Contingent Self-esteem Research Articles

The antecedents and consequences of being envied by coworkers: An investigation from the victim perspective

This study focused on the victims of coworker envy and presented a comprehensive model of being envied by coworkers to explore its antecedents and consequences in the hospitality context. Based on a sample of 232 employee-supervisor dyads in five Chinese hotels, we found that competitive goal interdependence fostered coworker envy, whereas cooperative goal interdependence prevented it. Further, the experience of being envied by coworkers undermined the frontline hospitality employees’ social exchange relationship with coworkers. This in turn prevented them from engaging in organizational citizenship behavior directed at their organizations (OCBO) and specific individuals (OCBI) such as organization members. In addition, envied employees’ others’ approval of the contingent self-esteem was found to strengthen (1) the direct effect of being envied by coworkers on coworker exchange and (2) the indirect effect of being envied by coworkers on OCBO and OCBI via coworker exchange.

Syncretic self-esteem relates to both agency and communion

Based on Zhongyong wisdom (or the Doctrine of the Mean), the current study argues that syncretic self-esteem, depending on concerns for both the self and others, relates to both agency and communion when controlling for exclusive contingency on either self-interests (i.e., peculiar self-esteem) or the interests of others (i.e., compromised self-esteem). Study 1 showed that syncretic self-esteem was positively correlated with the personality traits of agency and communion, but not with unmitigated agency and communion, when controlling for peculiar and compromised self-esteem. Study 2 showed that syncretic self-esteem was positively correlated with the simultaneous endorsing of high self-competence and self-liking after controlling for peculiar and compromised self-esteem. These results could theoretically help promote both agency and communion and, in practice, contribute to the healthy formation of contingent self-esteem, thus promoting the lasting benefits of human well-being.

Description of the basic psychometric characteristics and the factor structure of the Greek version of the Pathological Narcissism Inventory

The aim of this study was to examine the basic psychometric properties of the Greek version of the Pathological Narcissism Inventory (PNI; Pincus, Ansell, Pimentel, Cain, Wright & Levy, 2009). The PNI is a self-report scale recently developed to measure both narcissistic grandiosity (Exploitativeness, Grandiose Fantasy, Self-sacrificing Selfenhancement)and narcissistic vulnerability (Contingent Self-esteem, Hiding the Self, Devaluing, Entitlement rage). The English version of the PNI was translated to Greek and administered to 283 University students.Confirmatory factor analysis was used to investigate its factor structure in the Greek sample. Several models were evaluated: a. the initial seven-factor first-order model, b. three second-order models with two secondorder latent factors (Grandiosity, Vulnerability), c. three second-order models with three higher order latent factors (Grandiosity, Vulnerability, Malignancy). Goodness-of-fit indices showed better fit for the seven-factor structure, however, acceptable fit was also achieved for most of the second-order models as well. Reliability coefficients were within the acceptable standards for all subscales. The models are evaluated theoretically and the advantages of assessing narcissism in Greece with the PNI are discussed.

"인스타그램 이용자의 조건부 자아존중감이 우울 경험에 미치는 영향: 인스타그램 내 상향 비교의 매개효과를 중심으로"

"인스타그램 이용자의 조건부 자아존중감이 우울 경험에 미치는 영향: 인스타그램 내 상향 비교의 매개효과를 중심으로"

The Turkish Adaptation of the Questionnaire for Eudaimonic Well-Being: A Validity and Reliability Study

Eudaimonic well-being is described as the individual endeavor to discover and develop one’s best potentials and abilities, to determine suitable objectives for these potentials and being internally motivated to reach these objectives. It is thus differentiated from the concepts of subjective well-being and psychological well-being. In the current study, it was aimed to adapt the Questionnaire for Eudaimonic Well-Being (QEWB) to the Turkish language and determine the psychometric properties of this self-report measurement. The sample of this study consisted of 424 university students with a mean age of 21.12 (SD=1.47; 77.1% female, 22.9% male). Exploratory factor analysis results showed a three-factor structure. The results of correlation analysis supported that the QEWB-TR had convergent (positive correlations with psychological well-being, subjective well-being, life satisfaction, positive emotion, and global self-esteem measurements) and discriminant validity (negative correlations with negative emotion, contingent self-esteem, external locus of control, depression, anxiety, and stress measurements). The reliability analyses revealed that this measurement had good internal consistency (.84) and the split-half reliability (.75) coefficients. In conclusion, the findings of the current study revealed that the QEWB-TR was a reliable and valid scale to assess eudaimonic well-being of individuals in Turkey. Keywords The Questionnaire for Eudaimonic Well-Being, scale adaptation, validity, reliability

Living with pathological narcissism: a qualitative study

BackgroundResearch into the personality trait of narcissism have advanced further understanding of the pathological concomitants of grandiosity, vulnerability and interpersonal antagonism. Recent research has established some of the interpersonal impacts on others from being in a close relationship with someone having such traits of pathological narcissism, but no qualitative studies exist. Individuals with pathological narcissism express many of their difficulties of identity and emotion regulation within the context of significant interpersonal relationships thus studying these impacts on others is warranted.MethodWe asked the relatives of people high in narcissistic traits (indexed by scoring above a cut-off on a narcissism screening measure) to describe their relationships (N = 436; current romantic partners [56.2%]; former romantic partners [19.7%]; family members [21.3%]). Participants were asked to describe their relative and their interactions with them. Verbatim responses were thematically analysed.ResultsParticipants described ‘grandiosity’ in their relative: requiring admiration, showing arrogance, entitlement, envy, exploitativeness, grandiose fantasy, lack empathy, self-importance and interpersonal charm. Participants also described ‘vulnerability’ of the relative: contingent self-esteem, hypersensitivity and insecurity, affective instability, emptiness, rage, devaluation, hiding the self and victimhood. These grandiose and vulnerable characteristics were commonly reported together (69% of respondents). Participants also described perfectionistic (anankastic), vengeful (antisocial) and suspicious (paranoid) features. Instances of relatives childhood trauma, excessive religiosity and substance abuse were also described.ConclusionsThese findings lend support to the importance of assessing the whole dimension of the narcissistic personality, as well as associated personality patterns. On the findings reported here, the vulnerable aspect of pathological narcissism impacts others in an insidious way given the core deficits of feelings of emptiness and affective instability. These findings have clinical implications for diagnosis and treatment in that the initial spectrum of complaints may be misdiagnosed unless the complete picture is understood. Living with a person with pathological narcissism can be marked by experiencing a person who shows large fluctuations in affect, oscillating attitudes and contradictory needs.

Obsessive Work Passion as a Conduit between Work-Contingent Self-Esteem and Abusive Supervision

Building on self-determination theory and the dualistic model of passion, the study proposes two alternative perspectives to understanding antecedents of abusive supervision. The subordinate-induced perspective suggests that the subordinates whose self-esteem is contingent on their work performance are more likely to be obsessively passionate about work, which then makes them targets of abusive supervision. The supervisor-induced perspective proposes that supervisors whose self-esteem is contingent on work performance are also more likely to experience obsessive work passion and, in turn, engage in abusive behaviors toward subordinates. Results of mediation analyses in a supervisor-employee matched sample of healthcare professionals provided support for both perspectives. We discuss the implications of our findings for research in contingent self-esteem, abusive supervision, and work passion, as well as for managerial practice.

Relationships Between Narrow Personality Traits and Self-Regulated Learning Strategies: Exploring the Role of Mindfulness, Contingent Self-Esteem, and Self-Control

Based on Boekaerts’ dual-processing self-regulation model, our study seeks to examine to what extent narrow personality traits are associated with different aspects of self-regulated learning. We approach this research question by examining the relationships of the narrow personality traits mindfulness, contingent self-esteem (domain academic competence), and self-control with various self-regulated learning strategies, emotion regulation strategies, and affective well-being during learning in a sample of N = 588 university students. Path analysis revealed the selected narrow personality traits to be significantly related to a variety of the investigated self-regulated learning variables, with more relationships to self-control and the contingent self-esteem domain academic competence than to mindfulness. Our study overall contributes to the understanding of how the selected narrow personality traits of students are associated with various aspects of their self-regulated learning behavior. Practical implications for promoting self-regulated learning via training (self-control) and counseling services (contingent self-esteem) are discussed.

When power increases perspective-taking: The moderating role of syncretic self-esteem

Some research results show that power reduces perspective-taking and concern for others; however, other research results show that power might increase perspective-taking in some conditions. To understand the contradictory relationship between power and perspective-taking, the current study proposed that a form of contingent self-esteem depending on the integration of agency and communion, so-called syncretic self-esteem, would moderate the relationship between power and perspective-taking. The results show that the effect of the experimentally induced power on perspective-taking is moderated by syncretic self-esteem. In detail, participants with high syncretic self-esteem reported relatively better perspective-taking when they recalled a situation of high power. By determining the moderating role of syncretic self-esteem in the prediction of power on perspective-taking, the current study will contribute to promoting the synergistic effects of combining power and perspective-taking with the aim of fostering a healthy form of contingent self-esteem.

Measurement Invariance of Three Narcissism Questionnaires Across the United States, the United Kingdom, and Germany.

With a recent surge of research on narcissism, narcissism questionnaires are increasingly being translated and applied in various countries. The measurement invariance of an instrument across countries is a precondition for being able to compare scores across countries. We investigated the cross-cultural measurement invariance of three narcissism questionnaires (Brief Pathological Narcissism Inventory [B-PNI], Narcissistic Personality Inventory [NPI], and Narcissistic Admiration and Rivalry Questionnaire [NARQ]) and mean-level differences across samples from the United States (N = 2,464), the United Kingdom (N = 307), and Germany (N = 925). Overall, the B-PNI and NARQ functioned equivalently for the U.S. and U.K. participants. More violations of measurement invariance were found between Germany and the combined U.S. and U.K. samples, and for the NPI. In the B-PNI and NARQ, Americans scored higher than individuals from the United Kingdom regarding agentic aspects (self-sacrificing self-enhancement, admiration), while Germans scored lower than both Americans and U.K. individuals regarding antagonistic (entitlement rage, rivalry) and neurotic (hiding the self, contingent self-esteem) aspects. More inconsistent results were found for NPI facets. When noninvariance was present, observed means yielded biased results. Thus, the degree of measurement invariance across translated instrument versions should be considered in cross-cultural comparisons, even with culturally similar countries.

Revisiting narcissism and contingent self-esteem: A test of the psychodynamic mask model

The “psychodynamic mask model” of narcissism posits that narcissists' self-esteem is inherently fragile. Available research provides inconsistent and ambiguous support for this model. In light of weaknesses associated with some previous tests, we provided novel evidence on whether narcissism dimensions relate to an indicator of “contingent self-esteem;” here, contingent self-esteem was operationally defined as the literal relation between self-esteem and self-reported satisfaction in various life domains. Using a sample of 450 MTurk participants, we examined whether several narcissism constructs moderate the relation between self-esteem and self-reported satisfaction in various life domains. In general, relations between self-esteem and satisfaction in various life domains decreased as a function of two different indicators of grandiose narcissism; by contrast, relations between self-esteem and satisfaction in various life domains were generally enhanced (albeit weakly and non-significantly) as a function of a vulnerable narcissism indicator. In sum, grandiose narcissism appeared related to reduced contingent self-esteem and vulnerable narcissism appeared mostly unrelated to contingent self-esteem. We discuss these findings in relation to previous evidence on narcissism and contingent self-esteem and evaluating the mask model.

내사조절 동기와 학업적, 정서적, 사회적 적응의 관계: 자존감 안정성과 자기가치감 수반성의 조절효과

본 연구는 내사조절 동기와 학업적(학업성취도, 수업참여), 정서적(학업스트레스, 안녕감), 사회적(교사 및 교우관계) 적응의 관계에서 자존감 안정성과 자기가치감 수반성(경쟁, 타인승인, 학업유능감)에 따른 조절효과를 살펴보고자 하였다. 이를 위해 중학생과 고등학생 1092명의 자료를 활용하여 잠재조절 구조방정식 모형으로 분석하였다. 그 결과로는, 첫째, 학업적 적응 면에서 자존감 안정성이 낮고 내사조절 동기가 높을수록 학업성취도와 수업참여가 높아졌다. 자기가치감의 경쟁 수반성이 높고 내사조절 동기가 높을수록 학업성취도가 높아졌으며, 자기가치감의 타인승인 수반성이 높고 내사조절 동기가 높을수록 학업성취도가 높아졌다. 둘째, 정서적 적응 면에서 자존감 안정성이 높고 내사조절 동기가 높을수록 학업스트레스가 높아졌으며, 자기가치감의 학업유능감 수반성이 높고 내사조절 동기가 높을수록 안녕감이 낮아졌다. 셋째, 사회적 적응 면에서 자존감 안정성과 자기가치감 수반성은 교사관계 및 교우관계에 대한 내사조절 동기의 효과를 유의하게 조절하지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 내사조절 동기와 학업적, 정서적, 사회적 적응에 관련한 교육적 시사점에 대해 논의하였다.

Contingencies of Self-Worth and Global Self-Esteem Among College Women: The Role of Masculine and Feminine Traits Endorsement

The study examined the relative importance of seven contingencies of self-worth of Polish college women's (appearance, others' approval, competition, academic competencies, family support, virtue, God's love), as well as the associations between preference for particular contingencies and global self-esteem. Additionally, the predictive role of the self-assignment of masculine and feminine traits for both contingencies of self-worth and global self-esteem was investigated. The participants were one hundred and ninety-four Polish women in emerging adulthood (aged from 19 to 26; M = 21.36; SD = 1.67). Participants provided self-reports of self-ascription of masculine and feminine traits, the contingencies of self-worth, and self-esteem. Obtained results showed that the family support contingency of self-worth was the most preferred one, followed by virtue contingent self-worth, academic competencies, competition, and appearance contingencies of self-esteem, while the less preferred contingencies were: others' approval and God's love. Appearance and others’ approval contingencies of self-worth correlated negatively with self-esteem. Masculine traits were positively linked to competition contingency of self-worth, but negatively to physical appearance self-worth contingency and others’ approval self-worth contingency, whereas feminine traits were positively correlated with both physical appearance self-worth contingency and others’ approval self-worth contingency. The findings showed the positive associations between self-ascription of traits regarded to be masculine and self-esteem, and a lack of significant associations between self-description of feminine traits and self-esteem. Structural equation modeling demonstrated predictive role of masculine traits for self-esteem when feminine traits’ self-ascription and contingencies of self-worth were controlled.

Spending as Social and Affective Coping (SSAC): Measure Development and Initial Validation

The Spending as Social and Affective Coping (SSAC) scale measures the degree to which people spend money to cope with negative affect and their social environment. An exploratory factor analysis yielded a three-factor model explaining 60.34% of the item variance: Affective Coping, Social Coping, and Spending Impulsivity. A confirmatory factor analysis in a new sample found that a hierarchical model with one primary factor and three secondary factors was superior to one-, two-, three-factor, and bifactor solutions. We found significant correlations between SSAC subscale scores and related scale scores measuring impulsive and compulsive buying, material values, contingent self-esteem, need to belong, and negative mood regulation. Results suggested partial invariance across gender and full invariance across status as a student or professional . We discuss the use of this scale for research on social class and coping, and counseling interventions, advocacy, and education.

Is nurses' self-esteem interwoven with patients' achievements? The concept of patient-invested contingent self-esteem.

To explore the notion of patient-invested contingent self-esteem (Pa-CSE) and investigate its association to nurses' self-reported engagement in controlling or autonomy-supportive interactions with chronic care patients. Considering the high number of patients sub-optimally managing their chronic condition, nurses might experience a drop and rise in self-worth when patients fail and succeed, respectively, in managing their chronic condition. This dynamic has not received prior research attention. Multivariate analysis employing cross-sectional data according to STROBE guidelines. Self-reports among nurses employed in chronic care (N=394) from eight randomly selected hospitals in Belgium. Exploratory factor analysis and stepwise linear regression analyses were conducted. Success-based and failure-based orientations could be distinguished and refer to nurses' tendency to associate, respectively, patients' successes with feelings of professional success and self-worth and patients' failures with feelings of professional failure, shame and inadequacy. Nurses' self-esteem is fairly interwoven with patients' achievements in the management of their chronic condition. A success-based orientation was positively related to autonomy-supportive care in case a failure-based orientation was low. Nurses with a simultaneous success-based and failure-based orientation interacted in a more controlling way. The findings of this study suggest that basing one's self-worth on patients' accomplishments may be a double-edged sword. Although tying one's personal glory to the successes of one's patient is related to greater patient participation and support of autonomy, these effects only emerge if nurses' self-worth is not interwoven with patients' failures. In fact, having both success- and failure-oriented contingent self-worth is related to a more pressuring approach. To prevent nurses from developing inferior professional feelings when their patients fail to manage their condition, a reflective stance towards the impact of patients' behaviour on the nurses' professional feeling of (in)adequacy is an important step to deal with such situations.

The intergenerational continuity of parental conditional regard and its role in mothers’ and adolescents’ contingent self‐esteem and depressive symptoms

AbstractAlthough research has documented the adverse consequences of parental academic conditional regard in different developmental periods, few studies have examined antecedents and, in particular, the possibility of intergenerational continuity of this parenting dimension. The current study aimed to identify patterns of intergenerational similarity in two types of conditional regard (i.e., positive and negative). Additionally, it examined mothers’ and adolescents’ contingent self‐esteem (CSE) and depressive symptoms as outcomes of this process. In total, 211 mothers and their 10‐ to 16‐year‐old adolescents filled out questionnaires assessing perceived conditional regard in the relationship with their own mother (i.e., grandmothers’, and mothers’ conditional positive (PACPR) and negative regard (PACNR)), contingent self‐esteem (i.e., maternal child‐invested CSE and adolescents’ academic CSE), and maternal and adolescents’ depressive symptoms. Results revealed direct intergenerational similarity for PACPR, but not for PACNR. Within generations, PACPR was related positively to CSE, which, in turn, was related positively to depressive symptoms. Moreover, PACNR was related positively to depressive symptoms. Our findings provide preliminary evidence for the intergenerational continuity of conditional regard, which has important consequences because of its relation to CSE and subsequent depressive symptoms within both generations.

Work‐contingent self‐esteem: A boon or bane for worker well‐being?

SummaryWork‐contingent self‐esteem (WCSE; the degree to which workers' self‐esteem is based on workplace performance) has positive consequences for performance, yet less is known about its consequences for well‐being. In this paper, we contribute to the literature on WCSE by examining the mechanisms through which it impacts well‐being at work and outside of work. We challenge contingent self‐esteem (CSE) theory (Crocker & Park, 2004), which argues that CSE negatively impacts well‐being by fostering internally controlled (introjected) motivation and diminishing autonomous motivation, by suggesting that WCSE fosters autonomous and internally controlled motivation and thus has both beneficial and harmful effects on well‐being. We also expand CSE theory by suggesting that WCSE can negatively impact well‐being outcomes by causing work–nonwork conflict. Results from a time‐separated design in a sample of full‐time employees supported our arguments, revealing that WCSE impacted well‐being at work through both autonomous and internally controlled work motivations. WCSE also had negative effects on well‐being at and outside of work through work–nonwork conflict. The beneficial effects of WCSE outweighed its harmful effects on job satisfaction and neutralized its harmful effects for all other outcomes. We discuss theoretical implications for CSE theory, self‐determination theory, and work–nonwork issues and note important practical implications.

Looking hot in selfies: Narcissistic beginnings, aggressive outcomes?

An emerging literature suggests that females are more likely than males to take and post selfies and that such selfies tend to both conform to and legitimize the sexualization of femininity. It has been found that key predictors of selfie behaviors are narcissistic personality traits and that taking a higher number of selfies may, in turn, put young people at risk of engaging in negative social interactions online. No studies to date have investigated the mediating effects of selfies and, moreover, selfies that are taken with the intention of to appear physically attractive (i.e., sexualized selfies), on the relationship between narcissism and cyber behaviors. The following study examined selfie taking among a group of 262 adolescent girls (aged 13–16). Results of a path model found a serial mediation effect, indicating that exploitativeness was associated with increased selfie taking, which increased sexualized selfie taking and in turn increased cyber aggression and victimization. In contrast, contingent self-esteem was associated with taking sexualized selfies (with indirect positive effects on cyber behaviors). Results of this model also show that the effect of taking selfies on cyber behaviors is fully mediated by taking sexualized selfies. These findings are discussed in relation to the characteristics of the online environment and the risks of young women’s sexualized online self-presentations.

Insecurity about getting old: age-contingent self-worth, attentional bias, and well-being

Objectives: Older adulthood has often been recognized as a time of increased well-being and positive cognitive biases. However, older adults can also experience many social and identity challenges. We sought to investigate which older adults might be most vulnerable to these difficulties. We propose that to the extent an older adult has age-related contingent self-esteem they will be at risk for lower well-being and negative attentional biases.Methods: Across three studies, we measured older adults’ self-reported aging self-worth contingencies, as well as various measures of well-being including subjective stress. We then had participants complete a cued-dot probe task, where each trial either began with an aging threat or not.Results: In an initial pilot study, we found that older adults reporting specific cognitive decline contingencies held an attentional bias toward rejection, primarily when cued with the word senile. In Study 1, we found general aging contingencies to be associated with lower well-being and a rejection bias when cued with old. In Study 2, we found that a stronger rejection bias, particularly when cued with old, was associated with greater stress.Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that older adults who are insecure about aging may have lower well-being and negatively biased social cognitive patterns. Negatively biased attentional patterns may play a key role in maintaining feelings of insecurity. Importantly, our research sheds light on those older adults who may not experience a positivity effect.

ДИАГНОСТИКА АУТЕНТИЧНЫХ И КОМПЕНСАТОРНЫХ ОСНОВАНИЙ САМОУВАЖЕНИЯ У ПОДРОСТКОВ

ДИАГНОСТИКА АУТЕНТИЧНЫХ И КОМПЕНСАТОРНЫХ ОСНОВАНИЙ САМОУВАЖЕНИЯ У ПОДРОСТКОВ