that the C2B model is the development direction of manufacturing enterprise electronic commerce application mode.

Sonographic determination of normal Conus Medullaris level and ascent in early infancy

Controversial reports exist in the literature regarding both the spinal level of the conus medullaris (CM) in normal infants and the age at which the CM achieves its adult level. Autopsy studies have demonstrated ascent continuing into early infancy while more recent imaging study series' suggest the adult conus level is attained by the 40th postmenstrual week. The authors conducted a retrospective review of 1,273 screening lumbar ultrasound studies performed over 5 years at a pediatric tertiary referral center. All patients were infants referred for initial imaging to rule out the presence of a tethered spinal cord. Referral sources included urban academic, urban private practice, and rural private practice pediatricians. After excluding studies lacking sufficient documentation (n = 90) and those reported as abnormal (n = 106), 1,077 remained for review. The CM level and patient age in days were recorded from each study. Statistical analysis was performed using unpaired t testing and ANOVA for continuous variables; chi-square for categorical data. The mean CM level for infants in group I (ages 0-30 days) was compared to those in groups II (31-60 days) and group III (61-100 days). Group I had a mean CM level of 0.125 and 0.2 vertebral segments lower than groups II and III (p = 0.0005 and <0.0001, respectively). ANOVA comparison of all three groups confirmed a rostral migratory trend (p < 0.001). The prevalence of CM level caudal to L2 in group I was 13 %, group II 11.4 %, and group III 4.7 %; also indicating a significant rostral trend (p = 0.004). Rostral migration of CM level continues through the first few months of post-natal life, albeit of limited extent. Documentation of continued ascent in a neonate may obviate the need for magnetic resonance imaging.

Biomechanical demands differentiate transitioning vs. continuous stair ascent gait in older women

BackgroundStair ascent mechanics change with age, but little is known about the differing functional demands of transitioning and continuous ascent. Work investigating the risky transition from gait to ascent is sparse, and the strategies that older adults adopt to achieve these demanding tasks have not been investigated. MethodsThis study compared the biomechanics of a 2-step transitional (floor-to-step2) and continuous ascent cycle (step1-to-step3) and investigated the role of limb preference in relation to dynamometer-derived knee strength during this transition. A biomechanical analysis of 36 women (60–83 years) ascending a 3-step staircase was conducted. FindingsThe 2-step transitioning cycle was completed quicker, with a larger range of motion, increased forces, larger knee flexor and dorsiflexor moments and ankle powers (P≤0.05), but reduced hip and knee flexion, smaller hip extensor moments and hip and knee powers compared to continuous ascent. During the transition, 44% of the participants demonstrated a consistent limb preference. In these cases large between-limb extensor strength differences existed (13.8%) and 71% of these participants utilised the stronger limb to execute the 2-step transitional cycle. InterpretationThe preferential stronger-limb 2-step transitioning strategy conflicts with previous recommendations of a stronger lead limb for frail/asymmetric populations. Our findings suggest that most healthy older women with large between-limb differences utilise the stronger limb to achieve the considerable propulsion required to redirect momentum during the 2-step transition. The biomechanical demands of ascent, relative to limb strength, can inform exercise programmes by targeting specific muscle groups to help older adults maintain/improve general functioning.