Continuity Conditions Research Articles

High-Throughput Transcriptomic Analysis of Circadian Rhythm of Chlorophyll Metabolism under Different Photoperiods in Tea Plants.

Tea plants are a perennial crop with significant economic value. Chlorophyll, a key factor in tea leaf color and photosynthetic efficiency, is affected by the photoperiod and usually exhibits diurnal and seasonal variations. In this study, high-throughput transcriptomic analysis was used to study the chlorophyll metabolism, under different photoperiods, of tea plants. We conducted a time-series sampling under a skeleton photoperiod (6L6D) and continuous light conditions (24 L), measuring the chlorophyll and carotenoid content at a photoperiod interval of 3 h (24 h). Transcriptome sequencing was performed at six time points across two light cycles, followed by bioinformatics analysis to identify and annotate the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in chlorophyll metabolism. The results revealed distinct expression patterns of key genes in the chlorophyll biosynthetic pathway. The expression levels of CHLE (magnesium-protoporphyrin IX monomethyl ester cyclase gene), CHLP (geranylgeranyl reductase gene), CLH (chlorophyllase gene), and POR (cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase gene), encoding enzymes in chlorophyll synthesis, were increased under continuous light conditions (24 L). At 6L6D, the expression levels of CHLP1.1, POR1.1, and POR1.2 showed an oscillating trend. The expression levels of CHLP1.2 and CLH1.1 showed the same trend, they both decreased under light treatment and increased under dark treatment. Our findings provide potential insights into the molecular basis of how photoperiods regulate chlorophyll metabolism in tea plants.

New Analytical Solutions for Free Vibration of Cracked Functionally Graded Rectangular Plates

In aerospace engineering, the existence of cracks highly alters the mechanical behaviors of structural components. As a new class of key structural components, functionally graded material (FGM) rectangular plates with an interior/side crack are focused on in this study. New analytical free vibration solutions are put forward for such cracked FGM plates. First, a cracked plate is decomposed into several subplates with the necessary continuity conditions to address the physical discontinuity issue caused by the crack. The challenge then becomes deriving analytical free vibration solutions for each subplate. To accomplish this task, a symplectic superposition method (SSM) is developed to deal with FGM rectangular plates with various boundary conditions, including the complex continuity conditions. The SSM eliminates the need for a predefined solution form, and its solution procedure, including variable separation and eigen expansion, is mathematically rigorous. Afterward, the analytical solutions obtained via the SSM are integrated to serve as the final free vibration solution of the cracked FGM plate. Comprehensive results based on the obtained analytical solutions, including natural frequencies and vibration modes, are presented and validated. The solutions are further used to investigate the effects of some important parameters, such as crack length and crack location.

Enthalpy-based cascaded lattice Boltzmann method for conjugate heat transfer

Lattice Boltzmann (LB) methods for conjugate heat transfer are widely studied because of the simplicity and efficiency in dealing with complex boundary conditions. Recently, cascaded (or central-moments-based) LB (CLB) method has shown the potential to improve the stability of LB method. For conventional CLB method which is constructed through the continuous equilibrium distribution function, the temperature-based energy equation is recovered and solved. The continuity of temperature and heat flux at conjugate interface is unable to be accurately enforced without special treatment. To circumvent this deficiency, an enthalpy-based CLB method for conjugate heat transfer is developed in this work. In the proposed method, the enthalpy-based formulation of equilibrium moments is directly designed in the central-moment space, and the macroscopic quantity solved is converted from temperature to enthalpy. As demonstrated by the Chapman-Enskog multiscale analysis, the enthalpy-based energy equation can be recovered by the CLB equation. Compared with the conventional CLB method, the continuity condition for temperature and heat flux on the conjugate interface can be enforced automatically without special treatment. In addition, the proposed CLB method provides a new way to develop a CLB equation that can recover to a general convection-diffusion equation. Finally, the accuracy and stability of the temperature field are validated by benchmarks for the proposed enthalpy-based CLB method.

Pathogen-driven Pseudomonas reshaped the phyllosphere microbiome in combination with Pseudostellaria heterophylla foliar disease resistance via the release of volatile organic compounds

BackgroundContinuous monocropping obstacles are common in plants, especially medicinal plants, resulting in disease outbreaks and productivity reductions. Foliar disease, mainly caused by Fusarium oxysporum, results in a severe decrease in the yield of Pseudostellaria heterophylla annually. Determining an effective biomethod to alleviate this disease is urgently needed to improve its productivity and quality.ResultsThis study screened thirty-two keystone bacterial genera induced by pathogens in P. heterophylla rhizosphere soil under continuous monocropping conditions. Pseudomonas, Chryseobacterium, and Flavobacterium, referred to as the beneficial microbiota, were significantly attracted by pathogen infection. The P. palleroniana strain B-BH16-1 can directly inhibit the growth and spore formation of seven primary pathogens of P. heterophylla foliar disease by disrupting fusaric acid production via the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). In addition, strain B-BH16-1 enhances the disease resistance of P. heterophylla by obliterating the pathogen and assembling beneficial microbiota.ConclusionPathogen-induced Pseudomonas reshaped phyllosphere microbial communities via direct antagonism of pathogens and indirect disruption of the pathogen virulence factor biosynthesis to enhance disease suppression and improve yields. These results show that inhibiting pathogen virulence biosynthesis to reshape the plant microbial community using disease-induing probiotics will be an innovative strategy for managing plant disease, especially under continuous monoculture conditions.

A Theoretical Solution for Interaction Between Lined Twin Tunnels at Great Depths by a New Alternating Procedure

In designing tunnels, rock-lining interactions are an important issue that needs to be accurately predicted and analyzed. For the closely located twin tunnels, the rock-lining interaction is more complex because of the interaction between tunnels. Based on the classical Schwarz alternating method, a new alternating procedure with fast convergence is presented, which can be used to solve the elastic problems of lined multiple holes. In consideration of the real interaction between tunnels and the interaction between rock and linings, an analytical model for the elastic mechanical responses of lined twin circular tunnels at great depths is proposed using the new analytical procedure. The solutions in all the alternating steps can be superposed to obtain the final solutions that satisfy all the boundary and continuity conditions and the solutions are efficiently calculated because of the analytical expressions. A good agreement between the analytical and numerical results indicates the correctness of the solutions. Based on the analytical model, the influences of the pillar width, relative tunnel radius, the lining stiffnesses and lateral pressure coefficient on the stress and displacement around the tunnels are obtained. The proposed method can be further applied to multiple-lined tunnel problems to quickly predict the supporting force.

Insight into synergistic effect of zinc oxide/expanded vermiculite composite (ZnO/EVMT) on bituminous mixture performances under different aging conditions

Zinc oxide/expanded vermiculite composite (ZnO/EVMT) with synergistic effect can effectively retard bitumen aging behavior, but the effect on road and mechanical performance of bituminous mixture under different aging conditions is unclear, which hinders its application and promotion. Based on the above, this study is meant to reveal the synergistic effect of ZnO/EVMT on bituminous mixture, with the ultraviolet absorber (UVA) compounding with antioxidant (AO) (label as UVA+AO, the same component ratio as ZnO/EVMT) and hydrated lime (HL) modifier serving as comparison. Then, the influence of ZnO/EVMT on the laboratory performances, including road performance and mechanical properties, of bituminous mixtures under four different aging conditions (unaged, long-term oven aging, long-term continuous and long-term all-weather photo-oxidative aging conditions) were investigated. Results show that under unaged condition, the addition of ZnO/EVMT can enhance road performance of bituminous mixture, and has similar effect to that of HL modifier and more positive effect than that of UVA+AO modifier. Under long-term oven aging condition, bituminous mixture containing ZnO/EVMT and HL have similar deformation resistance. ZnO/EVMT and the other two modifiers can enhance the low-temperature property, water stability and fatigue property of bituminous mixture, and ZnO/EVMT modified bituminous mixture has the highest low-temperature property and the lowest property change sensitivity. Under two long-term photo-oxidative aging conditions, ZnO/EVMT modified bituminous mixture generally exhibits higher creep deformation and deformation growth rate but lower mechanical performance changing rate than base bituminous mixture. Therefore, ZnO/EVMT can improve bituminous mixture road performance and reduce its aging sensitivity under different aging conditions. And the expected service life and durability of bituminous pavement will benefit from its promotion practice.

Analytical seismic model for a tunnel with segmental liner buried in the half-space soil

In this paper, by using the wave function expansion (WFE) and the expansion of the cylindrical wave into plane wave (ECPW) methods, an analytical method for the dynamic response of a circular tunnel with segmental liner buried in the half-space soil to harmonic elastic waves is developed. The liner of the tunnel is supposed to consist of several segments and joints. Both the segments and joints are treated as open cylindrical shells, and the segment and joint shells together thus form an equivalent continuous shell (ECS) liner, and the thin shell theory is utilized to describe its vibration. The scattered wave field due to the presence of the tunnel and boundary of the half-space soil is divided into two parts, namely, the direct scattered wave field and secondary scattered wave field. The expressions for the direct scattered cylindrical waves in the soil is determined via the WFE method, while the secondary scattered waves form the boundary of the half-space soil are obtained by the ECPW method together with the application of the boundary condition along the soil surface. Applying the cylindrical shell theory on the ECS liner and using the Fourier series expansions for the variables and parameters of the ECS liner along the azimuthal direction together with introducing the Fourier component constitutive relation for the ECS liner, a system of equations for the Fourier component ECS displacements are derived with the differential equations for the ECS liner displacements. By using the system of equations, the expressions for the free and scattered wave fields and the continuity conditions at the interface between the liner and soil, the system of equations for the ECS liner coupled with the soil are derived. By using the developed analytical method for the tunnel, some results of the ECS tunnel under different incident waves are given.

Solar powered electrocatalytic treatment of actual human urine coupled with hydrogen production using Ti/MMO for the removal of nitrogen-based compounds

This study addresses a significant micropollutant removal from actual human urine (AHU) through photovoltaic driven electrochemical treatment. This study showed significant reductions of 69.09 % urea, 67.95 % creatinine, and 95.180 % uric acid under optimal continuous recirculation conditions. Analysis revealed that the degradation of pollutants were facilitated by in-situ generation of reactive oxygen and chlorine species during treatment. Further, the procedure employed with molecular hydrogen generation during anodic oxidation as useful byproduct. Thus, the findings suggest that novel mixed metal oxide exhibits high efficacy for AHU treatment, offering a prominent concept for onsite treatment of complex mixed wastewater in real-life applications.

Maximizing the probability of visiting a set infinitely often for a Markov decision process with Borel state and action spaces

AbstractWe consider a Markov control model with Borel state space, metric compact action space, and transitions assumed to have a density function with respect to some probability measure satisfying some continuity conditions. We study the optimization problem of maximizing the probability of visiting some subset of the state space infinitely often, and we show that there exists an optimal stationary Markov policy for this problem. We endow the set of stationary Markov policies and the family of strategic probability measures with adequate topologies (namely, the narrow topology for Young measures and the $ws^\infty$ -topology, respectively) to obtain compactness and continuity properties, which allow us to obtain our main results.

On [formula omitted]-expectations and filtration-consistent nonlinear expectations

In this paper, we obtain a comparison theorem and an invariant representation theorem for backward stochastic differential equations (BSDEs) without any assumption on the second variable z. Using the two results, we further develop the theory of g-expectations. Filtration-consistent nonlinear expectation (F-expectation) provides an ideal characterization for the dynamical risk measures, asset pricing and utilities. We propose two new conditions: an absolutely continuous condition and a (locally Lipschitz) domination condition. Under the two conditions respectively, we prove that any F-expectation can be represented as a g-expectation. Our results contain a representation theorem for n-dimensional F-expectations in the Lipschitz case, and two representation theorems for 1-dimensional F-expectations in the locally Lipschitz case, which contain quadratic F-expectations.

A semi-analytical approach for site-city interaction under oblique incident SH waves

In this paper, a semi-analytical approach was proposed for investigating the site-city interactions (SCI). The site was modelled as a horizontal layered half-space, while the building was represented as a collection of shear wall structures fixed on the surface of half-space. The total wave field was considered as a combination of free field and scattering wave field generated by buildings, simulated by direct stiffness method and Green's function, respectively. The coupling between the site and the city is achieved through the displacement continuity conditions at the bottom of the building. Finally, the impact and some influencing factors of SCI effect on site and buildings were studied. It is found that the SCI effect has a significant impact on surface displacement and building response. The SCI effect typically reduces surface displacement near cities and the amplitude of relative displacement of buildings, while increases the seismic duration of buildings. However, this influence will be affected by the incident angle, building layout, building height, and building spacing, so these factors should be comprehensively considered when analyzing the SCI effect. Through the case studies, it is demonstrated that this method can quickly calculate SCI models with complex factors without being limited by the number and thickness of soil layers, incidence angles, and different sizes and spacing of buildings.

Coupling vibration mechanism of multistage blisk-rotor system with blade crack

This study aims to address the issue of vibration modeling and coupling vibration mechanism analysis of multistage blisk-rotor (MBR) systems with blade cracks. First, a comprehensive coupling vibration model of the MRB system containing the flexibility of shaft and blade, the swing motion of offset blisk structure, and the nonlinear effect of blade breathing crack is developed. Then, the coupling vibration mechanism of the MRB system is systematically investigated through analytical and numerical analysis, based on which the vibration indicators for the presence of blade cracks are extracted. At last, the effects of blade crack and operating condition parameters on the coupling vibration of the MRB system are comprehensively analyzed. The comparative results indicate that the crack depth and aerodynamic force may significantly affect the crack indicators in shaft bending and torsional vibrations, while the disc unbalance mainly affects the crack indicators in shaft bending vibrations. It is also suggested that the BHM and crack detection of rotating blades should comprehensively consider different crack indicators and perform continuous condition monitoring to obtain more robust and accurate results.

The Vibration Characteristics Analysis of Fiber-Reinforced Thin-Walled Conical–Cylindrical Composite Shells with Artificial Spring Technique

In this paper, the vibration characteristics (free vibration and forced vibration) of fiber-reinforced thin-walled conical–cylindrical composite shells (FTCCS) are analyzed by combining theory and experiment. Based on the classical shell theory and Kirchhoff–Love assumption, the overall structure of the FTCCS is theoretically modeled. The artificial spring technology is used to simulate the arbitrary boundary conditions at the joint, which is divided into a main spring and a secondary spring. At the same time, the displacement functions of the two sub-structure shells of the FTCCS are established by the orthogonal polynomial method, and the energy function of the FTCCS is constructed according to the continuity condition of the bolt joint. Then, the vibration characteristics of the FTCCS are solved using the Rayleigh–Ritz method and the modal superposition method. Finally, the TC300/epoxy resin-based fiber-reinforced thin-walled conical–cylindrical composite shells are selected as the research object, and the rationality of the mathematical model is verified by pulse, frequency sweeping and resonance excitation tests. The experimental results show that the errors between the natural frequency and the resonance displacement calculated by the theory and the experimental results are 1.75–4.76% and 3.79–9.28%, which confirms the rationality of the proposed model. By changing the length of the shell, the lamination angle and the semi-cone angle of the conical shell, the vibration characteristics parameters under different conditions are calculated to evaluate the influence of three physical parameters on the vibration characteristics of the FTCCS.

An Improved Three-Term Conjugate Gradient Algorithm for Constrained Nonlinear Equations under Non-Lipschitz Conditions and Its Applications

This paper proposes an improved three-term conjugate gradient algorithm designed to solve nonlinear equations with convex constraints. The key features of the proposed algorithm are as follows: (i) It only requires that nonlinear equations have continuous and monotone properties; (ii) The designed search direction inherently ensures sufficient descent and trust-region properties, eliminating the need for line search formulas; (iii) Global convergence is established without the necessity of the Lipschitz continuity condition. Benchmark problem numerical results illustrate the proposed algorithm’s effectiveness and competitiveness relative to other three-term algorithms. Additionally, the algorithm is extended to effectively address the image denoising problem.

Automated Verification of Higher-Order Probabilistic Programs via a Dependent Refinement Type System

Verification of higher-order probabilistic programs is a challenging problem. We present a verification method that supports several quantitative properties of higher-order probabilistic programs. Usually, extending verification methods to handle the quantitative aspects of probabilistic programs often entails extensive modifications to existing tools, reducing compatibility with advanced techniques developed for qualitative verification. In contrast, our approach necessitates only small amounts of modification, facilitating the reuse of existing techniques and implementations. On the theoretical side, we propose a dependent refinement type system for a generalised higher-order fixed point logic (HFL). Combined with continuation-passing style encodings of properties into HFL, our dependent refinement type system enables reasoning about several quantitative properties, including weakest pre-expectations, expected costs, moments of cost, and conditional weakest pre-expectations for higher-order probabilistic programs with continuous distributions and conditioning. The soundness of our approach is proved in a general setting using a framework of categorical semantics so that we don’t have to repeat similar proofs for each individual problem. On the empirical side, we implement a type checker for our dependent refinement type system that reduces the problem of type checking to constraint solving. We introduce admissible predicate variables and integrable predicate variables to constrained Horn clauses (CHC) so that we can soundly reason about the least fixed points and samplings from probability distributions. Our implementation demonstrates that existing CHC solvers developed for non-probabilistic programs can be extended to a solver for the extended CHC with only small efforts. We also demonstrate the ability of our type checker to verify various concrete examples.

Transcriptional Modulation during Photomorphogenesis in Rice Seedlings.

Light is one of the most important factors regulating plant gene expression patterns, metabolism, physiology, growth, and development. To explore how light may induce or alter transcript splicing, we conducted RNA-Seq-based transcriptome analyses by comparing the samples harvested as etiolated seedlings grown under continuous dark conditions vs. the light-treated green seedlings. The study aims to reveal differentially regulated protein-coding genes and novel long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), their light-induced alternative splicing, and their association with biological pathways. We identified 14,766 differentially expressed genes, of which 4369 genes showed alternative splicing. We observed that genes mapped to the plastid-localized methyl-erythritol-phosphate (MEP) pathway were light-upregulated compared to the cytosolic mevalonate (MVA) pathway genes. Many of these genes also undergo splicing. These pathways provide crucial metabolite precursors for the biosynthesis of secondary metabolic compounds needed for chloroplast biogenesis, the establishment of a successful photosynthetic apparatus, and photomorphogenesis. In the chromosome-wide survey of the light-induced transcriptome, we observed intron retention as the most predominant splicing event. In addition, we identified 1709 novel lncRNA transcripts in our transcriptome data. This study provides insights on light-regulated gene expression and alternative splicing in rice.

Uniform Convergence of Fourier Series for Hölder Continuous Functions and Functions of Bounded Variation

This article discusses two significant results about the uniform convergence of Fourier series. One is the uniform convergence of the Fourier series for Hölder-α(α>0) continuous functions, while the other is the uniform convergence of the Fourier series for functions that can be expressed as the sum of finitely many continuous monotonic functions. The two results are particularly useful. Because Hölder continuity condition ensures a specific regularity that facilitates the analysis and provides a robust framework for proving uniform convergence and many practical functions can be decomposed into monotonic components, making the theorem broadly applicable. By providing detailed proofs and applications, this study demonstrates the significant implications of uniform convergence in both theoretical and practical contexts. Moreover, this work paves the way for future research in higher-dimensional Fourier analysis, non-periodic functions, and adaptive Fourier techniques, underscoring the ongoing relevance and versatility of Fourier series in modern mathematics. Several well-known results emerge as corollaries of these findings, highlighting the robustness and applicability of these theorems in Fourier analysis.

Effects of Caffeine Doses on Rumen Fermentation Profile and Nutrient Digestibility Using a Lactating Cow Diet under Continuous Cultures Conditions

Caffeine is a plant secondary metabolite, commonly known for its bioactivity properties. This molecule increases microbial activity during anaerobic digestion. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of caffeine doses on the rumen fermentation profile and nutrient digestibility when continuous culture fermenters were fed a lactating cow’s diet. We hypothesize that adding caffeine doses into continuous culture fermenters with a rumen fluid inoculum will not affect anaerobic fermentation or nutrient utilization. Fermenters were fed twice a day (at 0800 and 2000 h) with an experimental diet of high-producing dairy cows (53.55 g/DM day; Forage:Concentrate ratio, F:C of 40:60). Four levels of caffeine (0 ppm, 50 ppm, 100 ppm, and 150 ppm) were added to the diets as a treatment. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design. Two blocks of four fermenters were run in two replicated periods of ten days. Statistical analyses were conducted in SAS version 9.4 for Windows (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC) using the GLIMMIX procedure. The addition of caffeine at a 50 ppm dose on continuous culture fermentation decreased the protozoal counts (Diplodinium spp.) (p = 0.03) and ammonia concentrations (p < 0.05). A treatment of 50 ppm of caffeine increased the DM, OM, and starch digestibility (p < 0.05). When caffeine doses increased further than 50 ppm, the OM, DM, and starch digestibility decreased linearly (p = 0.01). The total volatile fatty acids and fatty acid proportions were unaffected. However, the acetate-to-propionate ratio (A:P) tended to decrease linearly among treatments (p = 0.07). The means of pH measurements and maximum pH had a significantly linear decrease effect (p < 0.01). Caffeine may represent a potential rumen fermentation modifier for use in lactating cow diets.

Alleviating confirmation bias in perpetually dynamic environments: Continuous unsupervised domain adaptation-based condition monitoring (CUDACoM)

MotivationDeep learning (DL) has revolutionized condition monitoring (CoM) in mechanical systems by reducing manual signal processing. However, DL's industrial integration is limited due to low robustness against distribution shifts. Existing CoM approaches focus on adaptating to one-time distribution shift. We introduce Continuous Unsupervised Domain Adaptation-based CoM (CUDACoM), tackling continuous distribution shifts in systems under perpetually dynamic conditions. MethodologyCUDACoM mitigates confirmation bias, detrimental in long-domain sequences, by introducing two novel strategies (1) Fresh Initialization and (2) In-Domain Pseudo Labeling. Fresh Initialization maintains high model plasticity, while In-Domain pseudo-labeling improves pseudo-label accuracy, enhancing model adaptability. These strategies reduce confirmation bias, crucial for robust self-training, making CUDACoM ideal for long-sequence domain adaptation in perpetually dynamic environments. ResultsCUDACoM outperforms state-of-the-art (SOTA) adversarial and self-training approaches. Validated through two practical case studies: a 200% (RPM) change and gradual sensor degradation across 40 noise levels. These challenging case studies show stronger data shifts than the commonly used standard benchmarking datasets. The second case is especially novel, formulating robustness to noise as a domain adaptation problem. CUDACoM achieved a test accuracy of 0.937 in the RPM case (vs. SOTA's 0.770) and 0.849 in the sensor degradation case (vs. SOTA's 0.751). ImpactThis study addresses the overlooked challenges of employing DL for CoM in perpetually dynamic environments, particularly, the confirmation bias. With CUDACoM's computational efficiency, we provide a practical solution that enhances reliability by facilitating the integration of robust DL into industrial CoM systems.

Fe-Single-Atom Catalysts on Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanosheets for Electrochemical Conversion of Nitrogen to Ammonia

Electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) has been established as a promising and sustainable alternative to the Haber–Bosch process, which requires intensive energy to produce ammonia. Unfortunately, NRR is constrained by the high adsorption/activation of the N2 energy barrier and the competing hydrogen evolution reaction, resulting in low faradic efficiency. Herein, a well-dispersed iron single-atom catalyst was successfully immobilized on nitrogen-doped carbon nanosheets (FeSAC-N-C) synthesized from pre-hydrothermally derived Fe-doped carbon quantum dots with an average particle size of 2.36 nm and used for efficient electrochemical N2 fixation at ambient conditions. The as-synthesized FeSAC-N-C catalyst records an onset potential of 0.12 VRHE, exhibiting a considerable faradic efficiency of 23.7% and an NH3 yield rate of 3.47 μg h–1 cm–2 in aqueous 0.1 M KOH electrolyte at a potential of −0.1 VRHE under continuous N2 feeding conditions. The control experiments assert that the produced NH3 molecules only emerge from the dissolved N2-gas, reflecting the remarkable stability of the nitrogen–carbon framework during electrolysis. The DFT calculations showed the FeSAC-N-C catalyst to demonstrate a lower energy barrier during the rate-limiting step of the NRR process, consistent with the observed high activity of the catalyst. This study highlights the exceptional potential of single-atom catalysts for electrochemical NRR and offers a comprehensive understanding of the catalytic mechanisms involved. Ultimately, this work provides a facile synthesis strategy of FeSAC-N-C nano-sheets with high atomic-dispersion, creating a novel design avenue of FeSAC-N-C that can vividly have a potential applicability in the large spectrum of electrocatalytic applications.